碳掺杂的二氧化钛纳米管的制备及其可见光催化性能

以尿素作为碳元素前驱体对TiO2纳米管进行掺杂,采用比表面积测定、X射线衍射、透射电子显微镜、能量色散X射线荧光光谱、X射线光电子能谱、固体漫反射紫外-可见吸收光谱和荧光光谱对产物进行了表征。 结果表明,以尿素作为前驱体可制备C掺杂的TiO2纳米管,C掺杂后,TiO2纳米管的可见光催化活性明显提高。 此外,研究了C掺杂量、煅烧温度、催化剂用量和pH值对TiO2纳米管光催化降解活性的影响,发现当C的掺杂量为5.3%、催化剂用量为1.5 g/L、溶液的pH值为5时,在其催化作用下,可见光光照3 h后罗丹明B的降解率可达到91%。     

TiO2-CeO2催化剂湿式氧化苯酚的活性研究

采用共沉淀法制备了湿式氧化降解苯酚的TiO2-CeO2催化剂，测定了反应过程中不同反应时间的COD去除率，结果表明，当Ti、Ce摩尔比为3：1时，在150℃、总压5MPa（其中氧分压4．5MPa）时，所制备的催化剂活性最高，反应90分钟COD去除率可以达到71％．对催化剂进行了比表面积、XRD和XPS测试，结果表明，高效的催化剂具有较多的活性位、催化剂粉末体系Ce的变价特性以及大量的表面吸附氧．     

胱氨酸改性TiO_2可见光下催化活性及催化机理

以胱氨酸为掺杂剂,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了胱氨酸改性的TiO2可见光催化剂,并对其进行了TG-DTA、XRD、表面光电压光谱(SPS)及XPS表征。XRD结果表明,胱氨酸有效抑制了TiO2晶粒的生长,提高了锐钛矿向金红石相的转变温度。SPS分析结果显示,改性TiO2光催化剂可见光吸收增强,吸收带边明显红移,且胱氨酸用量为4.2%的样品光伏响应强度最大。XPS分析结果表明,胱氨酸改性TiO2样品表面的羟基含量明显增加,且O2p价带的VMB(价带最大值)值为2.3 eV,小于非改性TiO2。以罗丹明B为模型污染物,考察了胱氨酸掺杂量与焙烧温度对改性TiO2在可见光下催化性能。结果表明,胱氨酸掺杂量(相对TiO2)为4.2%、350℃焙烧的催化剂催化活性最好。波长为380～630 nm、470～800 nm的光辐射120 min后,罗丹明B的降解率分别达到91.02%、78.44%。     

蛋氨酸改性TiO2空心纳米盒高效可见光催化RhB分解和NO氧化

由高能面 TiO2纳米片 (TiO2-NSs) 组装成的 TiO2空心纳米盒 (TiO2-HNBs)显示出比单独 TiO2-NSs 更强的光催化性能, 但是 TiO2-HNBs 依然属于紫外光催化剂, 无法充分利用太阳能. 因此, 开发具有可见光响应的由高能面 TiO2-NSs 组装而成的 TiO2-HNBs 具有重要意义. 本文将立方体 TiOF2与含有 N 和 S 元素的生物分子蛋氨酸混合, 通过一步焙烧制备了具有可见光响应活性的 N 和 S 元素共掺杂的 TiO2-HNBs(掺杂催化剂标记为 TMx, 未掺杂催化剂标记为 Tx, x 代表焙烧温度).由立方体 TiOF2到锐钛矿相 TiO2空心纳米盒的转变是一个自模板转化过程. 氟离子的存在降低了 TiO2高能面(001)面的表面能, 从而使得高能面 TiO2纳米片的形成变得可能. 因此, 热处理立方体 TiOF2可得到由高能面 TiO2纳米片组装的 TiO2空心纳米盒.本文系统研究了焙烧温度 (300-500 ℃) 对所制 TiO2-HNBs 结构与光催化性能的影响. 结果发现, 在 350 ℃下焙烧, TiOF2完全转化成锐钛矿相 TiO2-HNBs. 但是焙烧蛋氨酸与 TiOF2的混合物, 需 400 ℃才能完全实现 TiOF2到锐钛矿相TiO2-HNBs 的转变. 这说明蛋氨酸的加入阻碍了 TiOF2向锐钛矿相 TiO2-HNBs 的转变. XPS 结果显示, 经过 400 ℃焙烧的蛋氨酸改性样品 (TM400), N 和 S 元素成功掺入了 TiO2-HNBs 晶格, 使其产生可见光催化活性.相对于 400 ℃焙烧 TiOF2所得样品 T400, 蛋氨酸改性的 TM400 催化剂可见光降解罗丹明 B 染料 (RhB) 和 NO 氧化的性能分别提升了 1.55 倍和 2.0 倍, 这与其更强的可见光吸收性能和光生载流子分离效率有关. 400 ℃焙烧的蛋氨酸改性的 TM400 可见光催化活性稳定, 连续 5 次可见光催化 RhB 降解后, 其活性没有明显改变, 显示了潜在的应用前景.     

溶胶-凝胶-水热法制备Ce-Si/TiO2及其可见光催化性能

以钛酸四正丁酯、正硅酸乙酯、六水硝酸铈为原料,在140℃下通过溶胶-凝胶-水热法水解制备Ce-Si/TiO2.所得样品用X射线衍射、氮吸附、透射电镜、紫外漫反射、傅里叶变换红外光谱、X射线光电子能谱等测试手段分析,结果显示400-600℃条件下焙烧所有样品均为锐钛矿,样品具有较大的比表而积,Si和Ce均被引入到TiO2中.在可见光照射下,以脱色降解罗丹明B为探针反应,研究其可见光催化性能,结果表明,与末掺杂和单一组分掺杂的二氧化钛相比较,共掺杂的二氧化钛具有更高的催化性能,当Ce/Ti和Si/Ti的物质的量比分别为0.010和0.10时,可见光催化性能最好.     

溶胶-凝胶-水热法制备Ce-Si/TiO2及其可见光催化性能

以钛酸四正丁酯、正硅酸乙酯、六水硝酸铈为原料, 在140 ℃下通过溶胶-凝胶-水热法水解制备Ce-Si/TiO2. 所得样品用X射线衍射、氮吸附、透射电镜、紫外漫反射、傅里叶变换红外光谱、X射线光电子能谱等测试手段分析, 结果显示400-600 ℃条件下焙烧所有样品均为锐钛矿, 样品具有较大的比表面积, Si和Ce均被引入到TiO2中. 在可见光照射下, 以脱色降解罗丹明B为探针反应, 研究其可见光催化性能, 结果表明, 与未掺杂和单一组分掺杂的二氧化钛相比较, 共掺杂的二氧化钛具有更高的催化性能, 当Ce/Ti和Si/Ti的物质的量比分别为0.010和0.10时,可见光催化性能最好.     

铬和硫共掺杂二氧化钛催化剂的制备及其可见光催化性能

以钛酸四丁酯为前驱体,硝酸铬和硫脲为掺杂离子给体,通过溶胶-凝胶法成功制备了纯TiO2、不同浓度的铬掺杂和铬/硫共掺杂TiO2光催化剂.以靛红为目标污染物,进行了可见光催化降解活性测试实验.结果表明,共掺杂催化剂的活性高于未掺杂和单掺杂催化剂.当共掺杂催化剂含0.60%(原子比)的铬,1.2%(原子比)的硫,焙烧温度为500℃时具有最高的光催化降解活性.X射线衍射、N2吸附、X射线光电子能谱和紫外-可见漫反射吸收光谱表征结果显示,共掺杂催化剂为锐钛矿型,具有较高的比表面积,对可见光有较强的吸收能力.共掺杂TiO2具备较高可见光催化活性的原因可能是铬掺杂降低了TiO2的禁带宽度,拓展了可见光吸收区域,而硫掺杂能够维持体系的电荷平衡,增强催化剂对可见光的吸收.     

磷酸硼固体酸催化合成邻苯二甲酸二乙酯的性能研究

以邻苯二甲酸酐和无水乙醇为原料,固体磷酸硼为催化剂,在醇酐比为4：1,催化剂用量为苯酐用量的20．3％,反应时间8h,反应温度80℃条件下合成邻苯二甲酸二乙酯（DEP）,探讨了影响催化剂催化效果的各个因素。实验表明,催化剂最佳的制备条件为：磷酸、硼酸和硫酸的摩尔比为1：1：1,焙烧温度为300℃,焙烧时间为3．5h。DEP最高产率可达75％。     

掺Ce^3＋纳米TiO2的制备及光催化性能

用溶胶-凝胶法技术制备了掺杂Ce^3＋的纳米TiO2复合粒子，并对其进行了XRD，TEM和DRS表征及光催化活性检验。水中苯酚的Ce^3＋／TiO2光催化降解效果和矿化率分别采用降解率和COD表征。结果表明，未经掺杂的TiO2与掺杂Ce^3＋的TiO2均为锐钛和金红石的混合晶型；掺杂抑制了TiO2晶粒的生长，使得TiO2粒径明显变小，其颗粒大小为10mm左右。用DRS表征微粒的光吸收能力和光吸收带边移动情况，发现掺杂导致了TiO2光吸收能力增强及吸收带边红移。通过对苯酚的光催化氧化降解研究，发现铈的掺杂量有一适宜值，当Ce^3＋在0．08％-0．4％之间时，随着掺杂量的增加光催化活性提高；当Ce^3＋在0．5％～3．0％之间时，随着掺杂量的增加光催化活性降低；Ce^3＋=0．4％时，TiO2光催化活性最高。     

微波辅助溶剂热合成In-Si共改性TiO_2的增强光催化性能

利用微波辅助溶剂热法合成了In-Si共改性的TiO2光催化剂.粉末X射线衍射(XRD)、激光拉曼(Raman)光谱、N2吸脱附(BET)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、光致发光(PL)光谱和紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis DRS)等实验表明,尽管掺杂和改性后TiO2结晶度略有降低,但不影响光催化剂锐钛相的形成.Si掺杂入TiO2晶格使颗粒变小,比表面积变大.In不能进入TiO2晶格,在TiO2表面形成了In2O3.罗丹明B(RhB)降解实验显示,In-Si共改性TiO2表现出很高的紫外和可见光催化活性,Si:In:Ti的摩尔比为0.03:0.02:1的样品(IST-2)光催化活性最高,紫外光下3 min即可将RhB降解完全,可见光下120 min RhB降解率为97%,这是由材料的高表面积,In2O3-TiO2复合半导体之间高效电荷转移及染料敏化等共同作用所致.对于苯酚,光催化降解则相对缓慢,700 min内尚不能降解完全.     

国内光催化研究进展简述

分1975~1985, 1985~1995和1995~2012三个时期简要介绍了国内光催化研究进展, 主要侧重于光催化材料及其改性、应用和反应机理方面的研究进展, 并指出了当前光催化领域存在的一些重要问题和未来的发展趋势, 涉及到光解水、CO₂还原、环境净化和选择性有机合成等方面.     

青蒿素研究进展

青蒿素是目前治疗疟疾的特效药。本文对自青蒿素发现以来的最新研究进展进行了比较详尽的综述。内容包括: 青蒿素的发现及历史, 青蒿素的来源, 青蒿素的全合成,青蒿素的生物合成, 青蒿素衍生物以及植物组织培养生产青蒿素。     

Reactions in droplets in microfluidic channels

Fundamental and applied research in chemistry and biology benefits from opportunities provided by droplet-based microfluidic systems. These systems enable the miniaturization of reactions by compartmentalizing reactions in droplets of femoliter to microliter volumes. Compartmentalization in droplets provides rapid mixing of reagents, control of the timing of reactions on timescales from milliseconds to months, control of interfacial properties, and the ability to synthesize and transport solid reagents and products. Droplet-based microfluidics can help to enhance and accelerate chemical and biochemical screening, protein crystallization, enzymatic kinetics, and assays. Moreover, the control provided by droplets in microfluidic devices can lead to new scientific methods and insights.     

Interpretation of inorganic arsenic metabolism in humans in the light of observations made in vitro and in vivo in the rat

The toxicity of inorganic trivalent arsenic for living organisms is reduced by in vivo methylation of the element. In man, this biotransformation leads to the synthesis of monomethylarsonic (MMA) and dimethylarsinic (DMA) acids, which are efficiently eliminated in urine along with the unchanged form (As_i). In order to document the methylation process in humans, the kinetics of As_i, MMA and DMA elimination were studied in volunteers given a single dose of one of these three arsenicals or repeated doses of As_i. The arsenic methylation efficiency was also assessed in subjects acutely intoxicated with arsenic trioxide (As₂O₃) and in patients with liver diseases. Several observations in humans can be explained by the properties of the enzymic systems involved in the methylation process which we have characterized in vitro and in vivo in rats as follows: (1) production of As_i metabolites is catalyzed by an enzymic system whose activity is highest in liver cytosol; (2) different enzymic activities, using the same methyl group donor (S-adenosylmethionine), lead to the production of mono- and di-methylated derivatives which are excreted in urine as MMA and DMA; (3) dimethylating activity is highly sensitive to inhibition by excess of inorganic arsenic; (4) reduced glutathione concentration in liver moderates the arsenic methylation process through several mechanisms, e.g. stimulation of the first methylation reaction leading to MMA, facilitation of As_i uptake by hepatocytes, stimulation of the biliary excretion of the element, reduction of pentavalent forms before methylation, and protection of a reducing environment in the cells necessary to maintain the activity of the enzymic systems.     

Recent Advances in Analytical Methodology for in vivo Electrochemistry in Mammals

Electrochemistry is one of the most advanced techniques for monitoring neurochemical activities in the living brain because electrochemical approaches bear the advantageous features of high spatial and temporal resolutions, which facilitate its tremendous potential in investigating the highly spatially heterogeneous brain system and the fast dynamics of neurochemical activities. On the other hand, since brain is the most complicated organ in the sense of its numerous kinds of neurochemical species, high selectivity is always required for any analytical methods that approach the brain. In this review, we will discuss various electrochemical methodologies to achieve selective detection of neurochemicals in mammalian brain and the strategies developed mainly by our group towards selective monitoring of both electrochemically active and inactive neurochemicals. At the end, we will discuss possible solutions towards brain mapping of neurochemical species and combination of neurochemical detection strategy with electrophysiology as the direction of future development of electroanalysis in living brain.     

乙基香兰素研究前景

报导了近几十年来国内外关于乙基香兰素的研究进展与动态,并简单介绍了本文作者在该方面所取得的研究成果,参考文献33篇。     

Gemini表面活性剂合成进展

系统总结了近百种Gemini表面活性剂的合成路线和方法,并且按照其结构特点分门别类地进行比较和归纳,对今后Gemini表面活性剂的合成发展方向提出了一些看法,这对促进此类新颖表面活性剂的工业化进程将具有指导意义。     

钙与人体及临床

钙是宏量元素，是人体中含量较高的元素之一，体内99％的钙构成骨骼和牙齿以及维持骨骼结构，1％的钙调节人体重要生理功能。钙的含量过高或过低都与许多疾病有关，只有保持一种平衡状态，才能使机体处于正常环境。     

Trends in education in analytical chemistry

Summary At the session of the WPAC of Fechem on education in analytical chemistry it was concluded that it is now essential to include chemometrics and basic knowledge of computers in all courses on analytical chemistry.

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Tendenzen in der analytisch-chemischen Ausbildung

Zusammenfassung Bei einer Tagung der WPAC über die Lehre auf dem Gebiet der analytischen Chemie wurde bei der Betrachtung neuer Aspekte festgestellt, daß vor allem Chemometrie und Grundkenntnisse in Computertechnik in die Ausbildung aufgenommen werden sollten.

     

AGET ATRP in the Presence of Air in Miniemulsion and in Bulk

Summary: The recently developed initiation system, activators generated by electron transfer (AGET), is used in atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) in the presence of a limited amount of air. Ascorbic acid and tin(II ) 2‐ethylhexanoate are used as reducing agents in miniemulsion and bulk, respectively. An excess of reducing agent consumes the oxygen present in the system and, therefore, provides a deoxygenated environment for ATRP. ATRP of butyl acrylate is successfully carried out in miniemulsion and in the presence of air. During polymerization the radical concentration remains constant. The polymerization reaches over 60% monomer conversion after 6 h, which results in polymers with a predetermined molecular weight = 14 000 g · mol⁻¹ and a low polydispersity ( = 1.23). AGET ATRP of styrene is also successful in bulk in the presence of air, as evidenced by linear semi‐logarithmic kinetics, which leads to polystyrene with an of 13 400 g · mol⁻¹ and a low polydispersity index ( = 1.14).

Appearance of miniemulsion before and after the reducing agent ascorbic acid was added (left); and GPC traces representing molecular weights during the AGET ATRP of BA in miniemulsion in the presence of air (right).