吹扫捕集/气相色谱－同位素比值质谱联用测定水体中痕量苯系物单体碳同位素

建立了吹扫捕集（P&T）/气相色谱－同位素比值质谱（GC/C－IRMS）联用测定水体中痕量苯系物单体碳同位素的方法。优化了吹扫时间、吹扫温度和干吹时间,确定最优吹扫捕集效率,并通过测试不同质量浓度的苯系物水溶液,计算水体中痕量苯系物的检出限。结果表明,在35 ℃下吹扫捕集13 min,干吹时间3 min条件下,水样中苯、甲苯、乙苯、间/对二甲苯、邻二甲苯、苯乙烯、异丙苯的吹扫捕集效率分别为95.0%、90.2%、71.3%、59.1%、69.4%、50.8%和70.1%,7种苯系物单体碳同位素的标准偏差（STD）为0.06‰ ~ 0.29‰。7种苯系物的质量浓度在0.50 ~ 20.00 μg/L范围内与峰面积的线性关系良好,相关系数（r2）为0.998 6 ~ 0.999 5,在各浓度下7种苯系物单体碳同位素值的标准偏差为0.090‰ ~ 0.48‰,进样量及进样方式的差异不会导致碳同位素分馏。水样中苯、甲苯、间/对二甲苯、邻二甲苯和苯乙烯的检出限为1.00 μg/L,乙苯和异丙苯为0.50 μg/L。该方法可以极大提高水体中苯系物单体碳同位素的检出限,结果准确可靠,满足水体中痕量苯系物单体碳同位素分析的需求。     

生物体中氨基酸单体碳稳定同位素测试方法研究

氨基酸作为蛋白质的基本组成单位,是重要的生命物质,其单体碳同位素研究在生物地球化学、生态学、生物体代谢和环境科学等领域具有重要意义。该文优化了海参和海藻氨基酸提取和纯化流程,通过N-新戊酰基-O-异丙酯(NPP)方法衍生化后,分别用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)和气相色谱-燃烧-同位素比值质谱(GC-C-IRMS)测试其浓度和碳同位素组成。结果显示,15种氨基酸单体的分离效果较好,回收率为46.4%～96.3%,各氨基酸在1.0～16.0μmol/L范围内线性关系良好(r²为0.987～0.999)。15种氨基酸单体衍生物δ¹³C值的标准偏差均小于0.30‰(n=10),在0.6～2.0 mmol/L浓度范围内δ¹³C的平均误差为±0.24‰,方法检出限为0.6 nmol。海参和海藻样品各氨基酸单体δ¹³C值的范围分别为-31.10‰～-8.58‰和-30.53‰～-13.76‰,标准偏差均在0.33‰以内,可满足生物体氨基酸单体碳同位素的测试精度需求。     

固相微萃取-气相色谱/同位素质谱法测定水中挥发性有机物单体碳同位素

建立了采用75μm碳分子筛/聚二甲基硅氧烷(CAR-PDMS)纤维的固相微萃取-气相色谱/同位素质谱联用方法测定水中挥发性有机污染物碳同位素。使用浸入式固相微萃取和顶空固相微萃取方法进行实验确定在低浓度条件下最佳δ13C测试方法。通过使用顶空固相微萃取前处理技术进行单体同位素分析分析灵敏度更高,应用CSIA技术对1,2-二氯乙烯,三氯乙烯,四氯化碳进行单体同位素分析,方法的检出限为70μg/L,与样本的标准偏差小于0.3‰。该法适用于水体中微量挥发性有机污染物的同位素组成测定。     

液相色谱-同位素比值质谱法研究桔橙汁中柠檬酸碳同位素比值

以国际原子能机构提供的蔗糖(δ13C为-10.449‰)作为溯源标准,建立了液相色谱-同位素比值质谱联用法(LC-IR MS)分析天然柑桔、橙汁中柠檬酸碳同位素比的方法,对不同产地个柑桔、橙子中有机酸碳同位素情况进行了研究。基于建立天然水果的柠檬酸碳同位素δ13C值的数据,提出了柑桔、橙子样品的δ13C值范围。方法将果汁用水稀释后,液相色谱-钙离子交换色谱在线制备柠檬酸,氢型离子交换柱分离柠檬酸后采用液相色谱-稳定同位素比质谱分析,柠檬酸方法检出限为5μg/m L,在2.00~100μg/m L水平时,柠檬酸响应与浓度成线性关系,相关系数为0.9997。方法日内、日间和人员比对结果相对标准偏差小于0.82%。收集不同产地161个橙子、167个柑桔测得天然桔汁中柠檬酸δ13C值在-32.87‰~-27.07‰之间,橙汁柠檬酸δ13C值在-32.73‰~26.01‰之间。采集40个市售柑桔、橙汁样品进行鉴定,检出17个掺有C4植物柠檬酸的的阳性样品,新方法可提高勾兑柠檬酸掺假果汁的鉴别能力。     

介孔涂层固相微萃取-高效液相色谱法测定水样中邻苯二羧酸酯化合物

以苯基官能化MCM-41介孔复合体作为固相微萃取(SPME)的吸附涂层, 与高效液相色谱(HPLC)联用测定了不同水样中邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)和邻苯二甲酸二辛酯(DOP)的含量, 对SPME的吸附和解吸时间、温度、搅拌速度进行了优化, 线性范围分别为1.19×10-4～119 μg/L、 1.12×10-4～112 μg/L、 1.05×10-4～105 μg/L和9.80×10-5～98 μg/L, 检出限依次为0.030、 0.027、 0.029和0.022 ng/L. 使用该方法测定了多种水样中邻苯二羧酸酯类化合物.     

气相色谱-燃烧-同位素比率质谱法测定葡萄酒中5种挥发性组分的碳同位素比值及其在产地溯源中的应用

建立了一种利用气相色谱-燃烧-同位素质谱(Gas chromatography-combustion-Isotope ratio mass spectrometers,GC-C-IRMS)测定葡萄酒中5种挥发性组分(即乙醇、丙三醇、乙酸、乳酸乙酯、2-甲基-丁醇)碳稳定同位素比值新方法。优化了GC-C-IRMS测定条件,进样量小于0.5μL,样品分析时间小于14 min。对以上5种挥发性成分标准品的测定精密度为0.08‰~0.25‰,葡萄酒样品的测定精密度为0.09‰~0.36‰,与元素分析-同位素比率质谱仪(Element analyzer-isotope ratio mass spectrometers,EA-IRMS)比较,其测定偏差低于0.5‰。利用该技术分析了产自法国、澳大利亚、美国和中国共54支葡萄酒中5种挥发性组分的碳稳定同位素值并进行产地溯源分析,判别分析(Discriminant analysis,DA)结果表明,仅利用以上5种挥发性组分的碳同位素比值就能有效区分以上4个产地的葡萄酒,说明葡萄酒挥发性成分稳定碳同位素可应用于葡萄酒的产地溯源。     

基于稳定碳同位素技术的痕量动物油和植物油的区分检验研究

本文以鸡油和猪油为例,旨在运用稳定碳同位素技术建立区分痕量动物油与植物油的区分检验方法。先在实验室内制备猪油和鸡油样品,然后运用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)、气相色谱-同位素比值质谱仪(GC-IRMS)和元素分析-同位素比值质谱仪(EA-IRMS)对猪油和鸡油的脂肪酸组成与其全油和脂肪酸的稳定碳同位素比值进行了研究。结果显示:鸡油的δ13C值处于-21.58‰至-18.30‰(脂肪酸:-21.58‰~-18.30‰;全油:-19.82‰~-19.30‰)的区间;猪油的δ13C值处于-22.16‰至-16.15‰(脂肪酸:-22.16‰~-16.15‰;全油:-18.70‰~-16.83‰)的区间;鸡油和猪油的δ13C值与大多数植物油的δ13C值存在显著差异。因此,基于动物油与植物油在δ13C值方面存在的显著差异性,建立区分痕量动物油和植物油的高灵敏的检验方法。     

气相色谱-稳定同位素质谱法测定溶解无机碳碳同位素

选用NaHCO3配制了浓度分别为0.24、1.19、2.38和4.76 mmol/L的溶解无机碳(D IC)溶液,经过1h、4h、8h和24h不同平衡时间,建立了一种分析D IC碳同位素的方法。不同浓度的D IC样品与其母质NaHCO3的1δ3C值之间的差值仅为(0.2~0.5)‰。通过对照组的实验结果和对空气CO2的碳同位素测试与研究,证明此方法可有效避免实验过程中大气等物质对样品的污染,确保实验结果的准确性。     

元素分析-碳同位素比值质谱法在纯正葡萄汁掺假鉴别中的应用

采用元素分析-同位素比值质谱法(EA-IRMS)对纯正葡萄汁掺假情况进行研究。通过测定152个不同产区纯正葡萄汁的碳同位素比值(δ~(13)C值),初步建立了纯正葡萄汁的同位素数据库。检测结果表明,纯正葡萄汁中糖的δ~(13)C值(δ~(13)CS)范围为-26.92‰~-24.16‰,而有机酸的δ~(13)C值(δ~(13)CO)范围为-27.56‰~-24.99‰。根据上述两个参数,提出了纯正葡萄汁应满足的δ~(13)C值要求:有机酸和糖的差值(Δδ~(13)C_(O-S))在-1.63‰~0.72‰范围内。采用该法对85个市售葡萄汁进行检测,检出31个掺入碳-4植物糖和有机酸的阳性样品。糖浆添加实验的结果表明,该方法可以检测8%以上碳-4植物糖的掺假,能有效鉴别葡萄汁的掺假,在葡萄汁的品质保证方面有很大的实际应用潜力。     

固相微萃取与气相色谱-质谱联用测定有机磷杀虫剂的残留量

建立了固相微萃取与气相色谱-质谱(SPME-GC/MS)联用测定水样中有机磷杀虫剂残留量的方法。探讨了影响SPME萃取效果的萃取头类型萃取时间 解吸时间 离子强度等诸因素,优化了GC-MS仪器条件。在优化的GC-MS条件下, 杀虫剂的响应值与浓度有良好的线性关系, 检出限分别为敌敌畏0.40 μg/L 甲基对硫磷0.01 μg/L 马拉硫磷0.025 μg/L 对硫磷0.004 μg/L。方法用于实际水样分析,结果令人满意,样品的加标回收率为94.7%-110.0%。该方法具有分析速度快 灵敏     

Analysis of amino acid 13C abundance from human and faunal bone collagen using liquid chromatography/isotope ratio mass spectrometry

The scope of compound-specific stable isotope analysis has recently been increased with the development of the LC IsoLink which interfaces high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) to provide online LC/IRMS. This enables isotopic measurement of non-volatile compounds previously not amenable to compound-specific analysis or requiring substantial modification for gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/C/IRMS), which results in reduced precision. Amino acids are an example of such compounds.We present a new chromatographic method for the HPLC separation of underivatized amino acids using an acidic, aqueous mobile phase in conjunction with a mixed-mode stationary phase that can be interfaced with the LC IsoLink for compound-specific delta13C analysis. The method utilizes a reversed-phase Primesep-A column with embedded, ionizable, functional groups providing the capability for ion-exchange and hydrophobic interactions. Baseline separation of 15 amino acids and their carbon isotope values are reported with an average standard deviation of 0.18 per thousand (n = 6). In addition delta13C values of 18 amino acids are determined from modern protein and archaeological bone collagen hydrolysates, demonstrating the potential of this method for compound-specific applications in a number of fields including metabolic, ecological and palaeodietary studies.     

Determination of stable carbon isotopes of organic acids and carbonaceous aerosols in the atmosphere

A wet oxidation method for the compound-specific determination of stable carbon isotopes (delta(13)C) of organic acids in the gas and aerosol phase, as well as of water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), is presented. Sampling of the organic acids was done using a wet effluent diffusion denuder/aerosol collector (WEDD/AC) coupled to an ion chromatography (IC) system. The method allows for compound-specific stable carbon isotope analysis by collecting different fractions of organic acids at the end of the IC system using a fraction collector. delta(13)C analyses of organic acids were conducted by oxidizing the organic acids with sodium persulfate at a temperature of 100 degrees C and determining the delta(13)C value of the resulting carbon dioxide (CO(2)) with an isotope ratio mass spectrometer. In addition, analysis of delta(13)C of the WSOC was performed for particulate carbon collected on aerosol filters. The WSOC was extracted from the filters using ultrapure water (MQ water), and the dissolved organic carbon was oxidized to CO(2) using the oxidation method. The wet oxidation method has an accuracy of 0.5 per thousand with a precision of +/-0.4 per thousand and provides a quantitative result for organic carbon with a detection limit of 150 ng of carbon.     

Development of a compound-specific isotope analysis method for acetone via 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine derivatization

A novel method has been developed for compound-specific isotope analysis for acetone via DNPH (2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine) derivatization together with combined gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/C/IRMS). Acetone reagents were used to assess delta13C fractionation during the DNPH derivatization process. Reduplicate delta13C analyses were designed to evaluate the reproducibility of the derivatization, with an average error (1 standard deviation) of 0.17 +/- 0.05 per thousand, and average analytical error of 0.28 +/- 0.09 per thousand. The derivatization process introduces no isotopic fractionation for acetone (the average difference between the predicted and analytical delta13C values was 0.09 +/- 0.20 per thousand, within the precision limits of the GC/C/IRMS measurements), which permits computation of the delta13C values for the original underivatized acetone through a mass balance equation. Together with further studies of the carbon isotopic effect during the atmospheric acetone-sampling procedure, it will be possible to use DNPH derivatization for carbon isotope analysis of atmospheric acetone.     

A new approach to determine method detection limits for compound-specific isotope analysis of volatile organic compounds

Compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) has been established as a useful tool in the field of environmental science, in particular in the assessment of contaminated sites. What limits the use of gas chromatography/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/IRMS) is the low sensitivity of the method compared with GC/MS analysis; however, the development of suitable extraction and enrichment techniques for important groundwater contaminants will extend the fields of application for GC/IRMS. So far, purge and trap (P&T) is the most effective, known preconcentration technique for on-line CSIA with the lowest reported method detection limits (MDLs in the low microg/L range). With the goal of improving the sensitivity of a fully automated GC/IRMS analysis method, a commercially available P&T system was modified. The method was evaluated for ten monoaromatic compounds (benzene, toluene, para-xylene, ethylbenzene, propylbenzene, isopropylbenzene, 1,2,3-trimethylbenzene, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene, fluorobenzene) and ten halogenated volatile organic compounds (VOCs) (dichloromethane, cis-1,2-dichloroethene, trans-1,2-dichloroethene, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, 1,2-dichloroethane, trichloroethene, tetrachlorethene, 1,2-dibromoethane, bromoform). The influence of method parameters, including purge gas flow rates and purge times, on delta13C values of target compounds was evaluated. The P&T method showed good reproducibility, high linearity and small isotopic fractionation. MDLs were determined by consecutive calculation of the delta13C mean values. The last concentration for which the delta13C value was within this iterative interval and for which the standard deviation was lower than +/-0.5 per thousand for triplicate measurements was defined as the MDL. MDLs for monoaromatic compounds between 0.07 and 0.35 microg/L are the lowest values reported so far for continuous-flow isotope ratio measurements using an automated system. MDLs for halogenated hydrocarbons were between 0.76 and 27 microg/L. The environmental applicability of the P&T-GC/IRMS method in the low-microg/L range was demonstrated in a case study on groundwater samples from a former military air field contaminated with VOCs.     

Determination of hydrogen, carbon and oxygen isotope ratios of ethanol in aqueous solution at millimole levels

Three stable isotope ratios, D/H, (13)C/(12)C and (18)O/(16)O, are measurable in ethanol, an important organic compound that is used as a material for food and beverages, fuel and chemical feedstock, and as a substance related to metabolism. We developed a simple and rapid method of measurement of three isotope ratios of ethanol in aqueous solution at millimole levels using gas chromatography-high-temperature conversion or combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-TC/C-IRMS) combined with solid-phase microextraction (SPME). Using this method, the delta value for ethanol was determined in 30 min for deltaD and delta(13)C, and in 75 min for delta(18)O with precisions of +/-9 per thousand, +/-0.3 per thousand and +/-0.7 per thousand, respectively, for deltaD, delta(13)C, and delta(18)O. An advantage of this process is that it requires no distillation for ethanol purification. The method is useful for small quantities of analyte with low ethanol concentrations, which is expected for environmental and metabolic studies.     

Carbon stable isotope analyses of mosses—comparisons of bulk organic matter and extracted nitrocellulose

The commonly used technique for determination of plant stable carbon isotope composition is analysis of CO(2) liberated during combustion of chemically extracted nitrocellulose or alpha-cellulose. The delta(13)C of cellulose is usually accepted as a more reliable record of growth environment conditions compared with bulk plant material analysis. Unfortunately, cellulose extraction techniques are time-consuming, and usually require toxic chemicals such as toluene, chloroform, benzene, methanol, concentrated acids, etc. We tested the possibility of replacing nitrocellulose analysis with bulk organic analysis. Sphagnum and Polytrichum mosses collected along a vertical transect (altitudes 500 to 1400 m), provided material for analysis in the wide range of delta(13)C: -32.66 per thousand and -26.20 per thousand for bulk organic matter and -24.11 per thousand and -31.86 per thousand for nitrocellulose. The correlation for delta(13)C value of extracted cellulose and delta(13)C values of bulk organic matter were very good (>0.95). Our results suggested that delta(13)C analyses can be performed on bulk plant material instead of cellulose, without significant loss of information, at least for Polytrichum and Sphagnum mosses. Moreover, we confirmed that the extraction process of nitrocellulose did not cause any significant isotopic fractionation.     

Isotope ratio monitoring of small molecules and macromolecules by liquid chromatography coupled to isotope ratio mass spectrometry

In the field of isotope ratio mass spectrometry, the introduction of an interface allowing the connection of liquid chromatography (LC) and isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) has opened a range of new perspectives. The LC interface is based on a chemical oxidation, producing CO2 from organic molecules. While first results were obtained from the analysis of low molecular weight compounds, the application of compound-specific isotope analysis by irm-LC/MS to other molecules, in particular biomolecules, is presented here. The influence of the LC flow rate on the CO2 signal and on the observed delta13C values is demonstrated. The limits of quantification for angiotensin III and for leucine were 100 and 38 pmol, respectively, with a standard deviation of the delta13C values better than 0.4 per thousand. Also, accuracy and precision of delta13C values for elemental analyser-IRMS and flow injection analysis-IRMS (FIA-LC/MS) were compared. For compounds with molecular weights ranging from 131 to 66,390 Da, precision was better than 0.3 per thousand, and accuracy varied from 0.1 to 0.7 per thousand. In a second part of the work, a two-dimensional (2D)-LC method for the separation of 15 underivatised amino acids is demonstrated; the precision of delta13C values for several amino acids by irm-LC/MS was better than 0.3 per thousand at natural abundance. For labelled mixtures, the coefficient of variation was between 1% at 0.07 atom % excess (APE) for threonine and alanine, and around 10% at 0.03 APE for valine and phenylalanine. The application of irm-LC/MS to the determination of the isotopic enrichment of 13C-threonine in an extract of rat colon mucosa demonstrated a precision of 0.5 per thousand, or 0.001 atom %.     

Monitoring and evaluation of dechlorination processes using compound-specific chlorine isotope analysis

A simple, quick and sensitive method for the compound-specific stable chlorine isotope analysis of chlorinated solvents by conventional quadrupole gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) is presented. With this method, compound-specific stable chlorine isotope ratios of typical chlorinated solvents like tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichloroethene (TCE) can be determined quantitatively within 30 min by direct injection. The chlorine isotope ratios of target substances are calculated from the peak areas of several selected molecular ions and fragment ions of the substances, using a set of unique mathematical equations. The precision of the method was demonstrated through reproducibility tests. An internal precision of +/-0.4 per thousand to +/-1.1 per thousand was obtained when analyzing PCE and TCE in the 10-1000 pmol range. The validity of the method was further demonstrated by determining the chlorine isotopic fractionation factor during the reductive dechlorination of TCE in a batch experiment using zero-valent iron. The chlorine isotopic fractionation factor was calculated as 0.9976 +/- 0.0011 with a correlation coefficient of 0.9469 (n = 38). The high correlation coefficient indicates that compound-specific stable chlorine isotope analysis can be performed with sufficient accuracy using conventional quadrupole GC/MS when significant fractionation takes place during a reaction. For the first time, the chlorine isotope fractionation factor of TCE during an abiotic anaerobic dechlorination process was determined using quadrupole GC/MS, without offline sample preparation.     

GasBench/isotope ratio mass spectrometry: a carbon isotope approach to detect exogenous CO(2) in sparkling drinks

A new procedure for the determination of carbon dioxide (CO(2)) (13)C/(12)C isotope ratios, using direct injection into a GasBench/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GasBench/IRMS) system, has been developed to improve isotopic methods devoted to the study of the authenticity of sparkling drinks. Thirty-nine commercial sparkling drink samples from various origins were analyzed. Values of delta(13)C(cava) ranged from -20.30 per thousand to -23.63 per thousand, when C3 sugar addition was performed for a second alcoholic fermentation. Values of delta(13)C(water) ranged from -5.59 per thousand to -6.87 per thousand in the case of naturally carbonated water or water fortified with gas from the spring, and delta(13)C(water) ranged from -29.36 per thousand to -42.09 per thousand when industrial CO(2) was added. It has been demonstrated that the addition of C4 sugar to semi-sparkling wine (aguja) and industrial CO(2) addition to sparkling wine (cava) or water can be detected. The new procedure has advantages over existing methods in terms of analysis time and sample treatment. In addition, it is the first isotopic method developed that allows (13)C/(12)C determination directly from a liquid sample without previous CO(2) extraction. No significant isotopic fractionation was observed nor any influence by secondary compounds present in the liquid phase.