Molecular structure and vibrational investigation of benzenesulfonic acid methyl ester using DFT (LSDA, B3LYP, B3PW91 and MPW1PW91) theory calculations

The FT-Raman and FT-IR spectra for benzenesulfonic acid methyl ester (BSAME) have been recorded in the region 4000-100 cm(-1) and compared with the harmonic vibrational frequencies calculated using DFT (LSDA, B3LYP, B3PW91 and MPW1PW91) method by employing 6-311G (d, p) basis set with appropriate scale factors. IR intensities and Raman activities are also calculated by DFT (LSDA, B3LYP, B3PW91 and MPW1PW91) methods. Optimized geometries of the molecule have been interpreted and compared with the reported experimental values for sulfonic acid and some substituted sulfonic acids. The experimental geometrical parameters show satisfactory agreement with the theoretical prediction from DFT. The scaled vibrational frequencies at LSDA/B3LYP/6-311G (d, p) seem to coincide with the experimentally observed values with acceptable deviations. The theoretical spectrograms (IR and Raman) have been constructed and compared with the experimental FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra. Some of the vibrational frequencies of the sulfonic acid are effected upon profusely with the methyl substitution in comparison to benzene sulfonamide and these differences are interpreted.     

Benchmark of density functional theory methods on the prediction of bond energies and bond distances of noble-gas containing molecules

We have tested three pure density functional theory (DFT) functionals, BLYP, MPWPW91, MPWB95, and ten hybrid DFT functionals, B3LYP, B3P86, B98, MPW1B95, MPW1PW91, BMK, M05-2X, M06-2X, B2GP-PLYP, and DSD-BLYP with a series of commonly used basis sets on the performance of predicting the bond energies and bond distances of 31 small neutral noble-gas containing molecules. The reference structures were obtained using the CCSD(T)∕aug-cc-pVTZ theory and the reference energies were based on the calculation at the CCSD(T)∕CBS level. While in general the hybrid functionals performed significantly better than the pure functionals, our tests showed a range of performance by these hybrid functionals. For the bond energies, the MPW1B95∕6-311+G(2df,2pd), BMK∕aug-cc-pVTZ, B2GP-PLYP∕aug-cc-pVTZ, and DSD-BLYP∕aug-cc-pVTZ methods stood out with mean unsigned errors of 2.0-2.3 kcal∕mol per molecule. For the bond distances, the MPW1B95∕6-311+G(2df,2pd), MPW1PW91∕6-311+G(2df,2pd), and B3P86∕6-311+G(2df,2pd), DSD-BLYP∕6-311+G(2df,2pd), and DSD-BLYP∕aug-cc-pVTZ methods stood out with mean unsigned errors of 0.008-0.013 A? per bond. The current study showed that a careful selection of DFT functionals is very important in the study of noble-gas chemistry, and the most recommended methods are MPW1B95∕6-311+G(2df,2pd) and DSD-BLYP∕aug-cc-pVTZ.     

Vibrational investigation, molecular orbital studies and molecular electrostatic potential map analysis on 3-chlorobenzoic acid using hybrid computational calculations

The FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra of 3-chlorobenzoic acid (3CBA) are recorded in the liquid state. The fundamental vibrational frequencies, intensity of vibrational bands and the optimized geometrical parameters of the compound are evaluated using HF and DFT (LSDA/B3LYP/B3PW91/MPW1PW91) methods with 6-311+G(d,p) basis set. The theoretical wave numbers are scaled down and compared with the experimental values which showed very good agreement. Comparison of stimulated spectra with the experimental spectra provides important information about the ability of the hybrid computational method to describe the vibrational modes. The HOMO, LUMO, chemical hardness (η), chemical potential (μ), electrophilicity values (ω) and maximum amount of electronic charge transfer (ΔN(max)) are calculated. The molecular electrostatic potential (MESP) is calculated and the corresponding graphs are drawn. Some thermodynamic parameters and physico-chemical properties are calculated and discussed.     

Spectroscopic investigation, computed IR intensity, Raman activity and vibrational frequency analysis on 3-bromoanisole using HF and DFT (LSDA/MPW1PW91) calculations

In this work, the experimental and theoretical spectra of 3-bromoanisole (3-BA) are studied. FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra of title molecule in the liquid phase have been recorded in the region 4000-100 cm(-1). The structural and spectroscopic data of the molecule in the ground state have been calculated by using Hartree-Fock and density functional method (LSDA and MPW1PW91) with the 6-31G (d, p) and 6-311G (d, p) basis sets. The vibrational frequencies are calculated and scaled values have been compared with the experimental FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra. The observed and calculated frequencies are found in good agreement. The DFT-LSDA/6-311G (d, p) calculations have been found are more reliable than the ab initio HF/6-31G (d, p) calculations for the vibrational study of 3-BA. The optimized geometric parameters (bond lengths and bond angles) are compared with experimental values of the molecule. The alteration of vibrational bands due to the substitutions in the base molecule is also investigated from their characteristic region of linked spectrum.     

Synthesis and characterization of the first examples of perfluoroalkyl-substituted trialkyloxonium salts, [(CH3)2OCF3]+[Sb2F11]- and [(CH3)2OCF(CF3)2]+[Sb2F11]-

In the superacidic HF/SbF(5) system, methyl trifluoromethyl ether forms at -78 degrees C the new tertiary oxonium salt [(CH(3))(2)OCF(3)](+)[Sb(2)F(11)](-), which was characterized by Raman and multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and its crystal structure. The same oxonium salt was also obtained by methylation of CH(3)OCF(3) with CH(3)F and SbF(5) in HF solution at -30 to -10 degrees C. Replacement of one methyl group in the trimethyloxonium cation by the bulkier and more electronegative trifluoromethyl group increases the remaining O-CH(3) bond lengths by 0.037(1) A and the sum of the C-O-C bond angles by about 4.5 degrees. Methylation of CH(3)OCF(CF(3))(2) with CH(3)F in HF/SbF(5) solution at -30 degrees C produces [(CH(3))(2)OCF(CF(3))(2)](+)[Sb(2)F(11)](-). The observed structure and vibrational and NMR spectra were confirmed by theoretical studies at the B3LYP/6-311++G(2d,2p) and the MP2/6-311++G(2d,p) levels.     

On the NH3+HCO3H→HCOOH+H3NO mechanism: a density functional theory study

The B1LYP, B3LYP and MPW1PW91 density functional theory methods combined with the 6-311G(2d, 2p) basis set were used to carry out a density functional theory study of the NH₃+HCO₃H→HCOOH+H₃NO reaction. The purpose of this work is to study the reaction mechanism from the viewpoint of bond order transformations throughout the course of the reaction, and propose the reasons for the apparent differences in activation barriers.     

FT-IR and FT-Raman, UV spectroscopic investigation of 1-bromo-3-fluorobenzene using DFT (B3LYP, B3PW91 and MPW91PW91) calculations

The FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra of 1-bromo-3-fluorobenzene (C₆H₄FBr) molecule have been recorded using Bruker IFS 66 V spectrometer in the range of 4000–100 cm⁻¹. The molecular geometry and vibrational frequencies in the ground state are calculated using the DFT (B3LYP, B3PW91 and MPW91PW91) methods with 6-31++G(d,p) and 6-311++G(d,p) basis sets. The computed values of frequencies are scaled using a suitable scale factor to yield good coherence with the observed values. The isotropic DFT (B3LYP, B3PW91 and MPW1PW91) analysis showed good agreement with the experimental observations. Comparison of the fundamental vibrational frequencies with calculated results by B3LYP methods. The complete data of this molecule provide the information for future development of substituted benzene. The influence of bromine and fluorine atom on the geometry of benzene and its normal modes of vibrations has also been discussed. A study on the electronic properties, such as absorption wavelengths, excitation energy, dipole moment and frontier molecular orbital energies, was performed by time dependent DFT (TD-DFT) approach. The electronic structure and the assignment of the absorption bands in the electronic spectra of steady compounds were discussed. The calculated HOMO and LUMO energies show that charge transfer occurs within the molecule. On the basis of the thermodynamic properties of the title compound at different temperatures have been calculated in gas phase, revealing the correlations between standard heat capacities (C) standard entropies (S), standard enthalpy changes (H) and temperatures.     

DFT studies of the phosphinidene derivative HPNaF and its insertion reaction with R–H(R=F,OH, NH<Subscript>2</Subscript>, CH<Subscript>3</Subscript>)

The formations of the phosphinidene derivative HPNaF and its insertion reactions with R–H (R=F, OH, NH₂, CH₃) have been systematically investigated employing the density functional theory (DFT), such as the B3LYP and MPW1PW91 methods. A comparison with the results of MP2 calculations shows that MPW1PW91 underestimates the barrier heights for the four reactions considered. Similarly, the same is also true for the B3LYP method depending on the selected reactions, but by much less than MPW1PW91, where the barrier heights of the four reactions are 25.2, 85.7, 119.0, and 142.4 kJ/mol at the B3LYP/6-311+G* level of theory, respectively. All the mechanisms of the four reactions are identical to each other, i.e., an intermediate has been located during the insertion reaction. Then, the intermediate could dissociate to substituted phosphinidane(H₂RP) and NaF with a barrier corresponding to their respective dissociation energies. Correspondingly, the reaction energies for the four reactions are −92.2, −68.1, −57.2, and −44.3 kJ/mol at the B3LYP/6-311+G* level of theory, respectively, where both the B3LYP and MPW1PW91 methods underestimate the reaction energies compared with the MP2 results. The linear correlations between the calculated barrier heights and the reaction energies have also been observed. As a result, the relative reactivity among the four insertion reactions should be as follows: H–F > H–OH > H–NH₂ > H–CH₃.     

Mechanistic insights into triterpene synthesis from quantum mechanical calculations. Detection of systematic errors in B3LYP cyclization energies

Most quantum mechanical studies of triterpene synthesis have been done on small models. We calculated mPW1PW91/6-311+G(2d,p)//B3LYP/6-31G* energies for many C30H51O+ intermediates to establish the first comprehensive energy profiles for the cationic cyclization of oxidosqualene to lanosterol, lupeol, and hopen-3beta-ol. Differences among these 3 profiles were attributed to ring strain, steric effects, and proton affinity. Modest activation energy barriers and the ample exothermicity of most annulations indicated that the cationic intermediates rarely need enzymatic stabilization. The course of reaction is guided by hyperconjugation of the carbocationic 2p orbital with parallel C-C and C-H bonds. Hyperconjugation for cations with a horizontal 2p orbital (in the plane of the ABCD ring system) leads to annulation and ring expansion. If the 2p orbital becomes vertical, hyperconjugation fosters 1,2-methyl and hydride shifts. Transition states leading to rings D and E were bridged cyclopropane/carbonium ions, which allow ring expansion/annulation to bypass formation of undesirable anti-Markovnikov cations. Similar bridged species are also involved in many cation rearrangements. Our calculations revealed systematic errors in DFT cyclization energies. A spectacular example was the B3LYP/6-311+G(2d,p)//B3LYP/6-31G* prediction of endothermicity for the strongly exothermic cyclization of squalene to hopene. DFT cyclization energies for the 6-311+G(2d,p) basis set ranged from reasonable accuracy (mPW1PW91, TPSSh with 25% HF exchange) to underestimation (B3LYP, HCTH, TPSS, O3LYP) or overestimation (MP2, MPW1K, PBE1PBE). Despite minor inaccuracies, B3LYP/6-31G* geometries usually gave credible mPW1PW91 single-point energies. Nevertheless, DFT energies should be used cautiously until broadly reliable methods are established.     

CH_3SO+HO_2气相反应机理与主通道速率常数

在MPW1PW91/6-311G(d,p)水平上优化了标题反应各驻点物种的几何构型,并在相同水平上通过频率计算和内禀反应坐标(IRC)分析对过渡态结构及连接性进行了验证.采用QCISD(T)/6-311G(d,p)方法对所有驻点及反应路径的部分选择点进行单点能校正,分别构建了CH3SO+HO2反应体系的单、三重态反应势能剖面.研究结果表明,CH3SO+HO2反应体系存在6条反应通道7条路径,优势通道(1)R→3IM→P1(CH3SOH+3O2)发生在三重态势能面上,此通道包含两条路径,其表观活化能分别为12.01和-30.04kJ?mol-1,主路径(2)R→3IM→3TS2→P1(CH3SOH+3O2)是一个无势垒氢迁移过程.利用经典过渡态理论(TST)与变分过渡态理论(CVT)并结合小曲率隧道效应模型(SCT),分别计算了主路径(2)在200～2500K温度范围内的速率常数kTST,kCVT和kCVT/SCT,在此温度区间内的表观反应速率常数三参数表达式为kCVT/SCT=4.08×10-24T3.13exp(8012.2/T)cm3imolecule-1is-1,具有负温度系数效应.速率常数计算结果显示,变分效应在计算温度段内影响较小,而量子力学隧道效应在低温段有显著影响.     

GIAO/DFT evaluation of 13C NMR chemical shifts of selected acetals based on DFT optimized geometries

DFT/B3LYP calculations of the ground-state conformation of eight cyclic and acyclic acetals are presented and compared with experimental data. Results of single-point GIAO/DFT calculations at five different levels of theory show that isotropic shieldings need to be empirically scaled to achieve agreement with experimental chemical shifts. Statistical evaluation of data indicates that the most accurate prediction of 13C chemical shifts is achieved at the MPW1PW91/6-311G** level of theory. An empirical equation describing the relationship between delta values and shielding constants is postulated. This equation has been applied to the non-chair ground-state conformation of the six-membered acetonide and to the conformationally flexible benzodioxonine derivative. The agreement observed between the experimental and predicted chemical shifts shows that calculations at the MPW1PW91/6-311G** level of theory are adequate for addressing questions of conformation.     

Theoretical calculations on the mechanisms of the gas‐phase elimination kinetics of 2‐chloro‐1‐phenylethane, 3‐chloro‐1‐phenylpropane, 4‐chloro‐1‐phenylbutane, 5‐chloro‐1‐phenylpentane,and their corresponding chloroalkanes: The effect of the phenyl ring

The kinetics and mechanisms of the dehydrochlorination of 2‐chloro‐1‐ phenylethane, 3‐chloro‐1‐phenylpropane, 4‐chloro‐1‐phenylbutane, 5‐chloro‐1‐phenylpentane, and their corresponding chloroalkanes were examined by means of electronic structure calculation using density functional theory methods B3LYP/6–31G(d,p), B3LYP/6–31++G(d,p), MPW1PW91/6–31G(d,p), MPW1PW91/6–31++G(d,p), PBEPBE/6–31G(d,p), and PBEPBE/6–31++G(d,p). The potential energy surface was investigated for the minimum energy path. Calculated enthalpies and energies of activation are in good agreement with experimental values using the MPW1PW91 and B3LYP methods. The transition state of these reactions is a four‐centered cyclic structure. The reported experimental results proposing neighboring group participation by the phenyl group was not supported by theoretical calculations. The rate‐determining process in these reactions is the breaking of Cl? C bond. The reactions are described as concerted moderately polar and nonsynchronous. © 2011 Wiley Peiodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 43: 292–302, 2011     

FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra and vibrational investigation of 4-chloro-2-fluoro toluene using ab initio HF and DFT (B3LYP/B3PW91) calculations

FT-IR (4000-100 cm(-1)) and FT-Raman (4000-100 cm(-1)) spectra of solid sample of 4-chloro-2-fluoro toluene (4Cl2FT) have been recorded using Bruker IFS 66 V spectrometer. Ab initio-HF (HF/6-311++G (d, p)) and DFT (B3LYP/6-311++G and B3PW91/6-311++G (d, p)) calculations have been performed giving energies, optimized structures, harmonic vibrational frequencies, depolarization ratios, IR intensities, Raman activities. The vibrational frequencies are calculated and scaled values are compared with FT-IR and FT-Raman experimental values. The isotropic HF and DFT analyses showed good agreement with experimental observations. The differences between the observed and scaled wave number values of most of the fundamentals are very small in B3LYP than HF. Comparison of the simulated spectra provides important information about the ability of the computational method (B3LYP) to describe the vibrational modes. The influences of substitutions on the geometry of molecule and its normal modes of vibrations have also been discussed. The changes made by substitutions on the benzene are much responsible for the non-linearity of the molecule. This is an attractive entity for the future studies of non-linear optics.     

Theoretical Study and NBO Analysis of the Decomposition Kinetics of Oxetane, 2-Methyloxetane and 2,2-Dimethyloxetane

A theoretical study of the thermal decomposition kinetics of oxetane (1), 2-methyloxetane (2), and 2,2-dimethyloxetane (3) has been carried out at the B3LYP/6-311+G**, B3PW91/6-311+G**, and MPW1PW91/6-311+G** levels of theory. The MPW1PW91/6-311+G** method was found to give a reasonable good agreement with the experimental kinetics and thermodynamic parameters. The decomposition reaction of compounds 1～3 yields formaldehyde and the corresponding substituted olefin. Based on the optimized ground state geometries using MPW1PW91/6-311+G** method, the natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis of donor-acceptor (bond-antibond) interactions revealed that the stabilization energies associated with the electronic delocalization from σC3-C4 bonding to σ*O1-C2 antibonding orbitals decrease from compounds 1 to 3. The σC3-C4→σO1-C2 resonance energies for compounds 1～3 are 2.63, 2.59 and 2.45 kcal mol-1, respectively. Further, the results showed that the energy gaps between σC3-C4 bonding and σ*O1-C2 antibonding orbitals decrease from compounds 1 to 3. Also, the decomposition process in these compounds are controlled by σ→σ* resonance energies. Moreover, the obtained order of energy barriers could be explained by the number of electron-releasing methyl groups substituted to the Csp3 atom (which is attached to oxygen atom). NBO analysis shows that the occupancies of σCsp3-O bonds decrease for compounds 1～3 as 3<2<1, and those of σCsp3-O bonds increase in the opposite order (3 > 2 > 1). This fact illustrates a comparatively easier thermal decomposition of the sCsp3-O bond in compound 3 compared to compound 2, and in compound 2 compared to compound 1. NBO results indicate that these reactions are occurring through a concerted and asynchronous four-membered cyclic transition state type of mechanism.     

Vibrational spectroscopy [FTIR and FTRaman] investigation, computed vibrational frequency analysis and IR intensity and Raman activity peak resemblance analysis on 4-chloro 2-methylaniline using HF and DFT [LSDA, B3LYP and B3PW91] calculations

In the present study, the FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra of 4-chloro-2-methylaniline (4CH2MA) have been recorded in the range of 4000-100 cm(-1). The fundamental modes of vibrational frequencies of 4CH2MA are assigned. All the geometrical parameters have been calculated by HF and DFT (LSDA, B3LYP and B3PW91) methods with 6-31G (d, p) and 6-311G (d, p) basis sets. Optimized geometries of the molecule have been interpreted and compared with the reported experimental values for aniline and some substituted aniline. The harmonic and anharmonic vibrational wavenumbers, IR intensities and Raman activities are calculated at the same theory levels used in geometry optimization. The calculated frequencies are scaled and compared with experimental values. The scaled vibrational frequencies at LSDA/B3LYP/6-311G (d, p) seem to coincide with the experimentally observed values with acceptable deviations. The impact of substitutions on the benzene structure is investigated. The molecular interactions between the substitutions (Cl, CH(3) and NH(2)) are also analyzed.     

Theoretical molecular structures for partially bonded complexes of trimethylamine with SO2 and SO3: ab initio and density functional theory calculations

The self-consistent reaction field (SCRF) method based on Onsager's reaction field theory is applied to investigate the effect of polar media on molecular structures of complexes of trimethylamime (TMA) with SO_x (x=2,3). The calculated SCRF N–S bond lengths at the MPW1PW91/6-311+G(3df) level are in satisfactory agreement with the experimental N–S bond lengths for the TMA–SO_x upon crystallization. The results are enough to demonstrate the usefulness of the reaction field theory in providing qualitative understanding of the medium effect on the partially bonded system such as TMA–SO_x.     

CH3S自由基H迁移异构化及脱H2反应的直接动力学研究

采用密度泛函方法(MPW1PW91)在6-311G(d,p)基组水平上研究了CH₃S自由基H迁移反应CH₃S→CH₂SH (R1), 脱H₂反应CH₃S→HCS＋H₂ (R2)以及脱H₂产物HCS异构化反应HCS→CSH (R3)的微观动力学机理. 在QCISD(t)/6- 311＋＋G(d,p)//MPW1PW91/6-311G(d,p)＋ZPE水平上进行了单点能校正. 利用经典过渡态理论(TST)与变分过渡态理论(CVT)分别计算了各反应在200～2000 K温度区间内的速率常数k^TST和k^CVT, 同时获得了经小曲率隧道效应模型(SCT)校正后的速率常数k^CVT/SCT. 结果表明, 反应 R1, R2 和R3的势垒△E^≠分别为160.69, 266.61和241.63 kJ/mol, R1为反应的主通道. 低温下CH₃S比CH₂SH稳定, 高温时CH₂SH比CH₃S更稳定. 另外, 速率常数计算结果显示, 量子力学隧道效应在低温段对速率常数的计算有显著影响, 而变分效应在计算温度段内对速率常数的影响可以忽略.     

Copper-carbon cluster CuC3: structure, infrared frequencies, and isotopic scrambling

Copper-carbon clusters, formed by dual Nd/YAG laser vaporization, have been trapped in solid Ar at 12 K and investigated by infrared spectroscopy. Density functional calculations of a number of possible molecular structures for Cu/carbon clusters have been performed, and their associated vibrational harmonic mode frequencies and dissociation energies have been determined with a 6-311++G(3df) basis set using both B3LYP and MPW1PW91 functionals. Both computations and (13)C-isotopic substitution experiments indicate that new bands observed at 1830.0 and 1250.5 cm(-1) are due to the asymmetric and symmetric CC stretching modes, respectively, in the near-linear CuC3(X(2)A') cluster. Photoinduced (12/13)C-isotopic scrambling in Cu(12/13)C3 clusters has also been observed. The mechanism for the photoscrambling is shown to involve the formation of a bicyclic CuC3 isomer.     

DFT Calculations and NBO Analysis of 2-Chloroethylethyldichlorosilane Unimolecular Elimination Kinetics in the Gas Phase

Ab initio molecular orbital calculations have been used to investigate the thermal decomposition kinetics of 2-chloroethylethyldichlorosilane at the B3LYP/6-311+G**,B3PW91/6-311+G**,and MPW1PW91/6-311+G** levels of theory.Among these methods,the results(activation parameters) obtained using the B3LYP/6-311+G** level are in good agreement with the available experimental data.The calculated data imply that in the unimolecular β-elimination reactions of the studied compound in the gas phase,the polarization of C(1)-Cl(3) and C(1)-H(4) bonds in the sense of C(1)δ+-Cl(3)δ-and C(1)δ+-H(4)δ-,respectively,is a determining factor in the gas phase elimination reactions 1,2 and 3.Analysis of bond order,natural bond orbital charges,bond indexes,synchro-nicity parameters,and IRC calculations suggest the elimination of 2-chloroethylethyldichlorosilane via reactions 1～3 can be described as concerted and slightly asynchronous.The transition state structures of these reactions are a four-membered cyclic structure.