不同焊接位置对5A90铝锂合金激光焊接质量的影响(英)

针对铝锂合金激光焊接产生的成形不良和气孔缺陷,探究不同焊接位置对焊缝成形及气孔的影响,并对比分析不同焊接位置熔池受力状态、熔融金属流动和小孔动态行为,解释缺陷形成及其抑制机理。研究发现:不同焊接位置熔池受力状态和熔融金属流动决定焊缝成形。平焊时焊缝成形差、下榻严重;横焊时背面焊缝不连续,有飞溅;立向上焊时背面焊缝内凹严重;立向下焊可得到最优焊缝成形和最优的气孔缺陷。焊缝气孔受小孔动态行为影响,不同焊接位置气孔随热输入的变化规律一致,气孔先增后减,在仅熔池透状态下有气孔最大值。立上焊时小孔不稳定,焊缝气孔多且分布杂乱;立向下焊时小孔稳定性高,气孔最少,主要分布在焊缝中心线上。     

Performance studies of a novel design atmospheric pressure pulsed HF/DF laser

Intense multi and single line laser operation is reported from TEA semiconductively preionised HF/DF lasers employing various discrete components or flat plate excitation circuits. The performance, the spectral and the beam characteristics of these lasers are given and are compared to the characteristics of previously described HF/DF lasers. Their improved performance parameters are explained in terms of the preionizing action of the semiconductors, the low inductance of the circuits employed and the good matching of the voltage and current waveforms of the excitation circuitry to their excitation. Finally, their potential in specific applications, like infrared vitreous surgery (HF) or atmospheric laser beam propagation (DF), is stressed.     

Approximate entropy a new statistic to quantify arc and welding process stability in short-circuiting gas metal arc welding

Based on the phase state reconstruction of welding current in short-circuiting gas metal arc welding using carbon dioxide as shielding gas, the approximate entropy of welding current as well as its standard deviation has been calculated and analysed to investigate their relation with the stability of electric arc and welding process. The extensive experimental and calculated results show that the approximate entropy of welding current is significantly and positively correlated with arc and welding process stability, whereas its standard deviation is correlated with them negatively. A larger approximate entropy and a smaller standard deviation imply a more stable arc and welding process, and vice versa. As a result, the approximate entropy of welding current promises well in assessing and quantifying the stability of electric arc and welding process in short-circuiting gas metal arc welding.     

热塑性塑料的激光焊接实验研究

建立了半导体激光焊接系统，在此系统上进行了热塑性塑料的激光焊接实验，研究了不同颜料有机玻璃材料组合的激光焊接可行性，进行了有机玻璃的激光焊接实验，并对焊接样品的焊接强度进行了测试。     

Real time estimation of CO2 laser weld quality for automotive industry

Laser welding is one of the most precise welding processes in joining sheet metals. In laser welding, performing real time evaluation of the welding quality is very important to enhance the efficiency of the welding process. In this study, the plasma and spatter, which are generated during laser welding, are measured using UV and IR photodiodes. The factors that influence weld quality are classified into five categories; optimal heat input, slightly low heat input, low heat input, partial joining due to gap mismatch, and nozzle deviation. The data number deviated from reference signals and their standard deviations were also considered to evaluate the qualities. A system was also formulated to perform real time evaluations of the weld quality using a fuzzy multi-feature pattern recognition with the measured signals.     

大功率盘形激光焊飞溅特征分析

焊接过程的在线监控是保证激光焊接质量的关键, 为此, 首先要找到焊接过程传感特征量变化规律以及与焊缝质量间的关系. 飞溅是大功率盘型激光焊接过程中的一个重要现象, 其特征与焊接质量、焊接过程稳定性以及能量利用率等有着密切的联系. 以大功率盘形激光焊接304不锈钢为试验对象, 研究焊接过程中的飞溅特征. 在紫外波段和可见光波段应用高速摄像机摄取焊接过程中产生飞溅的瞬态特征, 通过计算机图像处理技术分析飞溅的数量、面积、行程和质心高度特征参量. 以焊件熔宽作为衡量焊接质量与焊接过程稳定性的因素, 对飞溅特征量进行线性和高次拟合, 研究飞溅特征参量的波动规律, 并与焊件熔宽的变化对比, 探索焊接过程的飞溅特征参量变化规律. 试验结果表明, 根据飞溅特征量变化规律能够对大功率盘形激光焊接304不锈钢板焊接质量做出动态评估, 为实现焊接质量的在线监控提供了试验依据.     

Laser welding of thin polymer films to container substrates for aseptic packaging

Keyhole laser welding of polymers is a subject well covered and researched, but relatively little information exists regarding the welding of thin polymer films, particularly to a heavier substrate. This paper presents the design of a suitable test apparatus for laser welding thin film to a heavier substrate, and shows the results of an investigation into the feasibility of laser welding multi-layer polymer film lids to tubs for the manufacture of aseptic food containers. A consistent weld, free from defects, is the key to process success. Typical welding defects have been synthesised in order to investigate, and consequently remove, their cause. The result is a reliable welding method based on even film clamping. With careful attention to machine design, a seal of high mechanical strength and chemical integrity is possible.     

Coaxial monitoring of keyhole during Yb:YAG laser welding

In laser remote welding using a scanner, high-speed welding can be achieved by using a 6-axial robot and a galvanometric mirror. In this system, because the laser projection point changes depending on the mirror's position, coaxial monitoring is required to track welding phenomena.This paper presents coaxial monitoring of the keyhole generated by an Yb:YAG laser beam during laser lap welding of steel and Al sheets. A coaxial image camera and a coaxial illumination laser are integrated into the proposed monitoring system. The areas of the keyhole and the full penetration hole were calculated by image processing, and their behaviours were investigated under various welding conditions. The keyhole was monitored using various band-pass filters and a coaxial illumination laser. Adequate filters were suggested for steel and Al alloy welding.     

电弧光谱信息在焊接质量检测上的应用研究

通过采集TIG,MIG焊接过程的光谱辐射信息,基于等离子体辐射的基础理论,对其焊接电弧辐射进行了分析,TIG焊与MIG焊的光谱分布由于气氛中金属元素浓度的差别,辐射强度和分布都存在较大差别：MIG焊不仅金属线谱数量多,辐射强度比TIG焊大,且随熔滴过渡波动明显。针对其光谱分布和变化特点,选择了特征谱段,用于焊接质量的检测;对于TIG焊选取线谱聚集的紫外区辐射(230～300 nm),对于MIG焊选取以连续辐射为主的可见光区辐射(570～590 nm),建立了不同焊接方法下,焊接电弧光谱信息在焊接质量检测上的应用理论基础。还进一步通过在焊接过程中预设干扰因素,采集焊接过程在特征谱段的信号,对选择谱段的试验验证表明：基于建立的理论基础,可以有效地利用焊接电弧光谱信息,对焊接质量及焊接过程干扰因素实现判识,特征谱段的信号具有很好的信噪比。     

Strongly correlated Fermi systems as a new state of matter

The aim of this review paper is to expose a new state of matter exhibited by strongly correlated Fermi systems represented by various heavy-fermion (HF) metals, two-dimensional liquids like ³He, compounds with quantum spin liquids, quasicrystals, and systems with one-dimensional quantum spin liquid. We name these various systems HF compounds, since they exhibit the behavior typical of HF metals. In HF compounds at zero temperature the unique phase transition, dubbed throughout as the fermion condensation quantum phase transition (FCQPT) can occur; this FCQPT creates flat bands which in turn lead to the specific state, known as the fermion condensate. Unlimited increase of the effective mass of quasiparticles signifies FCQPT; these quasiparticles determine the thermodynamic, transport and relaxation properties of HF compounds. Our discussion of numerous salient experimental data within the framework of FCQPT resolves the mystery of the new state of matter. Thus, FCQPT and the fermion condensation can be considered as the universal reason for the non-Fermi liquid behavior observed in various HF compounds. We show analytically and using arguments based completely on the experimental grounds that these systems exhibit universal scaling behavior of their thermodynamic, transport and relaxation properties. Therefore, the quantum physics of different HF compounds is universal, and emerges regardless of the microscopic structure of the compounds. This uniform behavior allows us to view it as the main characteristic of a new state of matter exhibited by HF compounds.     

Numerical simulation of nanosecond pulsed laser welding of eutectoid steel components

This paper considers the micro-closed seam laser welding of two nearly eutectoid carbon steel grades. These materials are difficult to weld due to their poor ductility. In particular, in closed seam welding, the laser beam starts and finishes in the same point thus increasing the risk of cracks. A numerical simulation of micro-welding of nearly eutectoid steels by nanosecond pulsed laser is carried out to evaluate the weld pool dimension and the heat-affected zone extension. Optimized welding parameters and strategy are determined by means of simulation and they are successfully applied in the welding of a 1.0%C shaft and a 0.7%C gear.     

Prediction of weld strength and seam width for laser transmission welding of thermoplastic using response surface methodology

In the present work, a study is made to investigate the effects of process parameters, namely, laser power, welding speed, size of the laser beam and clamp pressure, on the lap-shear strength and weld-seam width for laser transmission welding of acrylic (polymethyl methacrylate), using a diode laser system. Response surface methodology (RSM) is employed to develop mathematical relationships between the welding process parameters and the output variables of the weld joint to determine the welding input parameters that lead to the desired weld quality. In addition, using response surface plots, the interaction effects of process parameters on the responses are analyzed and discussed. The statistical software Design-Expert v7 is used to establish the design matrix and to obtain the regression equations. The developed mathematical models are tested by analysis-of-variance (ANOVA) method to check their adequacy. Finally, a comparison is made between measured and calculated results, which are in good agreement. This indicates that the developed models can predict the responses adequately within the limits of welding parameters being used.     

保护条件变化的激光焊接等离子体光谱分析

保护气体在激光焊接过程中起重要的作用,保护条件的改变对焊接质量会有显著地影响。研究Nd∶YAG激光焊过程中保护条件的变化对激光等离子体的电子温度和电子密度等特征参数的影响,通过设计分步减小保护气流量的激光焊试验进行规律性研究,通过模拟实际可能发生的保护不良的激光焊试验进行验证性研究。在试验研究过程中,利用光谱仪采集激光焊接过程中产生的光致等离子体的光谱信息,通过相对光强法计算不同保护条件下等离子体的电子温度,通过斯塔克展宽机制计算不同保护条件下等离子体的电子密度。研究结果表明,保护条件的改变对Nd∶YAG激光焊接过程中产生的光致等离子体的电子温度和电子密度有重要影响,随着保护条件的变化,光致等离子体的电子温度和电子密度的平均值会发生变化,其波动幅度也会发生变化。在保护良好的条件下,等离子体的电子温度和电子密度均较小,且波动幅度也较小;在保护不良的条件下,等离子体的电子温度和电子密度都比较大,且波动幅度也比较大,这种变化的特征有助于对激光焊接过程进行质量监控。     

Photophysical Properties of Some Flavones Probes in Homogeneous Media

Photophysical properties of five hydroxyflavones (HF) (some typical models of flavonols), (3 - HF, 6 - HF, 7-HF, 3, 6 - diHF and 3, 7 - diHF) were studied in homogeneous media by means of UV–vis and steady-state and time resolved fluorescence spectroscopies. Their absorption and fluorescence characteristics based on the flavonols structure are presented and discussed. It was found that the fluorescence of the flavonols depends on the nature of the solvent and on their molecular structure, especially on the position and the number of the -OH groups of the substituted phenyl ring. Attention is paid to the number of the -OH groups that influence the excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) process. The fluorescence quantum yield and the lifetime of the flavonols in heterogeneous media have been also determined. The results are discussed with relevance to the flavonols as sensitive fluorescence probe and to their microenvironments in the systems of biological interest and especially in a typical protein environment.     

自组生长的硅纳米管的稳定性研究

文章作者的研究小组在世界上首次合成自组生长的硅纳米管（SiNTs）后,对它的稳定性研究又获得进展.采用5wt%的HF酸对自组生长的硅纳米管的稳定性进行了研究,研究表明HF酸可以去除硅纳米管的氧化物外层,只剩下晶体硅纳米管,说明所得到的硅纳米管是一种稳定结构,因而使其应用研究开发成为可能.研究表明,硅纳米管的稳定性与其生长形成过程密切相关。     

Experimental investigation and metallographic characterization of fiber laser beam welding of Ti-6Al-4V alloy using response surface method

In the present study, experimental investigations of fiber-laser-beam-welding of 5 mm thick Ti-6Al-4V alloy are carried out based on statistical design of experiments. The relationship between the process parameters such as welding power, welding speed, and defocused position of the laser beam with the output responses such as width of the fusion zone, size of the heat affected zone, and fusion zone area are established in terms of regression models. Also, the most significant process parameters and their optimum ranges are identified and their percentage contributions on output responses are calculated. It is observed that welding power and speed plays the major role for full penetration welding. Also, welding power shows direct effect whereas welding speed shows the inverse effect on the output responses. The bead geometry is influenced by the defocused position of the laser beam due to the change in power density on the workpiece surface. However, overall fusion zone area is unaffected. Mechanical characterization of the welded samples such as microstructural analysis, hardness, and tensile tests are conducted. It is noticed that the hardness value of the FZ is higher than the HAZ and BM zone due to the difference in cooling rate during welding which promotes the formation of α′ martensitic phase in the FZ. Also, an average hardness value in the FZ is compared for two different defocusing positions (i.e. 1 and 2 mm). It is found that hardness value is higher for 1 mm defocused position than 2 mm due the decrement in grain size below a critical range at 2 mm defocused position. The ultimate tensile strength and % elongation of the welded samples are degraded as compared to BM which can be further improved by post heat treatment.     

Comprehensive microanalytical study of welding aerosols with x‐ray and Raman based methods

A comprehensive analysis of individual welding fume particles of different size fraction has been performed by applying of an innovative combination of the energy‐dispersive x‐ray fluorescence spectroscopy (EDXRF), micro‐Raman spectroscopy (MRS) and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). Owing to this set of analytical techniques, a systematic study of the chemical composition along with the size, morphology and structure parameters of the collected welding particles was performed. The results show distinct interdependencies between the particles' elemental composition and their sizes and structures, which are consistent with commonly assumed mechanisms of their formation and evolution. In particular, interactions between the particles of fine and coarse fractions as well as regularities in distribution of the most toxic welding fume components (Mn and its oxides) have been observed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

宏微观耦合模拟熔池不同区域中枝晶竞争生长过程

针对熔化焊过程建立了宏微观耦合模型,模拟了熔池内不同区域凝固过程中随机取向枝晶的竞争生长过程. 通过宏观三维有限元模型计算熔池中瞬态的传热传质过程,利用双线性插值算法将凝固参数传递给微观组织模型. 采用元胞自动机法模拟随机取向的枝晶在熔池凝固条件下的竞争生长过程. 模拟结果表明,所建立的微观模型能够精确模拟任意生长取向的枝晶. 凝固条件中最大温度梯度方向对枝晶竞争过程有明显选择作用,生长方向与最大温度梯度方向相同或接近的枝晶在竞争中具有更大优势. 焊缝中的晶粒组织由枝晶簇发展形成,晶粒组织的形貌演变取决于相邻枝晶簇之间的竞争过程,具有择优取向的枝晶簇会逐渐排挤非择优取向的枝晶簇并最终将其阻挡在凝固组织内部,宏观晶粒的取向与其内部枝晶簇的生长方向并不一定相同. 熔池中心线附近区域在焊接过程中具有更小的温度梯度、更大的凝固速率以及更大的局部冷却速率,凝固后可以获得更加细小的焊缝枝晶组织. 枝晶间距的模拟结果与相应凝固条件下的试验数据符合较好. 关键词： 焊接熔池 枝晶形貌 竞争生长 元胞自动机     

黄烷酮及其羟基衍生物的荧光性质研究

黄烷酮类化合物是天然药物的重要活性成分,也是有机合成的研究热点之一,但此类化合物的荧光性质尚缺乏研究。研究了黄烷酮及其6种羟基衍生物的荧光性质,发现黄烷酮(Flavanone,FV)、7-羟基黄烷酮(7-Hydroxyflavanone,7HF)和6-羟基黄烷酮(6-Hydroxyflavanone,6HF)的水溶液有荧光,而2’-羟基黄烷酮(2’-Hydroxyflavanone,2’HF)、4’-羟基黄烷酮(4’-Hydroxyflavanone,4’HF)、柚皮素(4’,5,7-三羟基黄烷酮,Naringenin)和乔松素(5,7-二羟基黄烷酮,Pinocembrin)的水溶液基本无荧光。在三维荧光图谱中,FV的荧光激发波长(λ_ex)为235,265和340 nm,发射波长(λ_em)为386 nm;7HF的λ_ex为230,276和315 nm,λ_em为391 nm;6HF的λ_ex为260和356 nm,λ_em为482 nm。研究了pH对FV,7HF和6HF荧光的影响,从分子结构的角度讨论了pH对荧光产生影响的原因。研究了7HF和6HF在不同pH条件下的紫外吸收光谱,用pH-光度法测得7HF和6HF的羟基质子电离常数pK_a分别为7.26±0.05和9.90±0.02。研究了溶剂(甲醇)对FV,7HF和6HF荧光光谱的影响,发现FV和7HF在甲醇溶液中的荧光比在水中减弱,而6HF在甲醇中的荧光显著增强。在有序介质(SDS,CTAB,β-CD)中,FV和7HF的荧光减弱,而6HF在β-CD或CTAB中的荧光增强。以硫酸奎宁或L-色氨酸为参比,测得FV和7HF水溶液的荧光量子产率分别为0.057和0.012;6HF在甲醇中和在β-CD浓度为1.62 mg·mL-1的水溶液中的荧光量子产率分别为0.064和0.012。