Controlled synthesis of magnetic Pd/Fe3O4 spheres via an ethylenediamine-assisted route

A simple route based on time-dependent growth was employed to synthesize solid and hollow spheres of Pd/Fe(3)O(4) nanocomposite. Transmission electron microscopic (TEM) imaging shows that the spheres are composed of nanocrystals with the solid spheres having a diameter of 533 nm whereas the hollow ones having a diameter of 520 nm and a shell thickness of 100 nm. An assembly-then-growth mechanism for the formation of the magnetic Pd/Fe(3)O(4) nanocomposite has also been elucidated on the basis of the experimental observations. It is demonstrated that the Pd/Fe(3)O(4) nanocomposite functions as a heterogeneous catalyst for the hydrogenation reaction of p-nitrophenol at room temperature under atmospheric pressure. Both the solid and hollow spheres possess unique magnetic properties so that they may be conveniently separated and recovered by a magnet after the catalytic reaction.     

Al2O3/TiO2 hybrid nanofluids thermal conductivity

Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry - This research deals with experimental studies on thermal conductivity variation of Al2O3 and TiO2 hybrid nanofluids with water as the base fluid. In...     

Controlled synthesis of alpha-Fe2O3 nanorods and its size-dependent optical absorption, electrochemical, and magnetic properties

Uniform alpha-Fe(2)O(3) nanorods with diameter of about 30 nm and length up to 500 nm were synthesized by a template-free hydrothermal method and a following calcination of the intermediate product in the air at 500 degrees C for 2 h. By carefully tuning the concentration of the reactants, a series of alpha-Fe(2)O(3) nanorods with gradient in aspect ratios can be obtained. The effect of the solvent was also evaluated. Based on the experimental facts, the formation mechanism of this one-dimensional structure was proposed. The size-dependent properties of the as-obtained alpha-Fe(2)O(3) nanorods were investigated. The optical absorption properties of the samples showed that the band gaps of the samples decreased in the sequence in which the size increased. The electrochemical performance of the samples showed that the discharge capacity decreased as the size of the sample increased, which may result from the high surface area and small size. The magnetic hysteresis measurements taken at 5 K showed that the coercivities of the samples were related to the aspect ratios of the samples, which may result from the larger shape anisotropy. However, the temperature-dependent field cooling magnetization showed that there was no Morin transition in the as-prepared samples, which may result from the surface effect.     

Differential thermal study of FeO and Fe3O4

Two batches of wüstite were produced from a stoichiometric mixture of Fe and Fe₂O₃ by sealing in steel tubes in vacuum and helium, respectively, and igniting the first tube at 1300° for 21 hours and the second one at 1200° for 34 hours. There were two exothermic peaks on the DTA curves of both samples at 345 and 545 to 700° due to surface oxidation of FeO to Fe₃O₄ followed by bulk oxidation of FeO to Fe₃O₄ and of Fe₃O₄ to-Fe₂O₃. The last two reactions gave rise to a dual (or twin) peak for coarse material but one peak in the case of fine material, indicating that the two reactions occurred concurrently for fine material. Similar investigations on both fine and coarse magnetites showed only two exothermic peaks which corresponded to surface and bulk oxidation, respectively. This result confirms the previous observations that coarse magnetite converts to-Fe₂O₃ by surface oxidation followed by bulk oxidation.

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Zusammenfassung Es wurden zwei Serien von Wüstit aus einem stöchiometrischen Gemisch von Fe und Fe₂O₃ in versiegelten Stahlröhren unter Vakuum bzw. Helium durch 21 stündiges Erhitzen bei 1300° bzw. 34 Stunden bei 1200° dargestellt. Die DTA-Kurve wies bei beiden Proben zwei exothermische Spitzen auf, bei 345° bzw. bei 545° bis 700° auf, die der oberflächlichen Oxydation von FeO zu Fe₃O₄ bzw. der vollständigen Oxydation von FeO zu Fe₃O₄ bzw. Fe₃O₄ zu-Fe₂O₃ entsprechen. Die beiden letzten Reaktionen verursachten eine Zwillingsspitze im Fall von grobem Material, hingegen eine einzige Spitze bei feinem Material. Diese Reaktionen verlaufen also im letzten Fall gleichzeitig. Ähnliche Versuche mit grobem und feinem Magnetit zeigten nur zwei, der oberflächlichen und massiven Oxydation entsprechenden exothermischen Spitzen. Dieses Ergebnis unterstützt die früheren Beobachtungen, daß grober Magnetit durch oberflächliche und darauffolgende vollständige Oxydation in-Fe₂O₃ überght.

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Résumé On a préparé deux séries de wüstite à partir d'un mélange stoechiometrique de Fe et Fe₂O₃ dans des tubes scellés d'acier sous vide rsp. en hélium. Un tube a été chauffé pendant 21 heures chez 1300° l'autre chez 1200° pendant 34 heures. On observe dans les courbes d'ATD des deux séries d'échantillons deux pics exothermiques chez 345° et de 545° jusqu' à 700° dûs à l'oxydation superficielle de FeO en Fe₃O₄ suivie par l'oxydation de la masse de l'échantillon de FeO en Fe₃O₄ rsp. de Fe₃O4 en-Fe₂O₃. Les deux réactions dernières donnent pour un produit à gros grains, un pic double, et pour un produit à grains fins un pic simple indiquant que dans le dernier cas deux réactions concurrentes eurent lieu. Pareilles investigations avec magnétite grossière et fine n'ont montré que deux pics exothermiques correspondant à l'oxydation superficielle et dans la masse. Ces resultats confirment les observations antérieures de la transformation de magnétite grossière en-Fe₂O₃ par oxydation superficielle suivie d'oxydation dans la masse.

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Fe Fe₂O₃ . , 1300° 21 ., — 1200° 34 . 345° 545–700°, FeO Fe₃O₄ Fe₃O₄ -Fe₂O₃. , . , . , , . , -Fe₂O₃ , .

     

单分散Fe3O4纳米颗粒的控制合成和表征

以十八烯为溶剂、乙酰丙酮铁为铁源,并在油酸、油胺的辅助作用下,通过热分解法成功合成了单分散Fe3O4纳米颗粒。讨论了实验参数如反应温度、表面活性剂的量和种类、溶剂、油酸、油胺对单分散Fe3O4纳米颗粒的尺寸及形貌的影响。利用X射线衍射（XRD）、透射电子显微镜（TEM）、选区电子衍射（SAED）和高分辨透射电子显微镜（HRTEM）对所得产物的物相、结构、尺寸和形貌进行了表征分析。通过振动样品磁强计（VSM）表征产物磁性能,表明在室温下,Fe3O4纳米颗粒的饱和磁化强度（Ms）和矫顽力（Hc）分别为74.0 emu/g,72.6 Oe。     

Thermal conductivity of Al2O3/water nanofluids

A considerable number of studies can be found on the thermal conductivity of nanofluids in which Al₂O₃ nanoparticles are used as additives. In the present study, the aim is to measure the thermal conductivity of very narrow Al₂O₃ nanoparticles with the size of 5 nm suspended in water. The thermal conductivity of nanofluids with concentrations up to 5 % is measured in a temperature range between 26 and 55 °C. Using the experimental data, a correlation is presented as a function of the temperature and volume fraction of nanoparticles. Finally, a sensitivity analysis is performed to assess the sensitivity of thermal conductivity of nanofluids to increase the particle loading at different temperatures. The sensitivity analysis reveals that at a given concentration, the sensitivity of thermal conductivity to particle loading increases when the temperature increases.     

Polymer-controlled synthesis of Fe3O4 single-crystal nanorods

In this study, we describe a simple approach to preparing single-crystal Fe3O4 nanorods in the presence of poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP). The morphologies of the nanorods are characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), which indicates that these nanorods are formed by nucleation and growth process in situ in aqueous solution. A superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometer characteristic of the as-synthesized Fe3O4 nanorods shows superparamagnetic properties.     

Structural,magnetic and thermal characterizations of Fe2O3 nanoparticle systems

X-ray, magnetic and differential thermal analysis and thermogravimetric (DTA-TG) measurements of Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles surrounded by amorphous SiO₂were carried out. The mass loss above 370 K could be attributed to the dehydration. The broadened exothermic peak around 900 K was observed by the DTA analysis. Considering the results of the X-ray and magnetic analyses, this anomaly was interpreted as due to the g- to a-transition in the present Fe₂O₃nanoparticle system. The broadness of the peak and thus the gradual progress of the transformation would be attributed to the stress caused by the amorphous SiO₂ network surrounding extremely small particles. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Controlled synthesis of Co(3)O(4) nanocubes under external magnetic fields and their magnetic properties

Regular tricobalt tetraoxide (Co(3)O(4)) nanocubes with tunable sizes have been synthesized by a simple magnetic field assisted hydrothermal reaction. In contrast to other traditional methods, no surfactant is added to the reaction system, the morphology of the product is controlled by the application of an external magnetic field and the size distribution of the product is tuned by simply modifying the ratio of distilled water to ethanol in the solvent. The growth process of Co(3)O(4) nanocubes is investigated and discussed in detail. It is found that the differences in polarity and dielectric constant between distilled water and ethanol and thus the difference of cobalt coordination ions concentration in the different solvents are the major factors that determine the final size distribution of Co(3)O(4) nanocubes. Magnetic properties of Co(3)O(4) nanocubes synthesized under (MF) and not under (ZF) an external magnetic field are then investigated. It is believed that during their growth, the alignment of spins in the Co(3)O(4) particles and thus the magnetic and crystal lattices of Co(3)O(4) are influenced by the external magnetic field. Spins in MF arrange in a less-ordered manner and cannot be totally compensated by each other, therefore makes them have a stronger tendency to align into an ordered figuration, which leads to a relatively larger magnetization and higher Néel temperature (T(N)) of MF comparing to sample ZF.     

Microwave-assisted synthesis and characterization of hexagonal Fe3O4 nanoplates

Hexagonal magnetite (Fe₃O₄) nanoplates with an average edge length of 80 nm were successfully prepared in large quantities by a facile microwave-assisted route. The influences of experiment parameters such as reaction time, microwave power, and concentration of NaOH and other additive agents on the morphology and size of final products were investigated in detail. Phase structure, morphology and magnetic properties of products were carefully studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM), and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). Magnetic studies revealed that hexagonal Fe₃O₄ nanoplates have low saturation magnetization of 36.4 emu/g and the possible reason has been proposed.     

Thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity measurements of Al2O3 nanofluids

Thermal conductivities and specific heat capacities of nanoparticles of Al₂O₃ dispersed in water and ethylene glycol as a function of the particle volume fraction and at temperatures between 298 and 338 K were measured. The steady-state coaxial cylinders method, using a C80D microcalorimeter (Setaram, France) equipped with special calorimetric vessels, was used for the thermal conductivities measurements. The heat capacities were measured with a Micro DSC II microcalorimeter (Setaram, France) with batch cells designed in our laboratory and the “scanning or continuous method.” The Hamilton–Crosser model properly accounts for the thermal conductivity of the studied nanofluids. Assuming that the nanoparticles and the base fluid are in thermal equilibrium, the experimental specific heat capacities of nanofluids are correctly justified.     

Determination of nanolayer thickness and effective thermal conductivity of nanofluids

Nanofluids having high thermal conductivity enhancement relative to conventional pure fluids are fluids engineered by suspending solid nanoparticles into base fluids. In the present study, calculating the Van der Waals interaction energy between a nanoparticle and an ordered liquid nanolayer around it, the nanolayer thickness was determined, the average velocity of the Brownian motion of nanoparticles in a fluid was estimated, and by taking into account both the aggregation of nanoparticles and the presence of a nanolayer a new thermal conductivity model for nanofluids was proposed. It has been shown that the nanolayer thickness in nanofluids is independent on the radius of nanoparticles when the radius of the nanoparticles is much greater than the nanolayer thickness and determines by the specific interaction of the given liquid and solid nanoparticle through the Hamaker constant, the surface tension and the wetting angle. It was proved that the frequency of heat exchange by fluid molecules is two orders of magnitude higher than the frequency of heat transfer by nanoparticles, so that the contribution due to the Brownian motion of nanoparticles in the thermal conductivity of nanofluids can be neglected. The predictions of the proposed model of thermal conductivity were compared with the experimental data and a good correlation was achieved.     

Sonochemical synthesis of stable hydrosol of Fe3O4 nanoparticles

The sonolysis of an aqueous solution of Fe(CO)(5) in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate leads to the formation of a stable hydrosol of amorphous Fe(3)O(4) nanoparticles. The amorphicity of iron oxide nanoparticles was determined by X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry. The nanoparticles were characterized by elemental analysis, EDX, transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, Raman spectroscopy, XPS, and spot test.     

Photoluminescent Fe3O4/carbon nanocomposite with magnetic property

Fe(3)O(4)/carbon nanocomposite has been prepared by a facile chemical method, and characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The fluorescent and magnetic properties of the sample were investigated by fluorescence spectroscopy and vibrating-sample magnetometer, respectively. The results indicate that the Fe(3)O(4)/carbon nanocomposite exhibit good photoluminescent (emission ranging from 425 to 550 nm) and strong magnetic (saturation magnetization of 44.2 emu/g) properties.     

Optical and thermal properties of Fe3O4 nanoparticle-doped cholesteric liquid crystals

A composite system of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticle-doped cholesteric liquid crystals with properties of broadband reflection and controllable temperature under high-frequency electric field is proposed. The broadband reflection can shield the near-infrared light in summer and the electromagnetic-thermal effect by the Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles can deice or defrost in winter for high transmittance and good safety. Furthermore, the thermal effect may be precisely controlled and significantly enhanced by adjusting the factors of the doped concentrations and the applied electric field parameters (duration time, magnitude and frequency). This composite system may have potential applications for multifunctional windows of architectures and vehicles.     

Synthesis of Fe3O4, Fe2O3, Ag/Fe3O4 and Ag/Fe2O3 nanoparticles and their electrocatalytic properties

Two important iron oxides:Fe3O4 and Fe2O3,as well as Fe3O4 and Fe2O3 nanoparticles mingling with Ag were successfully synthesized via a hydrothermal procedure.The samples were confirmed and characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD),and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS).The morphology of the samples was observed by transmission electron microscopy(TEM).The results indicated Fe3O4,Fe2O3,Ag/Fe3O4 and Ag/Fe2O3 samples all were nanoparticles with smaller sizes.The samples were modified on a glassy carbon electrode and their elctrocatalytic properties for p-nitrophenol in a basic solution were investigated.The results revealed all the samples showed enhanced catalytic performances by comparison with a bare glassy carbon electrode.Furthermore,p-nitrophenol could be reduced at a lower peak potential or a higher peak current on a glassy carbon electrode modified with Ag/Fe3O4 or Ag/Fe2O3 composite nanoparticles.