Chemistry of Polypyridine Ruthenium Complexes: VII. Electronic Structure and Photochemistry of cis-[Ru(2,2'-bpy)2(L)(Cl)]+ Complexes

The electronic absorption spectra and photochemical behavior of the complexes of cis-[Ru(bpy)₂ · (L)(Cl)]⁺ (bpy is 2,2'-bipyridyl) with pyridine (L = py) and 4-substituted pyridines [L = methyl-, amino-, and cyanopyridine, and 4,4'-bipyridyl (bipy)]. Photoirradiation of acetonitrile solutions of the complexes results in substitution of ligand L by a solvent molecule. A correlation was revealed between the photolysis quantum yield and the coordination-induced ligand L-to-metal charge transfer.     

Chemistry of Ruthenium Polypyridine Complexes: IX. Nitro-Nitrosyl Equilibrium in cis-[Ru(2,2'-bpy)2(L)NO2]+ Complexes

Ruthenium(II) bisbipyridyl complexes cis-[Ru(bpy)₂(L)NO₂](BF₄) (bpy is 2,2'-bipyridyl) with 4-substituted pyridine ligands L = 4-(Y)py (Y = NH₂, Me, Ph, and CN) were obtained. The equilibrium constants of the reversible nitro-nitrosyl transition [Ru(bpy)₂(L)NO₂]⁺ + 2H⁺ [Ru(bpy)₂(L)NO]^{3 +} + H₂O were measured in solutions with pH 1.5-8.5 (ionic strength 0.4). The constants correlate with the protonation constants of free ligands 4-(Y)py.     

Chemistry of Ruthenium Polypyridine Complexes: VIII. Electronic Structure and Reactivity of cis-[Ru(2,2'-Bpy)2(L)Cl]+ Complexes in Excited States

Ab initio and semiempirical CINDO/CI calculations of free ligands L and complexes cis-[Ru(bpy)₂(L)Cl]⁺ [bpy = 2,2'-bipyridyl, L = pyridine, 3-cyanopyridine, 4-picoline, nicotinamide, isonicotinamide, 4-picoline, 4-aminopyridine, 4,4'-bipyridyl (bipy), trans-1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethene, 4,4'-azopyridine, pyrazine (pyz), and imidazole] were used to study the interrelation between the electronic structures of the ligands and the complexes in the ground and electronically excited states and to interpret the electronic absorption spectra of the complexes. The quantum yields for photosubstitution of a solvent molecule for a ligand L were measured; for L = pyz and bipy, photolysis quantum yields as a function of irradiation wave-length were studied. The possibility of population of ligand-field photoactive states from overlying charge-transfer states and the associative mechanism of ligand photosubstitution were discussed.     

Chemistry of Ruthenium Polypyridine Complexes: VI. Synthesis and Photochemistry of cis-[Ru(bpy)2(bipy)X]q Complexes

Complexes cis-[Ru(bpy)₂(bipy)(X)] ^{n +} [bpy = 2,2'-bipyridyl, bipy = 4,4'-bipyridyl, X = Br^-, ONO^-, CN^- (n = 1); MeCN, PPh₃ (n = 2), and NO⁺ (n = 3)] were synthesized. Irradiation of acetonitrile solutions of the complexes with X = Cl^-, Br^-, ONO^-, NO₂-, CN^-, NH₃, MeCN, and PPh₃ by visible light results in photosubstitution of 4,4'-bipyridyl by a solvent molecule. The electronic absorption spectra of the complexes were assigned on the basis of quantum-chemical calculations. A correlation was revealed between photolysis quantum yields and charges transferred from ligands X upon their coordination.     

Substituents effects on two related families of dyes for dye sensitized solar cells: [Ru(4,4'-R,R-2,2'-bpy)(3)]2+ and [Ru(4,4'-COOH-2,2'-bpy)(4,4'-R,R-2,2'-bpy)(2)]2+

We studied the influence of the substituents over the composition of the molecular orbitals, electronic transitions, and reactivity of several ruthenium derivatives. We found a good agreement with the previously reported experimental data. In these theoretical calculations including spin-orbit coupling, we study several ruthenium-tris-(2,2'-bipyridine) substituted dyes, which do or do not have an anchoring group to get attached to the semiconductor surface. It was observed that the complexes that have electron-donor substituents might be more efficient to donate electrons if they are anchored to a semiconductor than those complexes that have electron-acceptor substituents. Therefore, the results suggest that these dyes with electron-donor substituents will give better yields in photocurrent generation. Also, the localization of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital over the ligand that has the anchoring will help to improve electron injections into the TiO(2) nanoparticles. We propose here several not yet synthetized dyes, which could be used in this kind of device, due to their interesting molecular properties.     

Chemistry of Ruthenium Polypyridine Complexes: V. Electronic Structure of Ruthenium(II) Bipyridine-Diphosphine Mixed-Ligand Complexes

Comparative analysis of the donor-acceptor capacities of diphosphine ligands in two series of complexes: cis-[Ru(bpy)2(LL)]^{q +} [LL = 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy), o-benzoquinonediimine (bqdi), cis-1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane, cis-1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethylene (dppen), (NH3)2, and (CO)2] and [Ru(NH₃)₄. (LL)]^{2 +} (LL = bpy, dppen, and bqdi), was performed. Diphosphines are the strongest donors; they compare in -acceptor capacity which is associated with phosphorus d orbitals with 2,2'-bipyridine and fall far short of o-benzoquinonediimine and carbonyl.     

Chemistry of Ruthenium Polypyridine Complexes: IV. Quantum-Chemical Simulation of the Effect of Solvation Shell on the Electronic Structure of Ru(II) Complexes with Nitrogen-containing Ligands

Ab initio quantum-chemical calculations of Ru(II) complexes have been fulfilled with consideration for solvation within the framework of the polarized continuum model. Energy levels of fragments of Ru(II) complexes with organic ligands are shifted relative to each other by electrostatic interactions with the solvation shells.     

1H NMR, EPR, UV-Vis, and Electrochemical Studies of Imidazole Complexes of Ru(III). Crystal Structures of cis-[(Im)(2)(NH(3))(4)Ru(III)]Br(3) and [(1MeIm)(6)Ru(II)]Cl(2).2H(2)O

Comparisons of the spectroscopic properties of a number of Ru(III) complexes of imidazole ligands provide methods of distinguishing between various types of bonding that can occur in proteins and nucleic acids. In particular, EPR and (1)H NMR parameters arising from the paramagnetism of Ru(III) should aid in determining binding sites of Ru(III) drugs in macromolecules. Electrochemical studies on several imidazole complexes of ruthenium suggest that imidazole may serve as a significant pi-acceptor ligand in the presence of anionic ligands. Crystal structures are reported on two active immunosuppressant complexes. cis-[(Im)(2)(NH(3))(4)Ru(III)]Br(3) crystallizes in the triclinic space group P&onemacr; (No. 2) with the cell parameters a = 8.961(2) ?, b = 12.677(3) ?, c = 7.630(2) ?, alpha = 98.03(2) degrees, beta = 100.68(2) degrees, gamma = 81.59(2) degrees, and Z = 2 (R = 0.044). [(1MeIm)(6)Ru(II)]Cl(2).2H(2)O crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2(1)/n (No. 14) with the cell parameters a = 7.994(2) ?, b = 13.173(4) ?, c = 14.904(2) ?, beta = 97.89(1) degrees, and Z = 2 (R = 0.052). The average Ru(II)-N bond distance is 2.106(8) ?.     

Synthesis and Crystal Structure of [Zn(FcCOO)_2(2,2'-bipy)(H_2O)]_2·H_2O

A novel complex [Zn(FcCOO)2(2,2'-bipy)(H2O)]2·H2O (Fc = (η5-C5H5)Fe(η5-C5H4), 2,2'-bipy = 2,2'-bipyridine) has been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR and X-ray diffraction. It crystallizes in monoclinic system, space group P21/c with a = 6.8187(4), b = 21.7155(13), c = 19.7411(12) A, α = 90, β = 97.7420(10), γ = 90o, C64H58Fe4Zn2N4O11, Mr = 1413.28, V = 2896.4(3) A3, Dc = 1.620 g/cm3, Z = 2, F(000) = 1444, μ(MoKα) = 1.857 mm-1, R = 0.0523 and wR = 0.0982 for 3219 observed reflections (I > 2σ(I)). Structural analysis shows that the zinc atom is coordinated with three oxygen atoms from two ferrocenemonocarboxylates and one water molecule together with two nitrogen atoms from 2,2'-bipyridine, giving a distorted square-pyramidal coordination geometry. The complex molecules are linked to form an infinite one-dimensional chain by both intermolecular hydrogen bonds and π-π stacking interactions of the bipyridine rings.     

Co(2,2'-bipy)(H2O)V2O6的合成及其晶体结构

以Co(NO3)2,2,2'-联吡啶(2,2'-bipy)及NaVO3为原料,采用水热法于200 ℃合成了一种新的有机-无机杂化材料--Co(2,2'-bipy)(H2O)V2O6(1),其结构经IR,热重分析及X-射线单晶衍射表征.结果表明,1属于单钭晶系,空间群为P21/c,晶胞参数为:a=7.855 6(3)(A),b=21.056 2(5)(A),c=9.552 1(6)A,α=90.000°,β=110.236(5)°,γ=90.000°,V=1 423.65(8)(A)3,Z=2,Dc=2.126 g·cm-3,μ(Mo Kα)=2.548mm-1,R1=0.058 6,wR2=0.093 5.1为一种二维层状结构,由[VO4]四面体通过共顶点构成的一维钒氧链,链与链之间以[Co(2,2'-bipy)(H2O)]2 基团连接而成.     

Absorption spectrum and solvatochromism of the [Ru(4,4'-COOH-2,2'-bpy)2(NCS)2] molecular dye by time dependent density functional theory

We present a combined Density Functional/Time Dependent Density Functional study of the molecular structure, electronic states, and optical absorption spectrum of [Ru(4,4'-COOH-2,2'-bpy)(2)(NCS)(2)], a widely used charge-transfer sensitizer in nanocrystalline TiO(2) solar cells. Calculations have been performed both for the complex in vacuo and in ethanol and water solvents, using a continuum model to account for solute-solvent interactions. Inclusion of the solvent leads to important changes of the energies and composition of the molecular orbitals of the complex; as a consequence, whereas the computed spectrum for the Ru-complex in vacuo deviates from the experimental one in both energy and shape, the spectra calculated in the presence of the solvent are in good agreement with the experiment. The first two absorption bands are found to originate from mixed ruthenium-NCS to bipyridine-pi* transitions rather than to pure metal-to-ligand-charge-transfer (MLCT) transitions, whereas the third band arises from intraligand pi --> pi* transitions. The experimentally observed blue-shift of the spectrum in water with respect to ethanol is well reproduced by our calculations and appears to be related to a decreased dipole moment in the excited state.     

Photo-induced pyridine substitution in cis-[Ru(bpy)(2)(py)(2)]Cl(2): a snapshot by time-resolved X-ray solution scattering

Determination of transient structures in light-induced processes is a challenging goal for time-resolved techniques. Such techniques are becoming successful in detecting ultrafast structural changes in molecules and do not require the presence of probe-like groups. Here, we demonstrate that TR-WAXS (Time-Resolved Wide Angle X-ray Scattering) can be successfully employed to study the photochemistry of cis-[Ru(bpy)(2)(py)(2)]Cl(2), a mononuclear ruthenium complex of interest in the field of photoactivatable anticancer agents. TR-WAXS is able to detect the release of a pyridine ligand and the coordination of a solvent molecule on a faster timescale than 800 ns of laser excitation. The direct measurement of the photodissociation of pyridine is a major advance in the field of time-resolved techniques allowing detection, for the first time, of the release of a multiatomic ligand formed by low Z atoms. These data demonstrate that TR-WAXS is a powerful technique for studying rapid ligand substitution processes involving photoactive metal complexes of biological interest.     

Neutral coordination polymers based on a metal-mono(dithiolene) complex: synthesis, crystal structure and supramolecular chemistry of [Zn(dmit)(4,4'-bpy)]n, [Zn(dmit)(4,4'-bpe)]n and [Zn(dmit)(bix)]n (4,4'-bpy = 4,4'-bipyridine, 4,4'-bpe = trans-1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethene, bix = 1,4-bis(imidazole-1-ylmethyl)-benzene

This article describes a unique synthetic route that enables a neutral mono(dithiolene)metal unit, {Zn(dmit)}, to link with three different organic molecules, resulting in the isolation of a new class of neutral coordination polymers. The species {Zn(dmit)} coordinates with 4,4'-bipyridine (4,4'-bpy), trans-1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethene (4,4'-bpe) and 1,4-bis(imidazole-1-ylmethyl)-benzene (bix) as linkers giving rise to the formation of coordination polymers [Zn(dmit)(4,4'-bpy)](n) (1), [Zn(dmit)(4,4'-bpe)](n) (2) and [Zn(dmit)(bix)](n) (3) respectively. Compounds 1-3 were characterized by elemental analyses, IR, diffuse reflectance and single crystal X-ray diffraction studies. Compounds 1 and 3 crystallize in the monoclinic space group P2(1)/n, whereby compound 2 crystallizes in triclinic space group P1[combining macron]. In the present study, we chose three linkers 4,4'-bpy, 4,4'-bpe and bix (see , respectively, for their structural drawings), that differ in terms of their molecular dimensions. The crystal structures of compounds 1-3 are described here in terms of their supramolecular diversities that include π-π interactions, not only among aromatic stacking (compounds 1 and 3), but also between an aromatic ring and an ethylenic double bond (compound 2). The electronic absorption spectroscopy of compounds 1-3 support these intermolecular π-π interactions.     

The Molecular and Electronic Structure of [ReOX3(AsPh3)(OAsPh3)] Complexes (X = Cl,Br)

New rhenium oxo-complexes [ReOX₃(OAsPh₃)(AsPh₃)] (X = Cl and Br) have been synthesised and characterised by X-ray diffraction, IR, electronic and magnetochemical measurements. They were obtained in high yield in reactions between [ReOX₃(AsPh₃)₂] and acetonitrile in air.     

Electronic structures and spectroscopic properties of rhenium (I) tricarbonyl photosensitizer: [Re(4,4'-(COOEt)2-2,2'-bpy)(CO)3py]PF6

The ground state and lowest triplet-state structures of [Re(4,4'-(COOEt)(2)-2,2'-bpy)(CO)(3)py]PF(6) photosensitizer (bpy=bipyridine, py=pyridine) have been studied with density functional theory (DFT). Time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) was carried out to predict the photophysical properties of the photosensitizer. The effects of the solvents were evaluated using the conductor-like polarizable continuum (CPCM) method in dichloromethane, chloroform, acetonitrile, acetone, ethanol and dimethylsulfoxide. The electronic transition energies computed with BLYP, MPWPW91, B3LYP and MPW1PW91 functionals are compared with the experimental spectra. Based on the calculated excited energies, the experimental absorption maximum is assigned as metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) and ligand-to-ligand charge transfer (LLCT) mixed transition, and the luminescence originates from the lowest triplet state that is ascribed as the mixed transition of MLCT/LLCT.     

Preparation of Ru(CO)(diene)2 Complexes by Electron-Beam Evaporation of Ruthenium. Preliminary Communication

Ru-atoms (0.5–1.5 g) have been generated by electron bombardment and, in separate experiments, were co-condensed at 7 K with excess of 2,3-dimethylbutadiene or 1,3- or 1,4-cyclohexadiene. The complexes Ru(CO)(η⁴-C₆H₁₀)₂ ( 1 ) and Ru(CO)(η⁴-C₆H₈)₂ ( 2 ), respectively, have been isolated in 25–30% yields on warming the condensate under CO.     

一维链状配位聚合物[Zn（acac）2（4,4＇-bipy）]n的合成、表征及量子化学研究

以Zn（ClO4）2·6H2O,4,4＇-联吡啶及乙酰丙酮（物质的量比1∶1∶2）在甲醇中通过溶剂热法合成得到了标题聚合物[Zn（acac）2（4,4＇-bipy）]n.经元素分析、红外光谱、核磁共振氢谱、热重及X射线单晶衍射等表征,其晶体属单斜晶系,P2（1）/c空间群,晶胞参数：a=1.1366（10）nm,b=1.4914（14）nm,c=1.5534（10）nm,β=132.00（4）°,V=1.957（3）nm^3,Z=4.标题聚合物分子由Zn（acac）2与4,4＇-bipy是以分子比1∶1形成一维无限的链状结构.热重分析结果表明,聚合物在197℃以下稳定性良好.运用Gaussian03W对聚合物结构单元进行了量化计算分析,原子电荷分布及前沿占据轨道组成很好地佐证了晶体结构的配位环境.