轮胎充气温度对光电里程仪标度因数影响的标定算法

为减小车辆轮胎充气温度对光电里程仪标度因数的影响,提高车载航位推算系统的定位精度,分析了航位推算系统的误差模型,提出了基于载波相位差分GPS的里程仪标度因数标定方法.基于CDGPS的高精度定位特性,结合SINS和里程仪的输出,利用卡尔曼滤波对里程仪标度因数随轮胎充气温度的变化进行标定.实验表明该方法可以精确标定里程仪标度因数随轮胎充气温度的变化特性,在给定初始充气压力情况下标度因数与充气温度呈线性关系.利用标定后的里程仪进行了跑车验证实验,在较良好的路况下,行驶里程78km,纬度误差由28 m减小到5 m,经度误差由65 m减小到10m.     

某型惯性平台安装标校方法

为有效地提高惯性平台的维修性和互换性,给某型惯性平台设计了独特的安装及标校方式。此方法中惯性平台在安装标校时,本身不提供姿态调整的手段,而是通过带有代表惯性平台的水平及方位基准的安装检测平板作为安装标校工具。标校时,使用光学经纬仪及电子水平仪对安装检测平板上的代表惯性平台的水平及方位的光学六面体及水平基准面进行标定。以陀螺经纬仪、光学经纬仪为过渡基准,通过旋转艏向安装固定销达到将安装检测平板的光学方位基准与船体方位基准对齐的目的。以差分电子水平仪为基准,通过研磨安装固定销下垫片的厚度达到安装检测平板的水平姿态与船体基准水平平板水平姿态一致的目的。最终使用螺钉将安装固定销固紧。这样同型号的惯性平台在舰船的任意情况下将实现安装上的互换,而不需要进行二次标校。     

The nature of the electrical impulse in an explosion

The mechanism for the formation of an electric impulse on the explosion of ordinary explosive substances is analyzed. A double electrical layer with voltage of the order kT 0.2–0.6 V is formed in the detonation wave. When the detonation wave passes to the outer surface of the charge, electrons adhere to molecules of air and explosion products. As the charged explosion products fly apart, the distance between the positive and negative charge s increases and the voltage increases to a magnitude of the order of a kilovolt. The asymmetric separation of the charged explosion products is the cause of the impulse. Theoretical estimates are compared with experiments [1].Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Mekhaniki i Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 72–75, March–April, 1970.The authors are grateful to Ya. B. Zel'dovich and Yu. P. Raizer for useful discussions.     

Calibration of stresscoat by impact

A method for calibrating Stresscoat at very high rates of strain is presented. The method makes use of an impact pulse traveling in a thin rod at sonic velocity. Results of five tests on Stresscoat 1207 indicate a sensitivity of sixty percent of the static value. There is also evidence that the sensivitivity is a function of the strain rate.     

Determination of residual stresses by an optical correlative hole-drilling method

In conjunction with the incremental hole-drilling method, a new evaluation procedure is presented for determining the residual stress state in components. In contrast to the classical method, the whole displacement field around the drilled hole is measured using the electronic speckle pattern interferometry technique. The displacement patterns, measured without contact to the surface, are then correlated with those obtained by finite-element simulations using statistical methods. The simulated displacement patterns, used for calibration purposes, result from the application of properly defined basic loads. In this way, the values and the orientation of the residual stresses can be determined by superposition of these properly scaled and shifted basic loads. Even complex states of stress can be evaluated. The theoretical background and experimental results are presented.     

Aerodynamics of indirect thrust measurement by the impulse method

The aerodynamic aspects of indirect thrust measurement by the impulse method have been studied both experimentally and numerically. The underlying basic aerodynamic principle is outlined, the phenomena in subsonic, supersonic and arc-heated jets are explored, and factors affecting the accuracy of the method are studied and discussed. Results show that the impulse method is reliable for indirect thrust measurement if certain basic requirements are met, and a simple guideline for its proper application is given.     

Newton iterative identification method for an input nonlinear finite impulse response system with moving average noise using the key variables separation technique

This paper studies parameter identification problems for input nonlinear finite impulse response systems with moving average noise (i.e., input nonlinear finite impulse response moving average systems). Since the identification model of the system contains the product of the parameters of the nonlinear part and the linear part, we use the key variables separation technique and express the output of the system as the linear combination of all parameters, and then derive a Newton iterative identification method. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm is effective.     

Point-wise impulse (blast) response of a composite sandwich plate including core compressibility effects

This work analyzes the nonlinear impulse response of a composite sandwich plate exposed to a sudden point-wise transverse loading on the top face sheet. The nonlinearity arising from the core compressibility in the thickness direction is modeled and incorporated into the constitutive relations explicitly. As such, one can have a deep insight regarding the stress, strain and displacement profiles into the sandwich plate. The sandwich plate is assumed to be perfectly bonded at the face sheet/core interfaces. The equations of motion are formulated using Hamilton’s principle. The simply supported case is used to illustrate the procedure for solving the nonlinear equations. Numerical results are presented to demonstrate the response in terms of the transverse deformation and stresses in the composite sandwich plate. The effects of the variation of the geometrical parameters of the structure on the blast impulse response are also studied. Some conclusions are suggested regarding the associated optimal design of sandwich plates.     

Optimal design of an optical lens

We wish to construct an optimal optical lens, in the sense that it focuses all rays from a given source onto a given focal point. The construction can be reduced mathematically to a global study of a system of two nonlinear functional differential equations. We prove that this system has precisely two analytic solutions.     

Loaded and unloaded optical response of polyester model materials

The optical behavior of mixtures of rigid and flexible polyester resins when loaded and unloaded under constant strain-rate and varying test temperature are characterized. New evidence about the photoplastic method of analyzing deformed but unloaded models is presented through experiments with tensile or compressive uniaxial specimens, diametrically compressed disks and beams under pure bending, which were analyzed during loading, unloading and after being unloaded.     

A bending quasi-front generated by an instantaneous impulse loading at the edge of a semi-infinite pre-stressed incompressible elastic plate

A refined membrane-like theory is used to describe bending of a semi-infinite pre-stressed incompressible elastic plate subjected to an instantaneous impulse loading at the edge. A far-field solution for the quasi-front is obtained by using the method of matched asymptotic expansions. A leading-order hyperbolic membrane equation is used for an outer problem, whereas a refined (singularly perturbed) membrane equation of an inner problem describes a boundary layer, which smoothes a discontinuity predicted by the outer problem at the wave front. The inner problem is then reduced to one-dimensional by an appropriate choice of inner coordinates, motivated by the wave front geometry. Using the inherent symmetry of the outer problem, a solution for the quasi-front is derived that is valid in a vicinity of the tip of the wave front. Pre-stress is shown to affect geometry and type of the generated quasi-front; in addition to a classical receding quasi-front the pre-stressed plate can support propagation of an advancing quasi-front. Possible responses may even feature both types of quasi-front at the same time, which is illustrated by numerical examples. The case of a so-called narrow quasi-front, associated with a possible degeneration of contribution of singular perturbation terms to the governing equation, is studied qualitatively.     

Calibration of an oscillating hot-wire anemometer for bidirectional velocity measurements

A novel compact low-frequency oscillating hot-wire (OHW) anemometer is calibrated in a custom-built wind tunnel. Laser Doppler anemometry is used for reference velocity measurements, phase-locked with the oscillating wire. Three probe designs are calibrated, examining the influence of prong shape on the wake contamination. Results for two oscillation amplitudes and several frequencies are discussed. Through non-dimensional analysis, the optimum probe design and operating parameters are extracted. The OHW features a maximum measurable negative velocity of −1.0 m/s which is comparable to existing oscillating and flying hot-wire anemometers. The compact OHW can be applied to reversing flow in confined geometries such as flow in exhaust systems.

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Wall shear-stress extraction by an optical flow algorithm with a sub-grid formulation

In this study,we developed a novel optical-flow algorithm for determining the wall shear-stress on the surface of objects.The algorithm solves the thin-oil-film...     

Close-field optical analysis of an explosive-loading function

This research program was conducted to study the formation of a stress wave resulting from the detonation of an explosive charge in a circular hole in a large thin plate. Dynamic photoelasticity methods were employed. The isochromatic-fringe patterns were recorded with a Cranz-Schardin multiple-spark camera operating at a framing rate of 500,000 exposures/second. Experimental procedures developed during the course of the investigation eliminated fracturing of the model in the vicinity of the explosive and permitted recording of the dynamic fringe patterns at the boundary of the hole during the entire period of loading. Results of the study provide a realistic pulse shape for use with theoretical solutions to wave-propagation problems when comparisons are made with experimental solutions to the same problems obtained by dynamic photoelasticity means. Propagation and attenuation characteristics of the stress wave in the close field were obtained and compared with previous results obtained by extrapolation from farfield information. An explanation is provided for the high degree of reproducibility of explosive loadings and for the uniformity in amplitude of the stress wave produced in photoelastic models by different amounts of explosive.