Functionalized COFs with Quaternary Phosphonium Salt for Versatilely Catalyzing Chemical Transformations of CO2

Currently, it encounters great challenges to accomplish catalyzing various kinds of carbon dioxide(CO₂) conversion reactions efficiently with single catalyst, let alone control the interplay among catalytic efficiency and selectivity evenly. Here, we prepared a functional covalent organic framework, [PTPP]_X%-TD-COF[PTPP=3-bromopropyltriphenylphosphonium; TD=1,3,5-tri(4-aminophenyl)benzene-1,4-diformylbenzene], by immobilizing the quaternary phosphonium salt onto the skeleton of COFs through a post-synthesis strategy for versatilely catalyzing reduction of CO₂ and CO₂ fixation on epoxide and aziridine facilely. With the typical features of COFs(such as porosity and ordered structure) and catalytic activity of the quaternary phosphonium salt, [PTPP]_X%-TD-COF possesses an intensely synergistic effect for catalyzing the chemical transformations of CO₂. Noteworthily, the quaternary phosphonium salt functionalized COFs catalyze the CO₂ reduction reaction with amine and phenylsilane to produce formylated and methylated products under gentle reaction conditions with high selectivity and efficiency. Furthermore, [PTPP]_X%-TD-COF shows high catalytic ability in CO₂ chemical fixation reactions.     

Side Chain Functional Conjugated Porous Polymers for NIR Controlled Carbon Dioxide Adsorption and Release

Conjugated porous polymers exhibit considerable advantage as attractive candidate for carbon dioxide(CO₂) capture. However, the regeneration of the CO₂ still faces the problem of high energy cost. Here we synthesize a near-infrared region(NIR) light responsive conjugated porous polymer(PDPP-Gu) {DPP=3,6-di(thiophen-2-yl)pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4(2H,5H)-dione} by constructing porous amorphous networks with a side chain engineering strategy to regulate CO₂ adsorption and release through photothermal conversion. The PDPP-Gu is featured by a torsional conjugated backbone as well as a functional side chain of guanidino group. The donor-acceptor configuration of PDPP-Gu afforded strong absorption in the NIR and an excellent photothermal conversion capability of up to 48.8%, as well as a high surface energy. Moreover, guanidine modified side chain further enhanced the CO₂-polymers interactions, resulting in a high CO₂ selective adsorption capacity(0.8 mmol/g) at 273 K, 1 bar(1 bar=10⁵ Pa). The adsorbed CO₂ can be released under NIR light irradiation. This strategy of molecule design combined the dual features of photothermal conversion and gas adsorption, which is beneficial for the development of materials to dynamically control the adsorption and release of CO₂ through NIR light.     

Covalent Organic Framework Materials for Photo/ Electrocatalytic Carbon Dioxide Reduction北大核心CSCD

Covalent organic frameworks （COFs）are a class of emerging materials connected by covalent bonds,which have high thermal/chemical stability （except boric acid COFs）,permanent porosity,large specific surface area and good crystallinity. In addition,the structure of the monomer unit in COFs is adjustable and can coordinate with many transition metal ions to provide catalytic active sites. These advantages make COFs helpful to catalyze various reactions. Among them,COFs have an excellent catalytic effect on the CO2 reduction reaction（CO2 RR）. This is mainly because the adjustable pore structure of COFs allows them to adsorb a large amount of CO2 and the π-π stacking structure in COFs can promote charge transfer, which can greatly improve the efficiency of CO2 reduction. COFs can be used as photo/ electrocatalysts to efficiently reduce CO2 to CO,CH4 ,HCOOH and other products. This review discusses the important achievements of CO2 RR catalyzed by COFs, including photo/electrocatalytic CO2 RR and photoelectric coupling CO2 RR. In addition,the future development of COFs as CO2 RR catalysts is also prospected. © 2022, Science Press (China). All rights reserved.     

Fe基催化剂上二氧化碳加氢制C2+烃的研究进展

将二氧化碳(CO₂)催化加氢转化为具有高附加值的烃类化合物,既可减缓大气中CO₂浓度的攀升速度,又符合可持续发展战略,对环境和社会均具有重要意义。本文综述了Fe基催化剂上CO₂加氢制C₂+烃的研究进展,着重介绍了反应路径及机理、催化剂研制及反应器设计,展望了CO₂制烃的研究前景。     

负载型氨基酸离子液体的制备及其对二氧化碳的吸附性能

采用浸渍蒸发法将四甲基铵甘氨酸([N1111][Gly])和四甲基铵赖氨酸([N1111][Lys])两种离子液体分别负载到硅胶(SG)表面,利用EA、TGA、BET和FT-IR等技术对所得到的吸附剂进行表征,考察了离子液体种类、离子液体负载量和温度等条件对其CO_2吸附性能的影响。结果表明,离子液体成功负载到硅胶表面,所制得的负载型氨基酸离子液体对二氧化碳具有良好的吸附性能。在所考察的温度范围(303.15-323.15 K)内,温度越高,平衡吸附量越小;在负载量为10%-60%,随着负载量的增加,平衡吸附量先增加后减小。对于[N1111][Gly]/SG,当负载量为22.4%(质量分数)、吸附温度为30℃、压力为0.1 M Pa时,二氧化碳的平衡吸附量可达到41 mg/g(相对于1 mol AAILs吸附0.62 mol CO_2),而且,吸附20 min即可达到平衡吸附量的90%。吸附剂在循环使用六次之后,其结构与性能均保持良好。     

Two‐Dimensional Covalent Organic Frameworks for Carbon Dioxide Capture through Channel‐Wall Functionalization

Ordered open channels found in two‐dimensional covalent organic frameworks (2D COFs) could enable them to adsorb carbon dioxide. However, the frameworks’ dense layer architecture results in low porosity that has thus far restricted their potential for carbon dioxide adsorption. Here we report a strategy for converting a conventional 2D COF into an outstanding platform for carbon dioxide capture through channel‐wall functionalization. The dense layer structure enables the dense integration of functional groups on the channel walls, creating a new version of COFs with high capacity, reusability, selectivity, and separation productivity for flue gas. These results suggest that channel‐wall functional engineering could be a facile and powerful strategy to develop 2D COFs for high‐performance gas storage and separation.     

射频放电等离子体中CO2及CO2-H2混合气转化反应的原位研究

Currently, worldwide attention is focused on controlling the continually increasing emissions of greenhouse gases, especially carbon dioxide. To this end, a number of investigations have been carried out to convert the carbon dioxide molecules into value-added chemicals. As carbon dioxide is thermodynamically stable, it is necessary to develop an efficient carbon dioxide utilization method for future scaled-up applications. Recently, several approaches, such as electrocatalysis, thermolysis, and non-thermal plasma, have been utilized to achieve carbon dioxide conversion. Among them, non-thermal plasma, which contains chemically active species such as high-energy electrons, ions, atoms, and excited gas molecules, has the potential to achieve high energy efficiency without catalysts near room temperature. Here, we used radio-frequency (RF) discharge plasma, which exhibits the non-thermal feature, to explore the decomposition behavior of carbon dioxide in non-thermal plasma. We studied the ionization and decomposition behaviors of CO₂ and CO₂-H₂ mixtures in plasma at low gas pressure. The non-thermal plasma was realized by our custom-made inductively coupled RF plasma research system. The reaction products were analyzed by on-line quadrupole mass spectrometry (differentially pumped), while the plasma status was monitored using an in situ real-time optical emission spectrometer. Plasma parameters (such as the electron temperature and ion density), which can be tuned by utilizing different discharge conditions, played significant roles in the carbon dioxide dissociation process in non-thermal plasma. In this study, the conversion ratio and energy efficiency of pure carbon dioxide plasma were investigated at different values of power supply and gas flow. Subsequently, the effect of H₂ on CO₂ decomposition was studied with varying H₂ contents. Results showed that the carbon dioxide molecules were rapidly ionized and partially decomposed into CO and oxygen in the RF field. With increasing RF power, the conversion ratio of carbon dioxide increased, while the energy efficiency decreased. A maximum conversion ratio of 77.6% was achieved. It was found that the addition of hydrogen could substantially reduce the time required to attain the equilibrium of the carbon dioxide decomposition reaction. With increasing H₂ content, the conversion ratio of CO₂ decreased initially and then increased. The ionization state of H₂ and the consumption of oxygen owing to CO₂ decomposition were the main reasons for the V-shape plot of the CO₂ conversion ratio. In summary, this study investigates the influence of power supply, feed gas flow, and added hydrogen gas content, on the carbon dioxide decomposition behavior in non-thermal RF discharge plasma.     

反应条件对铜催化CO2电还原的影响

工业规模的化石能源消耗导致大气中二氧化碳含量不断增加,CO₂转化利用成为人们日益关注的热点问题. 金属铜因其成本低廉、储量丰富,并且具有独特的CO₂亲和力能够生成多碳化合物,是目前CO₂电还原中研究最为广泛深入的电极材料. 由于阴、阳离子的特征吸附对Cu电极性能有显著影响,并且不同反应体系中对Cu电极上CO₂吸附、活化影响也有所不同,因此导致金属Cu电极上报道的电催化活性、产物种类与选择性等都非常宽泛. 基于此,有必要系统地研究各种反应条件对金属Cu电极电催化CO₂还原性能的影响. 作者选择了平均粒径为600 nm的商品化金属Cu颗粒作为电还原CO₂的催化剂,研究了不同反应条件包括各种常用电解质溶液、KHCO₃的浓度以及H型电解池和流动池. 实验结果表明,浓度为0.5 mol·L ^-1的KHCO₃作为电解质溶液具有较好催化活性和较高的产物分电流密度,流动池可以进一步提高主要产物甲酸盐和CO的分电流密度. 本研究工作从反应条件的角度对CO₂还原的电催化转化进行了系统研究,有助于理解电解液和反应器等因素对CO₂电还原反应过程的影响规律.     

CO2在非质子溶剂与铁基离子液体复合体系中的吸收

选用非质子型有机溶剂聚乙二醇二甲醚(NHD)与N, N-二甲基乙酰胺(DMAC), 分别与BmimFeCl₄复配, 构建了BmimFeCl₄/NHD和BmimFeCl₄/DMAC复合铁基离子液体体系. 考察了温度、 BmimFeCl₄/溶剂的质量 比以及压力对CO₂在复合铁基离子液体体系中溶解行为的影响. 结果表明, 高压低温的吸收条件更利于CO₂ 的溶解, 当BmimFeCl₄/DMAC质量比为7∶3时, CO₂在BmimFeCl₄/DMAC复合体系中的亨利系数为0.9181 MPa·L·mol^-1, 低于同等条件下BmimFeCl₄/NHD体系的亨利系数. 在常压、 363.2 K条件下进行再生, 经5次循环后, CO₂在BmimFeCl₄/NHD和BmimFeCl₄/DMAC中的溶解度分别为初次吸收量的92.53%和99.04%. 傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)结果表明, 铁基离子液体复配体系吸收CO₂为物理吸收过程. 密度泛函理论(DFT)计算与IRI分析的结果表明, 在复配DMAC的体系中, CO₂更倾向与阳离子和溶剂分子作用, 而在复配NHD的体系中, CO₂则更容易与阴离子和溶剂分子作用.     

单层含氧缺陷δ-MnO2用于二氧化碳还原

电催化还原二氧化碳成多碳燃料一直是研究的热点. 而找到活性高,选择性优,稳定性好的催化剂一直是研究者们奋斗的目标. 二氧化锰因其独特的物理和化学性质被广泛的应用于电催化领域,而缺陷的调控可以改变催化剂的电子性质,在此次工作中作者系统地研究了在有氧缺陷和没有氧缺陷的二维二氧化锰上的电催化二氧化碳还原反应. 通过利用自旋极化密度泛函理论,作者分别计算了他们的电子性质和分子在吸附过程中的能量值. 结果显示,缺陷的引入改变了二氧化锰的特性,使其从半导体性质变为半金属性质,从而提高催化剂的导电性. 同时,分析能量图也很容易发现对应产品的选择性也发生了变化. 二氧化锰有利于甲酸的产生,而氧缺陷的二氧化锰更有利于一氧化碳的生成. 本研究将为二氧化碳还原的其他非贵金属氧化物催化剂的结构设计和优化提供一定的指导.     

咪唑类离子液体混合物吸收CO2性能研究

结合常规离子液体和功能型离子液体在吸收CO₂方面的优势,将两类咪唑类离子液体进行混合,对其吸收CO₂的效果和再生性能进行了实验研究。结果表明,两类咪唑类离子液体混合后流动性明显改善,与CO₂接触气液传质顺畅;常规离子液体[bmim][BF₄]和[bmim][Tf₂N]与胺功能型离子液体[NH₂e-mim][BF₄]混合物较单一的离子液体吸收CO₂的量大,[bmim][CH₃CO₂]与[NH₂e-mim][BF₄]混合后较单一的[bmim][CH₃CO₂]吸收量有明显的减低;随着常规咪唑类离子液体阳离子碳链增长,混合离子液体吸收CO₂的效果变强;与胺乙基功能型离子液体混合吸收CO₂时,阴离子为[Tf₂N]的常规咪唑类离子液体要比阴离子为[BF₄]的吸收效果好;离子液体混合物吸收CO₂后经再生循环利用10次,混合物质量基本不变,循环使用后吸收CO₂性能为初始吸收性能的75%~85%。     

基于纳米金属的增强效应在CO2电还原反应中的应用进展

将二氧化碳通过电化学方法转化为化工原料再利用,不仅可以有效缓减温室效应,而且可以实现自然界的碳循环,对绿色化学与可持续发展意义重大. 本文简要地介绍了二氧化碳电还原的优势及其基本反应原理并综述了近年来基于纳米金属催化剂的一系列活性增强策略的研究进展. 重点探究了合金效应、界面工程、协同效应、缺陷工程以及载体效应等对纳米金属电催化还原二氧化碳性能的影响及相关反应机理. 基于以上策略,提出未来开发面向工业化应用的二氧化碳电还原催化剂面临的挑战与前景.     

氮化钴电催化还原二氧化碳为一氧化碳

电催化还原二氧化碳是一种潜在的解决全球变暖的途径,但是仍有许多挑战. 本文报道了使用氮化钴在水溶液中电催化还原二氧化碳为一氧化碳. 通过对比不同煅烧温度及气氛合成的催化剂表明氮掺杂对催化活性的提高至关重要. 其中700-Co_5.47N/C展现了最高的催化活性,在较低的电势-0.7 V(vs. RHE)下,一氧化碳的电流密度达到9.78 mA·cm^-2. 另外,通过改变电解电压,CO/H₂ 的比例能在1:3到3:2之间调节. 91 mV·dec^-1的Tafel 斜率表明形成表面吸附的CO₂^·-中间体是CO₂表面还原的决速步骤,而氮化策略可以增加表面碱性位点的数量,从而稳定还原的中间体,提高反应效率和产物选择性.     

A Three-dimensional Covalent Organic Framework for CO2 Uptake and Dyes Adsorption

Environmental pollution is one of the most severe problems facing today, including water pollution and the greenhouse effect. Therefore, developing materials with high-efficiency dyes adsorption and CO₂ uptake is significant. Covalent organic frameworks(COFs), as a burgeoning class of crystalline porous polymers, present a promising application potential in areas related to pollution regulation due to their exciting surface properties. Herein, we report a 3D COF with a high specific surface area(BET about 2072 m²/g) by utilizing tetrahedral and rectangle building blocks connected through[4+4] imine condensation reactions to synthesize. The obtained COF not only can separate dyes from water effectively but also shows a remarkable CO₂ uptake capacity. This research thus provides a promising material to remove dyes and adsorb CO₂ in environmental remediation.     

Adsorption of CO2 and H2 on Nitrogen-doped Porous Carbon from Ionic Liquid Precursor

Nitrogen-doped mesoporous carbon material was prepared via a simple one-step thermolysis method via the carbonization of ionic liquid, 1-cyanomethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([MCNIm]⁺[Nf₂T]^-). The nanostructure of the resultant carbon material was characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD) and transmission electron microscopy(TEM) and the types of N-containing groups of the carbon material were investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS). The N-content of the carbon material is 18.6%(mass fraction) based on the elemental analysis. The produced mesoporous carbon material was further used as the solid sorbent for H₂ and CO₂. The hydrogen uptake capacity and H₂ isosteric heat of the carbon material were discussed. Furthermore, the nitrogen-containing carbon material as good sorbent shows relatively high adsorption and separation ability for CO₂ from CH₄, for which the heat of CO₂ adsorption(Q_st) is 31.8 kJ/mol. The mesoporous structure and nitrogen functionality make the carbon material with high adsorption capacity and selectivity for CO₂ and ability to store H₂, indicating that this kind of nitrogen-doped carbon material originated from ionic liquids is a promising sorbent material for high-performance separation and adsorption.     

Pd基多相催化剂上CO2加氢反应的研究进展

随着二氧化碳(CO₂)排放量的不断增加, 全球变暖和气候变化的加剧对人类的生存环境产生了巨大的影响. CO₂作为廉价、 可再生的碳氧资源, 将其转化为高附加值化学品是绿色化学及能源领域的重要研究课题之一, 受到广泛关注. Pd基催化剂由于具有优异的加氢能力以及良好的抗烧结、 抗毒化性能, 作为CO₂催化转化最有前途的催化剂被广泛应用和研究. 本文主要对Pd基催化剂上CO₂加氢制备HCOOH, CO, CH₄和甲醇等小分子能源化合物的研究进展进行综合评述, 重点关注Pd基催化剂上CO₂分子的吸附/活化位点、 催化剂的金属-载体强相互作用及表界面组成等对催化剂活性和选择性的影响以及催化反应机理.     

多孔骨架固定分子催化剂催化CO2加氢制备甲酸研究进展

近年来, 大气中CO₂含量急剧增加, 导致了严重的温室效应. 将CO₂作为C1资源转化为燃料或精细化学品引起了越来越多的关注. 开发高效、 稳定、 可回收利用的催化剂成为CO₂资源化利用的关键. 在众多的CO₂加氢催化剂中, 功能性多孔骨架材料固定型分子催化剂展示出优异的性能, 成为研究的热点之一. 功能性骨架材料, 如多孔有机聚合物(POPs)、 共价有机骨架(COFs)和金属有机骨架(MOFs), 具有比表面积大、 热稳定性高和可调性等特点, 在设计合成催化剂方面发挥着重要作用. 本文介绍了POPs/COFs/MOFs多孔骨架材料固定分子催化剂的开发及在催化CO₂合成甲酸领域的最新进展.     

大气压等离子体射流重整CH4-CO2制合成气

采用大气压等离子体射流,以CH₄和CO^₂直接作为放电气体进行常压下重整制合成气的实验研究,考察了等离子体射流的放电特征及放电距离、放电功率、原料气配比和流量对反应的影响。结果表明,该等离子体具有放电稳定、均匀的特征。重整反应的主要产物为合成气,只有少量的H₂O和积炭生成。优化的反应条件为放电距离为9mm,CH₄和CO₂的摩尔比为4/6。当原料气流量为1000mL/min,放电功率为88.4W时,CH4和CO₂的最高转化率为分别为94.99%和87.23%。甲烷和二氧化碳的转化率随放电功率的增加而增加,随流量的增加而减少。     

Recent Progress on Bismuth-based Nanomaterials for Electrocatalytic Carbon Dioxide Reduction

Due to the burning of fossil fuels, the level of carbon dioxide(CO₂) in the atmosphere gradually rises, leading to serious greenhouse effect and environmental problems. Electrocatalytic reduction of CO₂ is currently an efficient way to convert CO₂ to value-added products. Bismuth(Bi)-based nanomaterials have raised great interests due to their excellent activity and high selectivity to electrocatalytic CO₂ reduction. In this review, the fundamental principles of electrochemical CO₂ reduction reaction(CO₂RR) are introduced at first. Moreover, the recent development of Bi-based electrocatalytic materials including Bi with various nanostructures(nanoparticle, nanosheet, etc.), Bi-based compounds(Bi oxide, bimetal chalcogenide, etc.), and Bi/C nanocomposites are summarized. In the end, the future prospects and challenges of electrocatalysts for CO₂ reduction are discussed.     

CO2和N2电还原中缺陷及界面工程的最新进展

实现碳氮循环是人类社会发展的迫切要求,也是催化领域的热门研究课题。在可再生能源的推动下,电催化技术引起了人们的广泛关注,且可以通过改变反应电压获得不同的目标产品。基于此,电催化技术被认为是缓解当前能源危机和环境问题的有效策略,对实现碳中和具有重要意义。其中,电催化CO₂还原反应(CO₂RR)和N₂还原反应(N₂RR)是一种有前途的小分子转化策略。然而,CO₂和N₂均为线性分子,其中C＝O和N≡N键的高解离能导致了它们高的化学惰性。此外,最高占据分子轨道(HOMO)和最低未占分子轨道(LUMO)之间的巨大能量间隙使它们具有高的化学稳定性;且CO₂和N₂的低质子亲和力使它们难以被直接质子化。另一方面,由于CO₂RR和N₂RR与析氢反应(HER)具有相近的氧化还原电位,造成其与HER之间存在竞争性关系,这也是致使催化剂在CO₂RR和N₂RR转化效率低的重要影响因素。因此,CO₂RR和N₂RR仍然面临着过电位高及法拉第效率低等问题。为了克服这些瓶颈,人们为提升CO₂RR和N₂RR电催化剂性能做出了很多努力。众所周知,电催化过程发生在催化剂表面,主要涉及质量传递和电子转移等过程。由此可见,催化剂的性能与其质量和电子传输能力密切相关,而调控催化剂表面结构可以优化活性点的质量和电子转移行为。电催化剂的缺陷和界面工程可通过表面原子工程来实现电子结构调控,对于提高气体吸附能力、抑制HER、富集气体及稳定中间产物等具有重要意义。到目前为止,所报道的各种缺陷和复合电催化剂在提高CO₂RR和N₂RR催化性能等方面均表现出巨大的潜力。在此,我们综述了CO₂RR和N₂RR中催化剂缺陷工程及界面工程的最新进展;首先讨论了四种不同的缺陷(空位、高指数晶面、晶格应变和晶格无序)对CO₂RR和N₂RR性能的影响;然后,总结了界面工程在聚合物-无机复合材料催化剂中的重要作用,并给出了典型实例;最后,展望了原子级电催化剂工程的发展前景,提出了开发和设计高效CO₂RR和N₂RR电催化剂的未来发展方向。