Search for a new light gauge boson in π0, η and η′ decays

Upper limits for the production of new light gauge bosons in π⁰, η and η′ decays have been obtained with the Crystal Barrel detector. The kinematically well-constrained reactions p?p → π⁰π⁰ P have been studied, where P ? π ⁰, η, η′ decays through the emission of a single photon recoiling against a missing state X. X can be a long-lived weakly interacting particle or it decays into ???. The resulting branching ratio upper limits (90 % C.L.) are: 6 × 10^?5 for masses M _X of the missing particle X lying between 65 MeV/c² and 125 MeV/c² (π⁰ decay), 6 × 10^?5 for M _X between 200 MeV/c² and 525 MeV/c² (gh decay), and 4 × 10^?5 for M _X between 50 MeV/c² and 925 MeV/c² (η′ decay). The π⁰-decay limit represents an improvement by a factor of 4 to 8 (depending on M _X) when compared to the existing limit, whereas the η and η′ decay limits have been measured for the first time, thereby extending the M _X range from 125 MeV/c² up to 925 MeV/c².     

Hadron resonances as rovibrational states

A rovibrational model,including anharmonic,centrifugal,and Coriolis corrections,is used to calculate π,K,N, and Σ orbital and radial resonances.The four orbital excitations of the π meson correspond to the b(1235),π_2(1670),b_3(2030),and π_4(2250) resonances.Its first four radial excitations correspond to the π(1300),π(1800),π(2070),and π(2360) resonances.The orbital excitations of the K meson are interpreted as the K_1(1270),K_2(1770),K_3(2320),and K_4(2500) resonances;its radial excitations correspond to the K(1460) and K(1830) resonances.The N orbital excitations are identified with the N(1520),N(1680),N(2190),N(2220),and N(2600) resonances.The first four radial excitations of the N family correspond to the N(1440),N(1880),N(2100),and N(2300) resonances.The orbital excitations of the Σ baryon are associated with the Σ(1670),Σ(1915),Σ(2100),and Σ(2250) resonances,whereas its radial excitations are identified with the Σ(1660),Σ(1770),and Σ(1880) resonances.The proposed rovibrational model calculations show a good agreement with the corresponding experimental values and allow for the prediction of hadron resonances,thereby proving to be useful for the interpretation of excited hadron spectra.     

Observation of the (π−, π−n) and (π+, π+p) reactions at 165 MeV

The (π^?, π^?n) and the (π⁺, π⁺p) reactions were studied on C, Fe, and Bi at 165 MeV by coincidence measurement o outgoing particles. The nucleon-knockout reaction is the dominant inelastic process at backward pion-scattering angles at this energy. The quasifree (π^?, π^?n) and (π⁺, π⁺p) cross sections were determined from the π-N an correlations. Their σ_qf(π^?, π^?n)/σ_qf(π⁺, π⁺p) ratio is consistent with unity for C and is larger than the N/Z ratio for the heavier nuclei.     

In-medium ω photoproduction with CBELSA/TAPS

Recent experimental results on the in-medium modification of the ω meson are discussed. The experiment described was performed at the ELSA accelerator facility in Bonn using the combined detector system of Crystal Barrel and TAPS. The ω meson was identified via the reaction γ+A → ω+X → π⁰γ+X.     

Highly resolved electronic absorption and luminescence spectra of some phenanthrolines in Shpolskii matrices: Part II. Fluorescence and S1←S0 absorption spectra

Highly resolved fluorescence and S₁←S₀ absorption spectra of some phenanthrolines in n-alkane matrices were obtained at 77 K. The vibrational analysis of the spectra was carried out. Mirror symmetry distortions of the fluorescence and absorption spectra were attributed to vibronic coupling between ¹(π, π¹) states. It was shown that vibronic mixing of S₁(π, π¹) and S₂(π, π¹) states occurs in phenanthroline molecules with S₁-S₂ energy gap not exceeding 3000 cm^-1 (i.e., 4,7-, 1,7- and 1,10-Phen), whereas in other phenanthrolines the coupling of S₁ and S₃(π, π¹) plays a dominant role. Fluorescence quantum yields of phenanthroline liquid solutions were measured. Changes of luminescence efficiencies due to the change of the polarity of the media point to a weak coupling of the lowest ¹(π, π¹) and ¹(n, π¹) states.     

The (p,π−) reaction and Δ++ components of nuclei

The use of the (p, π^?) reaction as a probe to determine Δ⁺⁺(1232) components of nuclear wave functions is examined within the framework of a model which treats baryon resonances on the same footing as nucleons. Nuclear structure properties which affect the Δ -probability are discussed. Estimates of cross sections, at several energies, are made for the Δ⁺⁺ transfer contribution as well as for the competing processes: proton charge exchange (p, n) followed by an (n, π^?) reaction; emission of a π⁰ followed by pion charge exchange (π^?, π⁰) . Even with Δ-probabilities as small as 0.0001 the Δ-transfer process can compete with ordinary background charge-exchange reactions.     

Study of the π+π+π-π- system centrally 0 produced by incident π+ andp beams at 85 GeV/c

The reactions π⁺ p→π⁺(π⁺π⁺π^-π^-)p andpp→p(π⁺π⁺π^-π^-)p, where the (π⁺ π⁺ π^- π^-) system is centrally produced have been studied at 85 GeV/c. The π⁺π⁺π^-π^- mass spectrum shows evidence for thef ₁ (1285) meson with a mass of 1278±2 MeV and width 41±12 MeV which decays mainly through ρ⁰(770)π⁺π^-. Thef ₁(1285) is also observed in the ηπ⁺π^- channel. There is no significant evidence for ηππ or 4π decay modes of thef ₁(1420). The ρ⁰ρ⁰ production is found to be small. A Dalitz plot analysis of the 3π system shows evidence fora ₂ (1320) production and for a large contribution of theJ ^PC=1⁺⁺ ρπ wave.     

Study of process e + e − → π+π−π0π0 at energies √s < 1 GeV with the spherical neutral detector

The cross section for the process e ⁺ e ^? → π⁺π^?π⁰π⁰ has been measured in an experiment with a spherical neutral detector, with the cross section at energies √s < 920 MeV having been measured for the first time. The model of vector dominance describes well the data obtained if the ρ, ρ′, and ρ″ resonances are taken into account. The probability of the decay ρ → π⁺π^?π⁰π⁰ is B(ρ → π⁺π^?π⁰π⁰) = (1.60 ± 0.74 ± 0.18) × 10^?5. The upper limit for the decay ω → π⁺π^?π⁰π⁰ has been improved by two orders of magnitude compared to previous measurements and is B(ω → π⁺π^?π⁰π⁰) < 2 × 10^?4 at a 90% confidence level.     

A study of the centrally produced π+π−π0 system formed in the reactionpp→p f (π+π−π0)p s at 300 GeV/c

The reactionpp→p _f (π⁺π^?π⁰)p _s , where the π⁺π^?π⁰ system is centrally produced, has been studied at 300 GeV/c. The π⁺π^?π⁰ mass spectrum shows evidence for the η, ω anda ₂ (1320) as well as an enhancement in thea ₁ (1260) region. A Dalitz plot analysis of the π⁺π^?π⁰ system has been performed. Thea ₁ (1260) parameters coming from the fit of the 1⁺ S wave arem=1208±15 MeV and Γ=430±50 MeV. No evidence is found for theh ₁(1170) orh ₁(1380).     

Lightest scalar resonances and the dynamics of the γγ → ππ reactions

The high-statistics Belle data on the γγ → π⁺π^? and γγ → π⁰π⁰ reactions have been jointly analyzed. The main dynamical mechanisms of these reactions for energies below 1.5 GeV have been revealed. It has been shown that the direct coupling constants of the σ(600) and f ₀(980) resonances with a γγ pair are small and that the σ(600) → γγ and f ₀(980) → γγ decays are four-quark transitions due primarily to π⁺π^? and K ⁺ K ^?-loop mechanisms, respectively. The role of the chiral shielding of the σ(600) resonance is emphasized. The widths of the f ₀(980) → γγ and σ(600) → γγ decays averaged over the resonance mass distributions, as well as the width of the f ₂(1270) → γγ decay, are estimated as \(\langle \Gamma _{f_0 \to \gamma \gamma } \rangle _{\pi \pi } \approx 0.19 keV, \langle \Gamma _{\sigma \to \gamma \gamma } \rangle _{\pi \pi } \approx 0.45 keV\), and \(\Gamma _{f_2 \to \gamma \gamma } (m_{f_2 }^2 ) \approx 3.8 keV\).     

Observation of a tensor glueball in the reactions p\bar p \to \pi \pi ,\eta \eta ,\eta \eta '

Partial wave analysis of the reactions $p\bar p \to \pi \pi ,\eta \eta ,\eta \eta '$ in the region of invariant masses 1900–2400 MeV indicates the existence of four relatively narrow tensor-isoscalar resonances ? ₂(1920), ? ₂(2020), ? ₂(2240), ? ₂(2300), as well as the broad state ? ₂(2000). The determined decay couplings of the broad resonance ? ₂(2000) → π⁰π⁰, ηη, ηη′ satisfy the relations appropriate to those of a tensor glueball, while the couplings of other tensor states do not, thus verifying the glueball nature of ? ₂(2000).     

Highly resolved electronic spectra and electronic structure of benzo[f]quinoxaline

Vibrational analysis of highly resolved phosphorescence (P), flourescence (F) and absorption spectra of benzo[f]quinoxaline (BQ) in Shpolskii matrices, at 77 K, was carried out. The spectra were dominated by phenanthrene-type fundamental vibrations. The appearance of several out-of-plane (op) modes in the P spectrum as well as the P lifetime, much shortened relative to that of the parent hydrocarbon, point to the proximity of the lowest n, π¹ and π, π¹ states of the BQ molecule. High activity of op modes in the F spectrum and complex structure of the absorption spectrum onset have been explained in terms of the pseudo-Jahn-Teller interaction between close-lying S₁ (π, π¹)and S₂(n, π¹) states.According to calculations of the BQ electronic structure, performed using a modified INDO CI method, the T₁(π, π¹)-T₂(n, π¹) and S₁(π, π¹-S₂(n, π¹) energy gaps are about 1200 and 700 cm^-1, respectively.     

The rate constants of singlet oxygen collision-induced emission at 634 and 703 nm wavelengths

Absolute spectral luminosity from an O₂–O₂(a)-H₂O gas flow formed by a chemical singlet oxygen generator was measured at 600–800 and 1230–1310 nm wavelengths. The results were used to determine the rate constants for O₂(a, 0) + O₂(a, 0) → O₂(X, 0) + O₂(X, 0) + hν (λ = 634 nm) and O₂(a, 0) + O₂(a, 0) → O₂(X, 1) + O₂(X, 0) + hν (λ = 703 nm) collision-induced emission ((6.72 ± 0.8) × 10⁻²³ and (7.17 ± 0.8) × 10⁻²³ cm³/s, respectively).     

Spectroscopy of 7Li in stopped pion absorption reactions

The structure of excited levels in the ⁷Li isotope is studied via inclusive and correlation measurements in the stopped π^? meson absorption reactions ¹⁰B(π^?, t)X and ¹²C(π^?, dt)X, respectively. The experiment is conducted using a low-energy pion beam at the LAMPF meson factory. Analysis of the missing mass spectra reveals ⁷Li states with the resonance parameters (E _x , Γ) (4.7, 0.1), (6.6, 0.9), (7.3, 0.1), (9.1, 2.8), and (9.6, 0.4) MeV. A highly excited state with E _x ≈ 11.2 MeV (i.e., an isobar analog of ⁷He) is observed in the ¹⁰B(π^?,t)X reaction. An excited state with E _x = 10.3 ± 0.1 MeV and γ = 1.8 ± 0.4 Mev is observed for the first time in the ¹²C(π^?,dt)X reaction.     

Photoproduction of π<Superscript>0</Superscript>π<Superscript>+</Superscript> pairs on proton and deuteron

The reaction of π⁰π⁺ photoproduction on free and quasi-free protons with γ-ray energies from 0.5 to 1.5 GeV has been studied. Its cross section was measured in the range θ _π ⁰ ≥ 20°. The distributions of π⁰π⁺, π⁰n, and π⁺n invariant masses were analyzed. The experiment was performed using the Compton back-scattered γ-ray beam at the GRAAL facility (Grenoble, France), applying liquid deuterium and hydrogen targets and a large-aperture (almost 4π) detector. Particular attention was paid to analysis of systematic errors related to the neutron detection efficiency.     

Dibaryon signals in the excitation functions of polarized πd scattering

Quantitative estimates of the role of the dibaryon resonances ¹D₂, ³F₃ and ¹G₄ in the πd channel are made. Exc functions for vector and tensor polarisations for πd → π$\text{d}$ are calculated for T^π < 650 MeV by admixing dibaryon resonances of conservative strength to the impulse approximation background. The reliability of the background amplitudes for θ ? 70° is checked by comparing with results from a Faddeev calculation.     

Investigating highly excited states of the 8Li isotope

Highly excited states of the ⁸Li isotope are sought in absorption reactions of π^? mesons stopped by ^10,11B isotopes. The ground and three excited states of the ⁸Li isotope are observed in inclusive measurements of reactions ¹⁰B(π^?, d)X and ¹¹B(π^?, t)X. The states with excitation energies E _x ≈ 8.7 and 10.1 MeV are observed for the first time in correlation measurements of reactions ¹⁰B(π^?, dt)X and ¹¹B(π^?, tt)X.     

Search for superheavy hydrogen isotopes <Superscript>4,5</Superscript>H in reactions of pion absorption by <Superscript>10,11</Superscript>B nuclei

The results of searching for production of superheavy hydrogen isotopes ^4,5H in reactions of absorption of stopped π^? mesons by ^10,11B nuclei are reported. A peak near 3 MeV was observed in the missing mass spectra measured in the reactions ^10,11B(π^?, t⁴He)X, ¹⁰B(π^?, d⁴He)X, and ¹⁰B(π^?, t³He)X. A structure caused by two ⁵H states with the resonance energies E _R = 5.2 and 10.4 MeV was observed in the missing mass spectra measured in the reactions ¹¹B(π^?, d⁴He)X, ¹¹B(π^?, t³He)X, and ¹⁰B(π^?, d³He)X.