对称和不对称的1，2，5-噻二唑-1，4-戊氧苯基取代的四氮杂卟啉化合物有机半导体场效应性质的密度泛函理论研究

在密度泛函理论基础上研究了一系列对称和不对称的1,2,5-噻二唑-1,4-戊氧苯基取代的四氮杂卟啉化合物（s4）PzH2,（A4）PzH2,（cis-S2A2）PzH2和（SA3）PzH2（S=1,2,5-噻二唑-环,A=1,4-戊氧苯基,Pz=四氮杂卟啉）有机半导体场效应性质．分别研究了这一系列化合物的最高占有和最低未占有轨道能量,离子化能,电子亲合能和电荷传导过程中的重组能．在Marcus电子传导理论基础上计算了具有晶体结构的这四种化合物的电子耦合和迁移率．计算结果表明：化合物（S4）PzH2的电子迁移率为0．056cm^2·V^-1·S^-1,其他三种化合物（cis—S2A2）PzH2,（SA3）PzH2和（A4）PzH2的空穴迁移率分别为0．075,0．098和8．20cm^2·V^-1·S^-1．目前的工作是对这一系列1,2,5-噻二唑--1,4-戊氧苯基取代的四氮杂卟啉化合物有机半导体场效应性质的理论研究．     

Density functional theory study on organic semiconductor for field effect transistors: Symmetrical and unsymmetrical porphyrazine derivatives with annulated 1,2,5-thiadiazole and 1,4-diamyloxybenzene moieties

Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were carried out to investigate the organic field effect transistor (OFET) performance of the symmetrical metal-free tetrakis (1,2,5-thiadiazole) porphyrazine (S₄)PzH₂ and tetrakis (1,4-diamyloxybenzene) (A₄)PzH₂ as well as the low-symmetry metal-free porphyrazine with annulated 1,2,5-thiadiazole and 1,4-diamyloxybenzene groups in the ratio 2:2 (cis) and 1:3, that is, (cis-S₂A₂)PzH2 and (SA₃)PzH₂, (S = 1,2,5-thiadiazole ring, A = annulated 1,4-diamyloxy-benzene ring, Pz = porphyrazine) in terms of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy, ionization energy (IE), electron affinity (EA), and their reorganization energy (λ) during the charge-transport process. On the basis of Marcus electron transfer theory, electronic couplings (V) and field effect transistor (FET) properties for the four compounds with known crystal structure have been calculated. The electron transfer mobility (μ₋) is revealed to be 0.056 cm²·V⁻¹·s⁻¹ for (S₄)PzH₂. The hole transfer mobility (μ₊) is 0.075, 0.098, and 8.20 cm²·V⁻¹·s⁻¹ for (cis-S₂A₂)PzH₂, (SA₃)PzH₂, and (A₄)PzH₂, respectively. The present work represents the theoretical effort towards understanding the OFET properties of symmetrical and unsymmetrical porphyrazine derivatives with annulated 1,2,5-thiadiazole and 1,4-diamyloxybenzene. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 50673051) and Beijing Municipal Commission of Edueation     

1，2，5-噻重氮和1，4-二正戊氧基苯环化的自由四氮杂卟啉及其金属镁配合物的结构和性质：密度泛函理论计算

用DFT方法计算分析了1，2，5-噻重氮和1，4-二正戊氧基苯环化的自由四氮杂卟啉及其金属镁配合物的分子和电子结构，理论计算的键参数和单晶结构测定结果一致。进一步对1，2，5-噻重氮和1，4-二正戊氧基苯环化的自由四氮杂卟啉的红外光谱进行了正则坐标分析和光谱模拟，以及用TD-DFT方法对1，2，5-噻重氮和1，4-二正戊氧基苯环化的四氮杂卟啉金属镁配合物的电子吸收光谱进行了分析和谱峰归属，比较了四氮杂卟啉环上取代基的电子性质对四氮杂卟啉衍生物光谱性质的影响。     

Tetrakis(thiadiazole)porphyrazines. 4. Direct template synthesis, structure, general physicochemical behavior, and redox properties of Al(III), Ga(III), and In(III) complexes

Monometallic derivatives of tetrakis(1,2,5-thiadiazole)porphyrazine, [TTDPzH2], with main group tervalent metal ions having the formulae [TTDPzMX] (TTDPz = tetrakis(1,2,5-thiadiazole)porphyrazinato dianion; M = Al(III), X = Cl-, Br-, OH-; M = Ga(III), X = Cl-, OH-; M = In(III), X = AcO-) were prepared and investigated by single-crystal X-ray analysis and IR and UV-vis spectroscopy as well as cyclic voltammetry and spectroelectrochemistry. The complexes [TTDPzMX] (M = Al(III), X = Cl-, Br-; M = Ga(III), X = Cl-) were obtained by direct autocyclotetramerization of the precursor 3,4-dicyano-1,2,5-thiadiazole in hot quinoline in the presence of MX3 salts (M = Al(III), Ga(III); X = Cl-, Br-) and were hydrolized to form the corresponding hydroxide derivatives, [TTDPzMOH]. The In(III) complex, [TTDPzIn(OAc)], was obtained from the free-base macrocycle [TTDPzH2] with In(OH)(OAc)2 in CH3COOH. A single-crystal X-ray study was made at 173 K on the two isostructural species [TTDPzMCl] (M = Al(III), Ga(III)), which have space group P, with a = 12.470(14), b = 12.464(13), and c = 13.947(12) angstroms, alpha = 70.72(3), beta = 79.76(3), and gamma = 90.06(3) degrees, V = 2009.3(3) angstroms3, and Z = 4 for [TTDPzAlCl] and a = 12.429(3), b = 12.430(3), and c = 13.851(3) angstroms, alpha = 70.663(6), beta = 79.788(8), and gamma = 89.991(9) degrees, V = 1983.3(7) angstroms3, and Z = 4 for [TTDPzGaCl]. Square pyramidal coordination exists about the M(III) centers, with Cl- occupying the apical position (Al-Cl = 2.171(5) and Ga-Cl = 2.193(1) angstroms). Al(III) and Ga(III) are located at distances of 0.416(6) and 0.444(2) angstroms from the center of the N4 system. The molecular packing consists of stacked double layers with internal and external average interlayer distances of 3.2 and 3.3 angstroms, respectively. IR spectra show nu(Al-Cl) at 345 cm(-1) for [TTDPzAlCl], nu(Al-Br) at 330 cm(-1) for [TTDPzAlBr], and nu(Ga-Cl) at 382 cm(-1) for [TTDPzGaCl]. The UV-vis spectra in weakly basic (pyridine, DMF, DMSO) and acidic solvents (CF3COOH, H2SO4) show the typical intense pi --> pi transition bands in the Soret (300-400 nm) and Q-band regions (640-660 nm), the bands evidencing some dependence on the nature of the solvent, particularly in acidic solutions. Cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry, and thin-layer spectroelectrochemical measurements in pyridine and dimethylformamide of the species [TTDPzMX] indicate reversible first and second one-electron reductions, whereas additional ill-defined reductions are observed at more negative potentials. The examined species are much easier to reduce than their phthalocyanine or porphyrin analogues as a result of the remarkable electron-attracting properties of the TTDPz macrocycle which contains annulated strongly electron-deficient thiadiazole rings.     

Study of basic properties of tert-butyl-substituted tribenzo(1,2,5-thiadiazolo)porphyrazines

Basic properties of tri(4-tert-butylbenzo)[b,g,l](1,2,5-thiadiazolo)[3,4-q]porphyrazine and its Cu complex in the H₂SO₄-CH₃COOH medium were studied by means of spectrophotometric titration. It was found that in going from an acetic acid solution 100% H₂SO₄ the complete acid-base interaction consecutively involves all the four meso-nitrogen atoms of the porphyrazine macroring, as well as one of the nitrogen atoms of the 1,2,5-thiadiazol fragment. The stability constants of the resulting acid forms were determined and compared with the gas-phase proton affinities calculated by the AM1 method. Annulation of a 1,2,5-thiadiazole fragment to the porphyrazine macroring increases the basicity of the 1,2,5-thiadiazole nitrogen atoms and decreases the basicity of macroring meso-nitrogen atoms.     

Synthesis and spectral properties of 1,2,5-thiadiazolo-, 1,2,5-selenadiazolo-, and benzo-fused β-phenyl-substituted porphyrazines

Cross cyclotetramerization of trans-2,3-diphenylbutanedinitrile with 1,2,5-thia(selena)diazole-3,4-dicarbonitriles or phthalodinitrile in the presence of magnesium butoxide gave mixtures of Mg(II) porphyrazine complexes which were treated with trifluoroacetic acid to isolate unsymmetrical hexaphenyl-substituted 1,2,5-thia(selena)diazolo-and benzo-fused porphyrazines together with diphenyltribenzoporphyrazine. Their ¹H NMR and electronic absorption spectra (in the UV and visible regions) were recorded. The effect of benzene and heteroring fusion on the electronic and steric structure and spectral properties of porphyrazine derivatives was studied in terms of the molecular orbital perturbation theory and semiempirical quantum-chemical calculations (AM1, PM3, ZINDO/S, CNDO/S).     

Tetra-2,3-pyrazinoporphyrazines with externally appended pyridine rings. 2. Metal complexes of tetrakis-2,3-[5,6-di(2-pyridyl)pyrazino]porphyrazine: linear and nonlinear optical properties and electrochemical behavior

A series of metal complexes of tetrakis-2,3-[5,6-di(2-pyridyl)pyrazino]porphyrazine, [Py(8)TPyzPzH(2)], having the general formula [Py(8)TPyzPzM].xH(2)O (M = Mg(II)(H(2)O), Mn(II), Co(II), Cu(II), Zn(II); x = 3-8) were synthesized by reaction of the free-base macrocycle with the appropriate metal acetate in pyridine or dimethyl sulfoxide under mild conditions. Clathrated water and retained pyridine molecules for the Mn(II) and Co(II) species are easily eliminated by heating under vacuum, the water molecules being recovered by exposure of the unsolvated macrocycles to air. Magnetic susceptibility measurements and EPR spectra of the materials in the solid state provide basic information on the spin state of the Cu(II), Co(II), and Mn(II) species. Colloidal solutions caused by molecular aggregation are formed in nondonor solvents (CH(2)Cl(2), CHCl(3)), a moderately basic solvent (pyridine), and an acidic solvent (CH(3)COOH), with the extent of aggregation depending on the specific solvent and the central metal ion. UV-vis spectral monitoring of the solutions after preparation indicates that disaggregation systematically occurs as a function of time leading ultimately to the formation of clear solutions containing the monomeric form of the porphyrazine. Cyclic voltammetry and thin-layer spectroelectrochemistry show that each compound with an electroinactive metal ion undergoes four reversible one-electron reductions, leading to formation of the negatively charged species [Py(8)TPyzPzM](n-) (n = 1 - 4). The stepwise uptake of four electrons is consistent with a ring-centered reduction, but in the case of the cobalt complex a metal-centered (Co(II) --> Co(I)) reduction occurs in the first process and only three additional reductions are observed. No oxidations are observed in pyridine or CH(2)Cl(2) containing 0.1 M tetrabuthylammonium perchlorate (TBAP). The nonlinear optical properties (NLO) of the species [Py(8)TPyzPzM] (M = 2H(I), Cu(II), Zn(II), Mg(II)(H(2)O)) have also been examined with nanosecond pulses at 532 nm in dimethyl sulfoxide solution. Reverse saturable absorption is shown by all of the [Py(8)TPyzPzM] species, which exhibit distinct behavior depending on the nature of M and extent of aggregation.     

The chemistry of 1,2,5-thiadiazoles V. Synthesis of 3,4-diamino-1,2,5-thiadiazole and [1,2,5] thiadiazolo[3,4-b]pyrazines

The o-diamine, 3,4-diamino-1,2,5-thiadiazole ( 2 ), was synthesized from 3,4-dichloro-1,2,5-thiadiazole ( 3 ) hy three methods. Aqueous glyoxal cyclized 2 into [1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4–6]-pyrazine ( 14 ). 3,4-Dichloro-1,2,5-thiadiazole 1,1-dioxide ( 18 ) reaeted with 2 to give 1,3-dihydro-bis[1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4-b:3′,4′-e]pyrazine 2,2-dioxide ( 19 ). The reaction of 2 with selenium oxyehloride led to [1,2,5]selenadiazolo[3,4-c] [1,2,5]thiadiazole ( 12 ). Ring closure of 2,3-diaminoquinoxaline ( 4 ) with thionyl chloride or selenium oxychloride gave [1,2,5]thiadiazolo-[3,4-b]quinoxaline ( 21 ) and [1,2,5]selenadiazolo[3,4-b]quinoxaline ( 22 ), respectively. Sulfurous acid reduced 21 to the 4,9-dihydro derivative 23 , which was reoxidized to 21 with chloranil. Aqueous hase hydrolyzed 21 to 4 via the hydrated intermediate 24 . Aqueous glyoxal cyclized 4 to the covalent hydrate of pyrazino[2,3-b]quinoxaline ( 26 ), 27 , which was dehydrated to 26 . Compound 26 underwent rapid addition of two alcohols in a process analogous to covalent hydration.     

Exploratory chemistry of 3-aroylformamido-4-aryl-1,2,5-thiadiazoles

Apart from the previous report, the reaction of 3-(4-nitrobenzoylformamido)-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-1,2,5-thiadiazole ( 2a ) with m-chloroperbenzoic acid in chloroform at room temperature did not proceed, whereas at reflux temperature the same reaction gave 4-nitrobenzoic acid ( 5 ) (86%) and a minute amount of a mixture of 4-nitrobenzoylformamide ( 6 ) and 3-amino-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-1,2,5-thiadiazole ( 7a ). On the other hand the same reaction in a mixture of ethanol and chloroform (1:4) at room temperature gave 3-ethoxycarbamoyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-1,2,5-thiadiazole ( 8a ) (24%) as an isolable product. When 3-aroylformamido-4-aryl-1,2,5-thiadiazoles 2 in tetrahydrofuran were treated with various alkoxides in the corresponding alcohols at room temperature, 3-amino-4-aryl- 7 , 3-alkoxycarbamoyl-4-aryl- 8 , and 3-aryl-4-(aryl)(hydroxy)acetamido-1,2,5-thiadiazoles 9 were isolated. The ratios of which were dependent on the kind of bases and the solvent employed. Selected compounds 2 were allowed to react with phosphorus pentasulfide in the presence of pyridine at reflux to give 3-aryl-4-arylacetarnido-1,2,5-thiadiazoles 17 (55–64%), which were also produced by the reaction of 2 with either Lawesson's reagent or hydrogen sulfide gas in the presence of pyridine at reflux.     

Dithiacrown Ether Substituted Porphyrazines: Synthesis, Single-Crystal Structure, and Control of Aggregation in Solution by Complexation of Transition-Metal Ions

The synthesis of novel magnesium, copper, and metal-free porphyrazines, peripherally substituted with dithia-7-crown-2 (MPz(7)), dithia-15-crown-5 (MPz(15)), and dithia-18-crown-6 (MPz(18)) macrocycles is reported. These compounds are prepared starting from dicyanoethylene containing crown ethers 3, 2(1), and 2(2), respectively, which contain sulfur as well as oxygen heteroatoms. The "crowned" porphyrazines bind silver(I) and mercury(II) perchlorates. UV/vis spectroscopy and electron paramagnetic resonance measurements reveal that addition of the transition-metal ions leads to dimerization of the porphyrazine complexes. In the case of the dithia-18-crown-6-substituted porphyrazines, the dimers break up to form monomeric 6:1 guest-host complexes when more than 2 equiv of the metal ion is added. The single-crystal structures of the crown ether 2(2) and the porphyrazine MgPz(18) are presented. Compound C(14)H(20)N(2)O(4)S(2) (2(2)) crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2(1)/c with a = 10.9310(13) ?, b = 19.383(3) ?, c = 8.6976(14) ?, beta = 108.898(11) degrees, V = 1743.5(5) ?(3), and Z = 4. The structure refinement converged to R = 0.0366 and R(w) = 0.0504. Compound C(56)H(82)MgN(8)O(17)S(8) (MgPz(18)) crystallizes in the triclinic space group P&onemacr; with a = 9.584(3) ?, b = 17.672(2) ?, c = 19.620(4) ?, alpha = 84.904(14) degrees, beta = 85.21(2) degrees, gamma = 89.29(2) degrees, V = 3298.4(13) ?(3), and Z = 2. The structure refinement converged to R1 = 0.0839 and wR2 = 0.2196. The electrical properties of H(2)Pz(18) have been studied by complex impedance spectroscopy. The bulk electrical conductivity of this compound is approximately 1 order of magnitude higher than that of the corresponding 18-crown-6 phthalocyanine.     

Selection of the cis and trans phosph(III)azane macrocycles [{P(mu-NtBu)}2(1-Y-2-NH-C6H4)]2(Y=O, S)

The 1 : 1 reactions of [ClP(mu-NtBu)]2 with the difunctional aromatic amines 1,2-1-YH-2-NH2-C6H4 in the presence of Et3N give the dimeric phosph(III)azane macrocycles [{P(mu-NtBu)2(1-Y-2-HN-C6H4)]2, predominantly as the cis isomer in the case of Y=O (1.cis) and as the trans isomer for Y=S (2.trans). Model M.O. calculations suggest that the selection of the cis and trans isomers is not thermodynamically controlled. The alternative isomers 1.trans and 2.cis are generated exclusively by the deprotonation of the model intermediates [(1-Y-2-NH2-C6H4)P(mu-NtBu)]2[Y=O (3), S (4)] with nBuLi followed by cyclisation with [ClP(mu-NtBu)]2. The solid-state structures of 1.cis/trans(50 : 50), 2.cis, 3 and 4 are reported.     

Crystal structure, spin polarization, solid-state electrochemistry, and high n-type carrier mobility of a paramagnetic semiconductor: vanadyl tetrakis(thiadiazole)porphyrazine

We report the synthesis, crystal structure, and magnetic, electrochemical, and carrier-transport properties of vanadyl tetrakis(thiadiazole)porphyrazine (abbreviated as VOTTDPz) with S = ?. X-ray crystal analysis reveals two polymorphs, the α and β forms; the former consists of a 1D regular π stacking, while the latter forms a 2D π network. Molecular orbital calculations suggest a V(4+)(d(1)) ground state and a characteristic spin polarization on the whole molecular skeleton. The temperature dependence of the paramagnetic susceptibility of the α form clearly indicates a ferromagnetic interaction with a positive Weiss constant of θ = 2.4 K, which is well-explained by McConnell's type I mechanism. VOTTDPz forms amorphous thin films with a flat and smooth surface, and their cyclic voltammogram curves indicate a one-electron reduction process, which is highly electrochromic, because of a reduction of the porphyrazine π ring. Thin-film field-effect transistors of VOTTDPz with ionic-liquid gate dielectrics exhibit n-type performance, with a high mobility of μ = 2.8 × 10(-2) cm(2) V(-1) s(-1) and an on/off ratio of 10(4), even though the thin films are amorphous.     

Preparation of [23]cyclophane-1,2-diones by the reaction of 3,6;12,15-Di-1,4-benzo[6.6](3,4)-1,2,5-thiadiazolocyclophanes with grignard reagents

3,6;12,15-Di-1,4-benzo[6.6](3,4)-1,2,5-thiadiazolocyclophanes 1a-c were prepared starting from 3,4-di-p-tolyl-1,2,5-thiadiazole 3 and converted into [2³]cyclophane-1,2-diones 2a-c by the reaction with Grignard reagents.     

Vinyl derivatives of heterocyclic systems and their polymers: 3-vinyl-1,2,5-thiadiazole

3-Vinyl-1,2,5-thiadiazole is prepared by different methods: by one-pot reaction from 1,2,5-thiadiazole, by cyclization of 3,4-diamino-1-butene, and by the Wittig procedure either from 1,2,5-thiadiazolylimethylenetriphenyl-phosphorane or from 3-formyl-1,2,5-thiadiazole. Some physical and chemical properties are described.     

Hg(II) and Cd(II) complexes with mixed donor macrocyclic thioethers: The oxophobicity of mercury(II)

A series of Hg(II) and Cd(II) homoleptic complexes with mixed donor (O,S and N,S) macrocycles is reported. The macrocyclic oxa thiacrowns 9S2O (1-oxa-4,7-dithiacyclononane) and 18S4O2 (1,10-dioxa-4,7,13,16-tetrathiacyclooctadecane) bind to Hg(II) to form distorted tetrahedral S4 geometries without coordination of the oxygen atoms. In contrast, the two macrocycles coordinate to Cd(II) through all ligand donors to form S4O2 environments. We also report the structure of bis(9N2S (1,4-diaza-7-thiacyclononane))cadmium(II), [Cd(9N2S)₂]²⁺ which shows octahedral coordination in a trans N4S2 environment. Furthermore, two new homoleptic Cd(II) complexes with the related hexadentate macrocycles 18N6 (1,4,7,10,13,16-hexaazacyclooctadecane) and 18S6 (1,4,7,10,13,16-hexathiayclooctadecane) are described. Among the Cd(II) complexes, we highlight a trend in ¹¹³Cd NMR that shows progressive upfield chemical shifts as secondary amine donors replace thioether S donors.     

Ring transformation of 3-hydroxy-1,2,5- and -1,2,4-thiadiazoles and -isothiazoles into isothiazole,thiazole and thiophene derivatives

Ring transformation of 3-hydroxy-1,2,5-thiadiazole ( 1 ), 3-hydroxy-1,2,4-thiadiazole ( 14 ), and 3-hydroxyiso-thiazole ( 18 ) by the reaction with acetic anhydride in the presence of DBU afforded isothiazoles 2-5 and 13 , thiazoles 15 and 16 and thiophenes 21-25 , respectively. The reaction of 1 with propionic anhydride gave isothiazole 13 . The formation pathway of the products is mentioned.     

Total synthesis of 3,3′:4′,3″-ter-1,2,5-thiadiazole using a synthetic utility of S4N4·SbCl5 complex

3,3′:4′,3″-Ter-1,2,5-thiadiazole, an useful oligoheterocyclic compound, has been accomplished in seven steps from 1-(5-methyl-3-isoxazolyl)ethanone or diethyl acetylenedicarboxylate using a synthetic utility of tetrasulfur tetranitride antimony pentachloride (S₄N₄·SbCl₅) complex to make a 1,2,5-thiadiazole ring.     

Preparation of 3-methyl-4-vinyl-1,2,5-oxadiazole and 3-methyl-4-vinyl-1,2,5-thiadiazole

Short and high yielding preparations of 3-Methyl-4-vinyl-1,2,5-oxadiazole ( 6a ) and 3-Methyl-4-vinyl-1,2,5-thiadiazole ( 6b ) are described.     

Synthesis, acid-base properties, and deselenation of 5,6,8,9,11,12-hexakis(4-tert-butylphenyl)[1,2,5]selenadiazolo[3,4-b]porphyrazine

Cross cyclotetramerization of bis(4-tert-butylphenyl)fumaronitrile with 1,2,5-selenadiazole-3,4-dicarbonitrile in the presence of magnesium butoxide as template afforded a mixture of magnesium(II) porphyrazine complexes, from which magnesium complex of 5,6,8,9,11,12-hexakis(4-tert-butylphenyl)[1,2,5]selenadiazolo[3,4-b]porphyrazine was isolated by column chromatography and was subjected to demetalation on treatment with trifluoroacetic acid. The free ligand was found to undergo protonation at one meso-nitrogen atom in acid medium and deprotonation of one pyrrole ring to form monoanion by the action of bases. Reductive deselenation of the title compound with formation of vicinal diamino porphyrazine was studied by spectral and kinetic methods, and a mechanism involving two hydrosulfide ions was proposed.