CVD TiC—TiN复合涂层球／Pb基固体润滑盘摩擦学性能的研究

本文对球(包括CVD TiC-TiN复合涂层球和GCr15钢球)盘(包括纯Pb与Pb-Sn-Cu电刷镀层盘)滑动摩擦副进行了摩擦与磨损试验。结果表明,真空下的摩擦系数比大气下的低,涂层球的摩擦系数比钢球的低,Pb-Sn-Cu涂层盘的摩擦系数比Pb涂层盘的低。磨损表面的扫描电镜观测发现,在CVD涂层破裂区的后沿形成了固体润滑转移膜,这有助于降低摩擦和磨损。磨损表面的俄歇电子能谱分析表明,在油润滑及干摩擦下,盘的磨痕处仍有可起润滑作用的固体润滑膜存在。这种膜含有Fe元素,表明它是摩擦表面作用后产生的。     

SiCH油/TiN薄膜复合体系的摩擦学性能研究

本文中采用多弧离子镀TiN薄膜对钢基体进行表面改性与SiCH润滑油相结合的方式,研究了SiCH油/TiN薄膜复合体系的真空摩擦学性能,并分析了该复合润滑体系的摩擦磨损机理.研究表明:在SiCH油/TiN薄膜复合体系中,摩擦副对偶双方表面均采用TiN薄膜进行改性后,由于TiN薄膜具有良好的稳定性和耐磨性,与SiCH润滑油构成的复合润滑体系在长寿命摩擦试验中表现出良好的减摩抗磨性能,平均摩擦系数约0.07,在经过1.8×10~6r的摩擦试验后,尽管SiCH油中形成了微量的多甲基基团的硅碳化合物Si-[R-(CH_3)_3]_3并未影响其良好的润滑性能,表明SiCH油/TiN薄膜复合体系耐磨寿命高达1.8×10~6r以上.     

TiN／Ni—W复合涂层的滑动摩损特性

研究了3Cr2W8V基体上电刷镀Ni-W中间层和离子镀TiN复合涂层的滑动磨损特性,并分析了涂层的磨损机理。结果表明：由于TiN沉积过程中的温度效应,混合晶态的电刷镀Ni-W层发生晶化和析出强化,并形成界面扩散层,从而使TiN复合涂层的结合力和硬度明显提高,Ni-W中间层对TiN涂层起到有力的支撑作用,TiN/Ni-W复合涂层的耐磨性优于TiN单,层且明显优于3Cr2W8V基体和Ni-W涂层;涂层的主要磨损机制为磨粒磨损和疲劳剥落;当试验载荷为490N到980N时,涂层的磨损率上升,而当载荷从980N上升到1470N时,涂层的磨损率下降。这是由于磨损机制发生变化所致,前者以磨粒磨损为主,后者则以氧化磨损为主。     

TiSiN/Ag纳米多层涂层海水环境磨蚀性能研究

本文中采用多弧离子镀系统在Ti-6Al-4V合金(TC4)上沉积TiSiN/Ag纳米多层涂层. 使用X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和扫描型电子显微镜(SEM)表征涂层的成分和结构,并使用纳米压痕测试其硬度. 用Rtec MFT500摩擦磨损试验机对涂层在海水环境中的摩擦磨损性能进行测试. 结果表明:涂层具有致密的结构和清晰的多层界面,TiSiN层与Ag层交替沉积,涂层中包含TiN、Ag和Si₃N₄相,非晶Si₃N₄包裹纳米晶TiN. 相比TC4合金基体,沉积TiSiN/Ag纳米多层涂层后,摩擦系数在大气环境和海水环境均能下降0.15以上,磨损率降低两个数量级. 人工海水中摩擦状态下材料出现腐蚀摩擦交互作用,主要损耗形式为腐蚀对磨损的促进,TiSiN/Ag纳米多层涂层的耐磨蚀性能远优于基体材料.      

不同法向载荷下TiN涂层磨损寿命与失效机理研究

采用阴极弧等离子沉积技术在高速钢(HSS)和硬质合金钢(WC-Co)基体上制备TiN涂层,利用往复摩擦磨损试验机、轮廓仪、扫描电子显微镜和能谱仪等分析了不同法向载荷下TiN涂层的摩擦磨损特性和失效过程,建立了涂层磨损寿命图. 研究结果表明:TiN涂层/HSS试样摩擦系数随循环次数增加呈上升趋势;TiN涂层/WC-Co试样在30 N法向载荷下的摩擦系数随循环次数呈上升趋势,在60~120 N法向载荷下摩擦系数波动较大. 涂层试样的磨损深度随法向载荷与循环次数的增加而增加. TiN涂层/HSS试样在30 N法向载荷的主要失效形式是磨粒磨损、轻微黏着磨损和氧化磨损,在60~120 N法向载荷的主要失效形式是涂层断裂、磨粒磨损和剥层磨损. TiN涂层/WC-Co试样在30~50 N法向载荷下的主要失效形式是磨粒磨损,在60~120 N法向载荷下的主要失效形式是严重剥层. TiN涂层的磨损寿命图可以分为两部分:涂层工作区和涂层失效区. 接触应力越大,涂层磨损寿命越短. 基体材料抵抗变形的能力越强,涂层磨损寿命越长. TiN涂层/HSS基体具有良好的抵抗法向载荷的能力和较长的磨损寿命.      

TiN/TaN多层膜的结构和摩擦学性能

利用磁控溅射法在单晶硅基底上制备了一系列TiN/TaN多层膜; 采用X射线衍射仪、显微硬度计、球-盘摩擦磨损试验机和三维表面形貌仪等分析了多层膜的结构、硬度、摩擦学性能和磨损机制.结果表明:所制备的多层膜具有良好的周期性和清晰的界面结构,其中TiN层具有面心立方结构,当TaN层在调制周期Λ值小于8.5 nm时具有面心立方结构,在调制周期Λ值大于8.5 nm时具有部分六方结构;多层膜的硬度受调制周期影响,当调制周期Λ值为8.5 nm时,显微硬度达到最大值31.5 GPa.相对于TiN薄膜而言,TiN/TaN多层膜的摩擦系数较高、耐磨性能更好;多层膜的磨损机制主要为犁削、粘着和局部剥落.     

Cr12MoV钢表面磁控溅射Ti/TiN涂层的摩擦磨损性能研究

采用非平衡磁控溅射方法在Cr12MoV钢表面制备了厚度约为3 μm的Ti/TiN涂层,测定了涂层的显微硬度,并通过划痕试验和摩擦磨损试验考察了涂层同基体的结合强度及其摩擦磨损性能.结果表明:Ti/TiN涂层能够显著提高Cr12MoV钢的表面硬度和承载能力;涂层同Cr12MoV钢基体的结合强度较高,划痕临界载荷高于60 N;与此同时,磁控溅射Ti/TiN涂层可以显著改善Cr12MoV钢的耐磨性能.这是由于磁控溅射Ti/TiN涂层硬度高且与Cr12MoV钢基体的结合强度较高所致.     

等离子喷涂Al2O3/TiO2陶瓷涂层在液态石蜡润滑下的摩擦磨损性能研究

利用纳米和微米结构Al2O3/TiO2喂料制备出2种陶瓷涂层,考察了这2种涂层在液体石蜡润滑下与不锈钢球摩擦副的摩擦磨损性能,并探讨了2种涂层的磨损机理.结果表明:液态石蜡润滑能有效降低纳米Al2O3/TiO2涂层与不锈钢球摩擦副的摩擦系数和磨损率,但是对微米涂层的润滑效果不明显.纳米涂层的摩擦系数仪为微米涂层的1/3,而磨损率则降低了70倍以上.纳米涂层的磨损机制在低载荷下是轻微的黏着磨损,高载荷下则是摩擦抛光,而微米涂层的磨损机制是晶粒脆性断裂.     

氧化铈对镍基碳化钛复合涂层微观结构及摩擦学性能影响

探讨了激光熔覆TiC4复合陶瓷涂层微观结构特征,研究了氧化铈对涂层显微组织、显微硬度及摩擦学性能的影响.在45#钢基体上制作了Ni、Cr、TiC4复合陶瓷涂层及氧化铈改性的复合涂层,用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、分析型扫描电镜(ASEM)、显微硬度计及摩擦磨损试验机对涂层组成、显微组织、显微硬度及摩擦学性能进行了分析.结果表明:利用激光熔覆方法制作的TiC4陶瓷层具有典型的包覆相和硬质点相结构,加入适量的氧化铈能有效防止TiC4结晶过程中颗粒桥接,阻止TiC4结晶成枝状结构,细化了TiC4颗粒,同时也使其分布更加离散.当添加氧化铈的质量分数为0.50%～3.0%时,TiC4颗粒离散效果最好,此时涂层显微硬度分布均匀,较不添加氧化铈涂层相比,显微硬度提高了10%左右,当添加氧化铈的质量分数超过4.0%,TiC4颗粒发生桥接,成枝状结构,且出现聚集,硬度分布离散度加大.磨损试验结果表明氧化铈能改善涂层的干摩擦特性,有效防止涂层片层状脱落,但对涂层耐磨性没有明显的改进,涂层呈现黏着磨损特征.     

碳化物衍生碳涂层/氮化硅摩擦副在水润滑下的摩擦学性能

基于SiC陶瓷在水润滑条件下可能出现因摩擦界面无水或过载引起的失效问题,考察了SiC陶瓷、碳化物衍生碳(CDC)涂层在干摩擦和水润滑条件下的摩擦磨损性能.研究结果表明:CDC涂层在干摩擦和水润滑条件下均具有优异的摩擦学性能,可在摩擦界面无水或过载下正常工作;在水润滑条件下,CDC涂层在宽的载荷和滑动速度下具有优异的摩擦学性能.从微结构角度分析比较了CDC涂层与商品石墨的差异,并由此讨论了其摩擦学性能的差异.讨论了加工SiC陶瓷引起的表面织构对CDC涂层在水润滑条件下摩擦学性能的影响机制.     

NONLINEAR THEORY OF MULTILAYER SANDWICH SHELLS AND ITS APPLICATION (Ⅰ)──GENERAL THEORY

In this paper, a nonlinear theory is given for multilayer sandwich shells undergoing small strains and moderate rotations. Then a simplified theory for the shells undergoing moderate or moderate/small rotations are obtained.     

NONLINEAR THEORY OF MULTILAYER SANDWICH SHELLS AND ITS APPLICATION (Ⅰ)──GENERAL THEORY

1.Intr0ductionInrecentyears,multilayersandwichshells,duetotheirhighrigidityandlightweight,havefoundwideapplicationinaeronautical,astronauticalandnavalengineerings.Withpropermaterialsforfacingsandcores,theshellsmaypossessshock-mitigating,thermal-insulating…     

MOTION EQUATIONS OF MULTILAYERED ELASTIC ELECTROCONDUCTIVE PLATES IN A MAGNETIC FIELD

ＭＯＴＩＯＮＥＱＵＡＴＩＯＮＳＯＦＭＵＬＴＩＬＡＹＥＲＥＤＥＬＡＳＴＩＣＥＬＥＣＴＲＯＣＯＮＤＵＣＴＩＶＥＰＬＡＴＥＳＩＮＡＭＡＧＮＥＴＩＣＦＩＥＬＤＧｏｕＸｉｎｇ－ｈｕａ（苟兴华）（ＳｉｃｈｕａｎＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ,Ｃｈｅｎｇｄｕ）ＺｈａｎｇＦａ...     

NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF TURBULENT SHALLOW RECIRCULATING FLOWS BY A QUASI-THREE-DIMENSIONAL k–ϵMODEL

A quasi-three-dimensional multilayer k– ϵ model has been developed to simulate turbulent recirculating flows behind a sudden expansion in shallow waters. The model accounts for the vertical variation in the flow quantities and eliminates the problem of closure for the effective stresses resulting from the depth integration of the non-linear convective accelerations found in the widely used depth- integrated models. The governing equations are split into three parts in the finite difference solution: advection, dispersion and propagation. The advection part is solved using the four-node minimax–characteristics method. The dispersion and propagation parts are treated by the central difference method, the former being solved explicitly and the latter implicitly using the Gauss–Seidel iteration method. The relative effect of bed-generated turbulence and transverse shear-generated turbulence on the recirculating flow has been studied in detail. In comparison with the results computed by the depth-integrated k–ϵ model, the results computed by the present model are found to be closer to the reported data.     

Cu/Ni-P多层膜的制备及其摩擦学性能研究

用电沉积方法制备了软硬层交替的Cu／Ni-P多层膜，用原子力显微镜观察分析了多层膜的表面形貌，用X射线衍射仪测定了其相结构；采用动一静摩擦系数精密测量装置考察了多层膜的摩擦学性能和摩擦磨损机制；采用扫描电子显微镜观察分析了其磨损表面形貌．结果表明：Cu／Ni-P多层膜与钢球对摩时具有较好的抗磨减摩性能；在低载荷和低滑动速度下，多层膜的磨痕表面存在擦伤痕迹和较浅的犁沟；在高载荷下多层膜发生严重粘着磨损和剥落。     

NONLINEAR THEORY OF MULTILAYER SANDWICH SHELLS AND ITS APPLICATION (Ⅱ)──FUNDAMENTAL EQUATIONS FOR ORTHOTROPIC SHALLOW SHELLS

This paper applied the simplified theory for multilayer sandwich shells undergoing moderate/small rotations in Ref. [1] to shallow shells. The equilibrium equations and boundary conditions of large deflection of orthotropic and the special case, isotropic shells, are presented.     

Stress Analysis And Geometrical Configuration Selection for Multilayer Piezoelectric Displacement Actuator

Multilayer piezoelectric ceramic displacement actuators are susceptible to cracking in the region near the edge of the internal electrode, which may cause system damage or failure. In this paper, the stress distribution of a multilayer piezoelectric composite is investigated in a working environment and the optimized geometrical con?guration of the piezoelectric layer is obtained. The stress distribution in the structure and the stress concentration near the edge of th…     

Boundary conditions for contacts lines in coextrusion flows

A bicomponent coextrusion process is modelled using a 3-D finite element formulation. The layer uniformity problem in coextrusion is addressed by examining the effects of the polymer melt/polymer melt/die wall contact line boundary condition. It has been observed that the less viscous polymer layer will tend to displace the more viscous polymer layer near the die wall. The behaviour of the contact lisle is considered to be either a stick or slip boundary condition. In the stick boundary condition, the contact line does not move from its original position after the two polymer layers meet, A slip boundary condition allows the contact line to move along the die wall. The calculated interfaces which result from different contact line assumptions are determined. Results show that if a stick boundary condition is appropriate for a given fluid/fluid/solid contact line, then a very thin entrained layer of the more viscous polymer melt will be trapped between the less viscous polymer melt and the die wall. Slip boundary conditions would allow complete displacement of the contact line along the die wall. Both slip and stick boundary conditions produce similar interface profiles far away from the die wall for small viscosity ratios. In certain eases, the displacement of the more viscous material by the less viscous material will cease and a static interface structure is produced regardless of die length. Experimental work with polycarbonate melts is compared with the numerical simulations.A. Torres on leave from Investigación y Desarrollo,, C.A. (INDESCA), P.O. Box 10319, Complejo Petroquímico El Tablazo, Maracaibo, 4001, Venezuela.     

NONLINEAR THEORY OF MULTILAYER SANDWICH SHELLS AND ITSAPPLICATION (Ⅱ)──FUNDAMENTAL EQUATIONS FOR ORTHOTROPIC SHALLOW SHELLS

InPartl,anonlineartheoryformultilayersand`"ichshellsundergoingsmallstrainsandmoderaterotatiol1sisgiven-inwhichtranst'ersesheardeformationisconsidered.Thesimplifiedtheoryfortheshellsundergoingmoderateormoderate/smallrotationsisalsoPresented.Theexpressionsi…     

Analysis of piezoelectric ceramic multilayer actuators based on an electro-mechanical coupled meshless method

This paper presents an efficient meshless method for analyzing cracked piezoelectric structures subjected to mechanical and electrical loading. In this method, an element free Galerkin (EFG) formulation, an enriched basic function and some special shape functions that contain discontinuous derivatives are employed. Based on the moving least squares (MLS) interpolation approach, the EFG method is one of the promising methods for dealing with problems involving progressive crack growth. Since the method is meshless and no element connectivity data are needed, the burdensome remeshing procedure required in the conventional finite element method (FEM) is avoided. The numerical results show that the proposed method can yield an accurate near-tip stress field in an infinite piezoelectric plate containing an interior hole. In another example studying a ceramic multilayer actuator, the proposed model was found to be accurate in the simulation of stress and electric field concentrations arround the abrupt end of an internal electrode. The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (10025209, 10132010, and 90208002), and the Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China (HKU 7203/03E). The English text was polished by Yunming Chen.