Borel-plus-powers monomial ideals

Let S=K[x₁,…,x_n] be a standard graded polynomial ring over a field K. In this paper, we show that the lex-plus-powers ideal has the largest graded Betti numbers among all Borel-plus-powers monomial ideals with the same Hilbert function. In addition in the case of characteristic 0, by using this result, we prove the lex-plus-powers conjecture for graded ideals containing , where p is a prime number.     

First Nonlinear Syzygies of Ideals Associated to Graphs

Consider an ideal I ? K[x ₁,…, x _n ], with K an arbitrary field, generated by monomials of degree two. Assuming that I does not have a linear resolution, we determine the step s of the minimal graded free resolution of I where nonlinear syzygies first appear, we show that at this step of the resolution nonlinear syzygies are concentrated in degree s + 3, and we compute the corresponding graded Betti number β _{s, s+3}. The multidegrees of these nonlinear syzygies are also determined and the corresponding multigraded Betti numbers are shown to be all equal to 1.     

Extremal Betti numbers of graded ideals

The possible extremal Betti numbers of graded ideals in the polynomial ring K[x₁,…,x_n] in n variables with coefficients in a field K are studied, completing our results in [7]. In case char(K) = 0 we determine, given any integers r < n, the conditions under which there exists a graded ideal I ? K[x₁,…, x_n] with extremal Betti numbers $\beta_{k_{i}k_{i}+\ell_{i}}\ {\rm for}\ i=1,\cdots,r$ . We also treat a similar problem for squarefree lexsegment ideals.     

On the small sieve. II. sifting by composite numbers

For any set A of natural numbers let F(x, A) denote the number of natural numbers up to x that are divisible by no element of A and let H(x, K) be the maximum of F(x, A) when A runs over the sets not containing 1 and having a sum of reciprocals not greater than K. A logarithmic asymptotic formula is given for H(x, K)—in particular it shows H(x, K) < x^ε for K > K₀(ε)—and some related problems are discussed.     

Note on bounds for multiplicities

Let S=K[x₁,…,x_n] be a polynomial ring and R=S/I be a graded K-algebra where I⊂S is a graded ideal. Herzog, Huneke and Srinivasan have conjectured that the multiplicity of R is bounded above by a function of the maximal shifts in the minimal graded free resolution of R over S. We prove the conjecture in the case that codim(R)=2 which generalizes results in (J. Pure Appl. Algebra 182 (2003) 201; Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 350 (1998) 2879). We also give a proof for the bound in the case in which I is componentwise linear. For example, stable and squarefree stable ideals belong to this class of ideals.     

Generic Initial Ideals,Graded Betti Numbers,and k-Lefschetz Properties

We introduce the k-strong Lefschetz property and the k-weak Lefschetz property for graded Artinian K-algebras, which are generalizations of the Lefschetz properties. The main results are:

1. Let I be an ideal of R = K[x ₁, x ₂,…, x _n ] whose quotient ring R/I has the n-SLP. Suppose that all kth differences of the Hilbert function of R/I are quasi-symmetric. Then the generic initial ideal of I is the unique almost revlex ideal with the same Hilbert function as R/I.

2. We give a sharp upper bound on the graded Betti numbers of Artinian K-algebras with the k-WLP and a fixed Hilbert function.     

Additive energy of dense sets of primes and monochromatic sums

When K ≥ 1 is an integer and S is a set of prime numbers in the interval ( \(\tfrac{N} {2}\) , N] with |S| ≥ π*(N)/K, where π*(N) is the number of primes in this interval, we obtain an upper bound for the additive energy of S, which is the number of quadruples (x ₁, x ₂, x ₃, x ₄) in S ⁴ satisfying x ₁+x ₂ = x ₃+x ₄. We obtain this bound by a variant of a method of Ramaré and I. Ruzsa. Taken together with an argument due to N. Hegyvári and F. Hennecart, this bound implies that when the sequence of prime numbers is coloured with K colours, every sufficiently large integer can be written as a sum of no more than CK log log 4K prime numbers, all of the same colour, where C is an absolute constant. This assertion is optimal up to the value of C and answers a question of A. Sárközy.     

Regularity 3 in edge ideals associated to bipartite graphs

We focus in this paper on edge ideals associated to bipartite graphs and give a combinatorial characterization of those having regularity 3. When the regularity is strictly bigger than 3, we determine the first step i in the minimal graded free resolution where there exists a minimal generator of degree >i+3, show that at this step the highest degree of a minimal generator is i+4, and determine the corresponding graded Betti number β _i,i+4 in terms of the combinatorics of the graph. The results are then extended to the non-square-free case through polarization. We also study a family of ideals of regularity 4 that play an important role in our main result and whose graded Betti numbers can be completely described through closed combinatorial formulas.     

Betti numbers of determinantal ideals

Let R=k[x₁,…,x_n] be a polynomial ring and let IR be a graded ideal. In [T. Römer, Betti numbers and shifts in minimal graded free resolutions, arXiv: AC/070119], Römer asked whether under the Cohen–Macaulay assumption the ith Betti number β_i(R/I) can be bounded above by a function of the maximal shifts in the minimal graded free R-resolution of R/I as well as bounded below by a function of the minimal shifts. The goal of this paper is to establish such bounds for graded Cohen–Macaulay algebras k[x₁,…,x_n]/I when I is a standard determinantal ideal of arbitrary codimension. We also discuss other examples as well as when these bounds are sharp.     

A monomial cycle basis on Koszul homology modules

We give a class of p-Borel principal ideals of a polynomial algebra over a field K for which the graded Betti numbers do not depend on the characteristic of K and the Koszul homology modules have a monomial cyclic basis.     

On 3-class groups of cyclic cubic extensions of certain number fields

Let F be a (finite) algebraic number field, and let K be a cyclic cubic extension of F. Assuming that the 3-class group of F is trivial, we determine the rank of the 3-class group S_K of K, and we obtain some additional information about the structure of S_K.     

Construction of determinantal representation of trigonometric polynomials

For a pair of n×n Hermitian matrices H and K, a real ternary homogeneous polynomial defined by F(t,x,y)=det(tI_n+xH+yK) is hyperbolic with respect to (1,0,0). The Fiedler conjecture (or Lax conjecture) is recently affirmed, namely, for any real ternary hyperbolic polynomial F(t,x,y), there exist real symmetric matrices S₁ and S₂ such that F(t,x,y)=det(tI_n+xS₁+yS₂). In this paper, we give a constructive proof of the existence of symmetric matrices for the ternary forms associated with trigonometric polynomials.     

Betti numbers of lex ideals over some Macaulay-Lex rings

Let A=K[x ₁,…,x _n ] be a polynomial ring over a field K and M a monomial ideal of A. The quotient ring R=A/M is said to be Macaulay-Lex if every Hilbert function of a homogeneous ideal of R is attained by a lex ideal. In this paper, we introduce some new Macaulay-Lex rings and study the Betti numbers of lex ideals of those rings. In particular, we prove a refinement of the Frankl–Füredi–Kalai Theorem which characterizes the face vectors of colored complexes. Additionally, we disprove a conjecture of Mermin and Peeva that lex-plus-M ideals have maximal Betti numbers when A/M is Macaulay-Lex.     

A note on the viable solutions for a class of nonconvex differential inclusions

We prove the existence of viable solutions to the Cauchy problemx′ ∈F(x),x(0)=x ₀, whereF is a multifunction defined on a convex locally compact setM of a Hilbert space that satisfiesF(x) ∩K _xM ∩ ?_F V (x) ≠ Ø, whereK _xM is the contingent cone toM atx and ?_F V is the Fréchet subdifferential of theφ-convex function of order twoV.     

A study of the lex plus powers conjecture

An {a₁,…,a_n}-lex plus powers ideal is a monomial ideal in I⊂k[x₁,…,x_n] which minimally contains the regular sequence x₁^a₁,…,x_n^a_n and such that whenever m∈R_t is a minimal generator of I and m′∈R_t is greater than m in lex order, then m′∈I. Conjectures of Eisenbud et al. and Charalambous and Evans predict that after restricting to ideals containing a regular sequence in degrees {a₁,…,a_n}, then {a₁,…,a_n}-lex plus powers ideals have extremal properties similar to those of the lex ideal. That is, it is proposed that a lex plus powers ideal should give maximum possible Hilbert function growth (Eisenbud et al.), and, after fixing a Hilbert function, that the Betti numbers of a lex plus powers ideal should be uniquely largest (Charalambous, Evans). The first of these assertions would extend Macaulay's theorem on Hilbert function growth, while the second improves the Bigatti, Hulett, Pardue theorem that lex ideals have largest graded Betti numbers. In this paper we explore these two conjectures. First we give several equivalent forms of each statement. For example, we demonstrate that the conjecture for Hilbert functions is equivalent to the statement that for a given Hilbert function, lex plus powers ideals have the most minimal generators in each degree. We use this result to prove that it is enough to show that lex plus powers ideals have the most minimal generators in the highest possible degree. A similar result holds for the stronger conjecture. In this paper we also prove that if the weaker conjecture holds, then lex plus powers ideals are guaranteed to have largest socles. This suffices to show that the two conjectures are equivalent in dimension ?3, which proves the monomial case of the conjecture for Betti numbers in those degrees. In dimension 2, we prove both conjectures outright.     

Gotzmann ideals of the polynomial ring

Let A =  K[x ₁,..., x _n ] denote the polynomial ring in n variables over a field K. We will classify all the Gotzmann ideals of A with at most n generators. In addition, we will study Hilbert functions H for which all homogeneous ideals of A with the Hilbert function H have the same graded Betti numbers. These Hilbert functions will be called inflexible Hilbert functions. We introduce the notion of segmentwise critical Hilbert functions and show that segmentwise critical Hilbert functions are inflexible. The first author is supported by JSPS Research Fellowships for Young Scientists.     

Special isomorphisms of F[x 1,..., x n ] preserving GCD and their use

On the ring R = F[x ₁,..., x _n ] of polynomials in n variables over a field F special isomorphisms A’s of R into R are defined which preserve the greatest common divisor of two polynomials. The ring R is extended to the ring S: = F[[x ₁,..., x _n ]]⁺ and the ring T: = F[[x ₁,..., x _n ]] of generalized polynomials in such a way that the exponents of the variables are non-negative rational numbers and rational numbers, respectively. The isomorphisms A’s are extended to automorphisms B’s of the ring S. Using the property that the isomorphisms A’s preserve GCD it is shown that any pair of generalized polynomials from S has the greatest common divisor and the automorphisms B’s preserve GCD. On the basis of this Theorem it is proved that any pair of generalized polynomials from the ring T = F[[x ₁,..., x _n ]] has a greatest common divisor.     

Additive operators preserving rank-additivity on symmetry matrix spaces

We characterize the additive operators preserving rank-additivity on symmetry matrix spaces. LetS _n(F) be the space of alln×n symmetry matrices over a fieldF with 2,3 ∈F ^*, thenT is an additive injective operator preserving rank-additivity onS _n(F) if and only if there exists an invertible matrixU∈M _n(F) and an injective field homomorphism ? ofF to itself such thatT(X)=cUX ^?U^T, ?X=(x_ij)∈S_n(F) wherec∈F ^*,X ^?=(?(x _ij)). As applications, we determine the additive operators preserving minus-order onS _n(F) over the fieldF.     

Minimal free resolution of the associated graded ring of monomial curves of generalized arithmetic sequences

Let A(C) be the coordinate ring of a monomial curve C⊆Aⁿ corresponding to the numerical semigroup S minimally generated by a sequence a₀,…,a_n. In the literature, little is known about the Betti numbers of the corresponding associated graded ring gr_m(A) with respect to the maximal ideal m of A=A(C). In this paper we characterize the numerical invariants of a minimal free resolution of gr_m(A) in the case a₀,…,a_n is a generalized arithmetic sequence.     

Commutativity of set-valued cosine families

Let K be a closed convex cone with nonempty interior in a real Banach space and let cc(K) denote the family of all nonempty convex compact subsets of K. If {F _t : t ≥ 0} is a regular cosine family of continuous additive set-valued functions F _t : K → cc(K) such that x ∈ F _t (x) for t ≥ 0 and x ∈ K, then $F_t \circ F_s (x) = F_s \circ F_t (x)fors,t \geqslant 0andx \in K$ .