基于三级Fabry-Perot标准具的纯转动拉曼测温激光雷达

提出了新的纯转动拉曼测温雷达系统,即以种子激光注入锁定的Nd:YAG激光器为激发光源,采用基于三级Fabry-Perot(F-P)标准具的双通道分光结构代替双光栅单色仪结构.通过通道中宽带滤光片(带宽为7nm)及F-P标准具的组合使用,对532nm激发光的大气Mie-Rayleigh弹性回波散射抑制比可达10^-10,对量子数J=±6,J=±12的N₂纯转动拉曼散射光谱线接收带宽均小于10pm,因此能充分抑制大气背景辐射噪声及O₂纯转动拉曼谱线的干扰,从而实现了单谱线比反演温度,提高了探测精度,且可在白昼探测大气对流层温度.最后通过探空气球测得的对流层温度垂直分布逆向模拟了该系统双通道的Raman信号曲线,证实了该系统的可行性. 关键词： 拉曼激光雷达 纯转动拉曼散射 三级Fabry-Perot标准具 对流层     

Tunable single-mode pulsed Ti3+:Sapphire laser injection-seeded by a continuous-wave Cr3+:LiSrAlF6 laser

Spectrally pure high-power tunable single-mode operation of a pulsed Ti³⁺:sapphire laser by a tunable injection-seeding is reported. The injection laser was a cw diode laser pumped, spectrally narrowed tunable Cr³⁺:LiSrAlF₆ (Cr³⁺:LiSAF) laser with a grating in the auxiliary cavity. Single-mode tunable operation of a pulsed Ti³⁺: sapphire ring oscillator was obtained at different wavelengths in the range between 818 nm and 848 nm with a typical linewidth of 0.006 cm^-1. To extend the applicability of this operation to a differential absorption lidar system, the single-mode Ti³⁺:sapphire oscillator output was amplified and a high energy output of 38 mJ was obtained with the same linewidth.     

Application of Geometrical Form Factor in Differential Absorption Lidar Measurement

The peak position for a lidar return signal is calculated and measured for the horizontal path with variation of the laser beam divergence angle (θ), and the inclination angle (δ) between the telescope and laser axes. This work shows that θ and δ are very important parameters to use in the design or alignment of a lidar system receiving a good lidar signal. This paper describes an experimental determination of geometrical form factors in the lidar equation. We receive the signals and determine the geometrical form factors by slope method in a homogeneous atmosphere. The differential absorption lidar equation is evaluated for the dual-pulse lidar system. A method using a geometrical form factor determined by the experiment is introduced to correct the error in C₂H₄ measurement. This method shows good correction of measurement error in lidar dual-pulse operation, especially in the short range.     

Diode-pumped single-frequency-Nd:YGG-MOPA for water–vapor DIAL measurements: design, setup and performance

A diode-pumped Q-switched and injection-seeded single-frequency laser, generating tunable laser radiation at 935 nm, is presented. Using Nd:YGG (Y₃Ga₅O₁₂) as the active medium, the laser that was developed to serve as a transmitter for water–vapor lidar measurements. The configuration consists of a stable resonator in rod geometry that is injection seeded by a narrowband diode laser and stabilized by the ramp-and-fire technique. Energy scaling was done in a power amplifier in slab geometry. Both oscillator and amplifier crystal were diode pumped at 806 nm. More than 30 mJ pulse energy at 100 Hz repetition rate with a beam propagation factor of M²<1.4 and pulse duration of 52 ns in single-frequency mode were generated. To our knowledge this is the first direct generation of 935 nm Q-switched pulses from Nd:YGG suitable for water–vapor measurements. The reported results show great promise of this laser in applications where high efficiency and reduced complexity is indispensable, such as for spaceborne or airborne water–vapor lidar instruments.     

A detection of atmospheric relative humidity profile by UV Raman lidar

A new spectroscopic filter constructed with a high-spectral-resolution grating and two narrow-band mirrors is designed to separate the elastic scattering and the vibrational Raman scattering spectra in an ultraviolet (UV) Raman lidar system. The density of humidity and water vapor mixing ratio are calculated from the vibrational Raman scattering signals of N₂ and H₂O. Water vapor mixing ratio is retrieved from this development. With this measured water vapor mixing ratio, the relative humidity is calculated with atmospheric temperature profile obtained by another Raman temperature lidar. Preliminary experiments and comparison results between lidar and radiosonde showed that the UV Raman lidar system has the capability for profiling the water vapor mixing ratio up to a height of 2 km with less than 10% of the uncertainty under the conditions of laser energy of 300 mJ and signal-averaging time of 10 min.     

Water vapor differential absorption lidar measurements using a diode-pumped all-solid-state laser at 935 nm

A diode-pumped, single-frequency laser system emitting at 935 nm has recently been developed to serve as the transmitter for water vapor differential absorption lidar (DIAL) measurements. This laser uses Nd:YGG (Y₃Ga₅O₁₂) as the active medium and emits radiation directly at 935 nm without the need of additional frequency conversion processes. The system was diode-pumped at 806 nm and was built up in a master-oscillator-power-amplifier configuration. It generates more than 30 mJ of pulse energy at 100 Hz repetition rate with a beam quality (M ²) of better than 1.4. Since water vapor DIAL demands for stringent requirements of the spectral properties those were carefully investigated in the scope of this paper. Single-frequency operation is achieved by injection seeding and active length control of the oscillator cavity. The range of continuously tunable single-frequency radiation extends to ～0.4 nm centered around 935.31 nm. Values of the spectral purity of >99.996% were determined using long-pass absorption measurements in the atmosphere exceeding the requirements by a large margin. Finally, for the first time water vapor DIAL measurements were performed using a Nd:YGG laser. The reported results show much promise of these directly pumped lasers at 935 nm for future spaceborne but also airborne water vapor lidar systems.     

Laser remote sensing and photoacoustic spectrometry applied in air pollution investigation

We have applied two spectroscopic techniques in order to investigate air pollution dispersion in real and simulated atmosphere: the Titan–Sapphire laser technique based on differential absorption lidar (DIAL), and CO₂ laser photoacoustic spectrometry (LPS). A set of spatial NO₂ measurements was performed over a highway outside a city and in an urban street canyon with extensive traffic. Qualitative agreement was found between the results obtained by DIAL and by physical modeling based on LPS measurements in a wind tunnel.     

Laser sounding of molecular iodine in the atmosphere

The lidar equation for the fluorescence of ¹²⁷I₂ molecules is numerically solved. All the radiation wavelengths of a copper vapor laser are considered with the aim of choosing the one that is the most appropriate for detection of the minimum possible concentration of iodine molecules when this laser is used as a radiation source of a fluorescence lidar.     

Laser-excited spectra of Lu2SiO5:Ce scintillator

The emission spectra of Lu₂SiO₅:Ce single crystal under the excitation of 266 nm laser were investigated. The emission spectra of LSO single crystal show no temperature quenching from 20 to 300 K, under the excitation of 266 nm laser with 2 mJ pulse energy. With rising temperature, the Ce1 emission is slightly decreased, while the Ce2 emission is slightly increased. These results show the emissions of Ce1 and Ce2 is not only dependent on the concentration ratio but also influenced by the possible energy transfer processes, including Ce1 to Ce2, intrinsic STHs to Ce2 and the phonon-assisted transfer processes. The spectral thermal broadening and the spectral overlap become evident at high temperature, leading to the enhancement of energy transfer. When the excitation power lowers, the ratio of Ce1 and Ce2 emission increases, and is close to the Xe lamp ultraviolet (UV) excitation, suggesting that the energy transfer from Ce1 center to Ce2 center may be also dependent on the excitation power.     

Anti-ferromagnetic ordering and crystal electric field in Ce:GSAG and Ce:LLGG garnets

The magnetic susceptibility of Ce:Gd₃Sc₃Al₃O₁₂ (Ce:GSAG) and Ce:La₃Lu₂Ga₃O₁₂ (Ce:LLGG) has been studied in the temperature range from 15 to 293 K. Both the Ce-doped garnets Ce:GSAG and Ce:LLGG show anti-ferromagnetic ordering at 18 and 27 K, respectively. Crystal electric field split energy levels have been used to calculate the magnetic susceptibility following Van Vleck's model. The calculated susceptibility values reasonably agree with the experimental susceptibility data of Ce:LLGG but differ for that of Ce:GSAG system. Contribution from long-range ordering between Ce and Gd ions for anomaly in Ce:GSAG system is speculated.     

合肥上空大气二氧化碳Raman激光雷达探测研究

Raman激光雷达是用于大气成分探测与特性研究的有效工具.介绍了中科院安徽光学精密机械研究所自行研制的一台用于测量低对流层大气CO₂时空分布的Raman激光雷达系统,并进行了一系列观测实验和对比分析.系统选用波长355 nm的紫外激光作为光源,利用光子计数卡双通道采集大气中N₂和CO₂的Raman后向散射信号与Li-7500型H₂O/CO₂分析仪进行对比标定,通过反演获得了大气CO₂水平与垂直方向时空分布廓线,并且获得了合肥地区大气边界层CO₂的夜变化趋势.结果表明,大气CO₂在空间的分布相对均匀,Raman激光雷达与CO₂分析仪变化趋势一致性较好,能够对大气CO₂时空分布进行有效、连续的观测.     

Restored thermoluminescence in oxide crystals

In this paper, we present the results of a thermoluminescence study on several oxide crystals, including Y₃Al₅O₁₂ (YAG), Y₃Al₅O₁₂:Nd (YAG:Nd), Lu₂SiO₅:Ce (LSO:Ce), Y₂SiO₅:Ce (YSO:Ce), Gd₂SiO₅:Ce (GSO:Ce), PbWO (PWO), and PbWO:La (PWO:La). A phenomenon involving restoration of thermoluminescence (TL) glow peaks is found to occur in some of the crystals investigated; crystals γ-irradiated at room temperature and subsequently stored for some time in the dark at 77 K exhibit TL glow peaks in the range below room temperature. This phenomenon is caused not by a thermally or optically stimulated process, but rather as a by-product of a tunneling process. The intensity of the restored TL glow peaks measured in LSO:Ce crystals is found to be proportional both to the radiation dose and to the storage-time at low temperature. A phenomenological theoretical model is proposed, in which tunneling recombination occurs between deep electron and hole traps accompanied by the simultaneous ejection of an electron to the conduction band; some of these conduction electrons then repopulate shallow traps. An oxygen vacancy with two trapped electrons is assumed to be the deep electron trap in this model. The role of oxygen vacancies is confirmed by heating in air at 1000 °C. This model is applied specifically to LSO:Ce, and several possible candidates are suggested for shallow traps in that material.     

Nonvolatile photorefractive holographic recording in Sc:Ce:Cu:LiNbO3

In this paper experimental studies of nonvolatile photorefractive holographic recording in Ce:Cu:LiNbO₃ crystals doped with Sc(0,1,2,3 mol%) were carried out. The Sc:Ce:Cu:LiNbO₃ crystals were grown by the Czochralski method and oxidized in Nb₂O₅ powders. The nonvolatile holographic recording in Sc:Ce:Cu:LiNbO₃ crystals was realized by the two-photon fixed method. We found that the recording time of Sc:Ce:Cu:LiNbO₃ crystal became shorter with the increase of Sc doping concentration, especially doping with Sc(3 mol%), which exceeds the so-called threshold, and there was little loss of nonvolatile diffraction efficiencies between Sc(3 mol%):Ce:Cu:LiNbO₃ and Ce:Cu:LiNbO₃ crystals.     

Gadolinium pyrosilicate single crystals for gamma ray and thermal neutron monitoring

Bulk Gd₂Si₂O₇:Ce (GPS:Ce) single crystals obtained by Czochralski method demonstrate a high light output at γ-irradiation (3.8 times higher in comparison with Bi₄Ge₃O₁₂ (BGO)), energy resolution 13% (137Cs, 662 KeV), fast decay time (41.7 ns), and good thermal stability of light output (up to 425 K). This combination of characteristics makes this scintillator very attractive for medical imaging and high-temperature applications. Light output at thermal neutron monitoring is evaluated as twice higher in comparison with Gd₂SiO₅:Ce (GSO). The observed rather high afterglow level (0.2% after 20 ms) and moderate energy resolution (13%) certifies a room for improvement of these parameters by further optimization of crystal quality.     

XPS analysis for degraded Y2SiO5:Ce phosphor thin films

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results were obtained for standard Y₂SiO₅:Ce phosphor powders as well as undegraded and 144 h electron degraded Y₂SiO₅:Ce pulsed laser deposited (PLD) thin films. The two Ce 3d peaks positioned at 877.9 ± 0.3 and 882.0 ± 0.2 eV are correlated with the two different sites occupied by Ce in the Y₂SiO₅ matrix. Ce replaced the Y in the two different sites with coordination numbers of 9 and 7. The two Ce 3d XPS peaks obtained during the thin film analysis were also correlated with the luminescent mechanism of the broad band emission spectra of the Y₂SiO₅:Ce X₁ phase. These two different sites are responsible for the two main sets of cathodoluminescent (CL) and photoluminescence (PL) peaks situated at wavelengths of 418 and 496 nm. A 144 h electron degradation study on the Y₂SiO₅:Ce thin film yielded an increase in the CL intensity with a second broad emission peak emerging between 600 and 700 nm. XPS analysis showed the presence of SiO₂ on the surface that formed during prolonged electron bombardment. The electron stimulated surface chemical reaction (ESSCR) model is used to explain the formation of this luminescent SiO₂ layer.     

Synthesis and characterization of thermoluminescent glass-ceramics Li2O-Al2O3-SiO2:CeO2

Vitroceramic powders of Li₂O-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ systems (LAS), doped with 1% (LAS:1Ce) and 10% (LAS:10Ce) molar of cerianite (CeO₂) were synthesized by means of the gelification technique of metal formates of aluminum and lithium, in the presence of tetraethoxy silane and CeO₂. The gels obtained were dried (120 °C, 2.5 h), calcined (480 °C, 5 h) and sinterized (1250 °C, 30 min). The sinterized samples were characterized by X-ray difraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and microchemical analysis (EDS). There is evidence for a mixture of two phases of 64% β-spodumene (Li₂O-Al₂O₃-4SiO₂) and 36% β-eucryptite (Li₂O-Al₂O₃-2SiO₂). The LAS:1Ce system was enriched in aluminum, the LAS:10Ce system showed areas of heterogeneous composition; some regions with a shortage of CeO₂, while others zones with cerium cumulus. From the microscopy images it was found that CeO₂ acts as a densificant agent in LAS system, favoring the sintering in the host. The chemical route and the sintering processes utilized allow the production of samples exhibiting an acceptable linear correlation between total thermoluminescent emission intensity and the irradiation dose when the CeO₂ concentration is low (less than 1%), opening the possibility of using this kind of glass-ceramic in dosimetry.     

Development of an OPO system at 1.57 μm for integrated path DIAL measurement of atmospheric carbon dioxide

Active remote sensing is a promising technique to close the gaps that exist in global measurement of atmospheric carbon dioxide sources, sinks and fluxes. Several approaches are currently under development. Here, an experimental setup of an integrated path differential absorption lidar (IPDA) is presented, operating at 1.57 μm using direct detection. An injection seeded KTP-OPO system pumped by a Nd:YAG laser serves as the transmitter. The seed laser is actively stabilized by means of a CO₂ reference cell. The line-narrowed OPO radiation yields a high spectral purity, which is measured by means of a long path absorption cell. First measurements of diurnal variations of the atmospheric CO₂ mixing ratio using a topographic target were performed and show good agreement compared to simultaneously taken measurements of an in situ device. A further result is that the required power reference measurement of each laser pulse in combination with the spatial beam quality is a critical point of this method. The system described can serve as a testbed for further investigations of special features of the IPDA technique. PACS  42.65.Yj; 42.68.Wt; 92.60.hg     

Broadband amplitude-modulated laser source with high output power for FM/cw lidar transmitter

We are building a long-range FM/cw nonscanning imaging lidar breadboard. This lidar system achieves ranging based on a frequency modulation/continuous wave (FM/cw) technique, implemented by an amplitude modulated mid-IR diode laser transmitter with a linear frequency modulation (LFM) of the subcarrier. Firstly, various schemes of light beam modulation are analyzed. Secondly, we put forward a laser modulation scheme whose core was formed by a 1.55 μm electro-absorption modulated laser diode (EML) and an erbium-doped optical fiber amplifier (EDFA), then a corresponding experimental system architecture and components for light beam modulation and detection are established. Finally, a corresponding experiment of laser beam modulation is completed for the first time. In our experiment, the EML amplitude is modulated by a 200 MHz to 800 MHz LFM signal, whose amplitude value is 2.05 V. The average output power of the modulated laser obtained in the experiment is 10 W, peak power is 16.4 W, and the average modulation depth is 78%. The results of tests predict that this laser modulation scheme is likely to improve the imaging range of the FM/cw lidar.     

Effect of substitution of Ce on superconducting properties of Bi1.7Pb0.3Sr2Ca2−x Ce x Cu3O10+δ system

We have investigated the superconducting properties of the Bi_1.7 Pb_0.3Sr₂Ca_2−xCe _x Cu₃O_10+δ system with x=0.00, 0.02, 0.04, 0.08 and 0.1 by X-ray diffraction and magnetic susceptibility. The substitution of Ce for Ca has been found to drastically change the superconducting properties of the system. X-ray diffraction studies on these compounds indicate decrease in the c-parameter with increased substitution of Ce at Ca site and volume fraction of high T _c (2 : 2 : 2 : 3) phase decreases and low T _c phase increases. The magnetic susceptibility of this compound shows that the diamagnetic on set superconducting transition temperature (onset) varies from 109 K to 51 K for x=0.00, 0.02, 0.04, 0.08 and 0.1. These results suggest the possible existence of Ce in a tetravalent state rather than a trivalent state in this system; that is, Ca²⁺ → Ce⁴⁺ replacement changes the hole carrier concentration. Hole filling is the cause of lowering T _c of the system.     

Effect of post-annealing temperature on the microstructure and magnetic properties of Ce:YIG thin films deposited on Si substrates

Amorphous Ce₁Y₂Fe₅O₁₂ (Ce:YIG) thin films deposited on single crystal Si(1 0 0) and thermally oxidized Si(1 0 0) substrates by pulsed laser deposition were annealed in the temperature range of 700-1000 °C in air. The annealing temperature dependence of microstructure and magnetic properties of Ce:YIG films was studied using X-ray diffraction combined with vibrating sample magnetometer. The results show that single phase of polycrystalline Ce:YIG thin films can be obtained by the post-annealing of as-deposited films at the temperature of 700 °C. However, two steps of phase segregation of Ce:YIG occur as the post-annealing temperature increases: at first, Ce:YIG is decomposed into YIG and non-magnetic CeO₂ when annealed at 800 °C; then YIG continues to be decomposed forming Fe₂O₃ when the temperature is increased up to 900 °C. Consequently, the saturation magnetization of Ce:YIG films decreases first and then increases with the post-annealing temperature going up, which indicates that the saturation magnetization of Ce:YIG films is mainly related to the phase composition of the films. Meanwhile, the presence of SiO₂ buffer layer can significantly enhance the saturation magnetization of Ce:YIG films.