羟基和甲氧基活化苯环能力比较

采用B3LYP/DFT方法和6-311+G**基组优化了苯酚、苯甲醚、苯胺、苯氧基负离子以及对甲氧基苯甲醛和对羟基苯甲醛等6个化合物的分子结构。通过比较这些化合物的键长和π电子布居数,推断出4个活化基团对苯环的活化能力有如下顺序;-OH3 2 -。也计算了苯酚、苯甲醚、苯胺和苯氧基负离子发生F-C甲基化反应的速率决定步骤的自由能,结果显示这4个化合物的反应活性顺序如下;苯酚< 苯甲醚< 苯胺< 苯氧基负离子。结论是;羟基活化苯环的能力略弱于甲氧基,但是氧负离子活化苯环的能力比羟基和甲氧基高得多。     

新型含吡唑环的N-甲氧基氨基甲酸甲酯类化合物的设计、合成及生物活性

以苯(吡啶)乙/丙酮类化合物为原料, 经酯化、环化和缩合三步制得新型含吡唑环的N-甲氧基氨基甲酸甲酯类化合物3a~3r, 化合物及其中间体的化学结构经红外光谱、核磁共振谱及元素分析确认. 生物活性结果表明, 化合物3在400 mg/L下分别对水稻稻瘟病、黄瓜霜霉病和小麦白粉病具有很好的防治效果. 对水稻稻瘟病, R₁为甲基或甲氧基取代的苯基时活性最好; 对于黄瓜霜霉病和小麦白粉病, R₁为苯基或甲基取代苯基的化合物杀菌活性优于其它化合物, R₂为甲基的化合物杀菌活性优于R₂为氢的化合物.     

龙口页岩油中含氧化合物的分析与鉴定

用酸碱分离和萃取色谱分离相结合的方法将龙口页岩油分离为酸性组分、碱性组分和五个中性组分(饱和烃、芳香烃、含氮化合物、含氧化合物1、含氧化合物2)。采用GC-MS和负离子ESI FT-ICR MS鉴定了龙口页岩油中酸性组分、中性组分4和中性组分5中含氧化合物的组成。GC-MS分析结果表明,龙口页岩油酸性组分含氧化合物主要包括苯酚类、茚满酚类、萘酚类、联苯酚类、芴酚类、菲酚类,以及C_5～16烷酸;龙口页岩油中性组分4和中性组分5中含氧化合物主要包括C_9～32脂肪酮和酯类化合物。FT-ICR MS分析结果表明,龙口页岩油中含氧化合物主要有O₁、O₂、O₃、N₁O₁、N₁O₂类化合物,其中,O₁和O₂类化合物种类较多。龙口页岩油重均相对分子质量集中在150～600 Da,说明龙口页岩油是由小分子化合物组成的。其表现出来的某些大分子化合物的性质,是由小分子化合物通过范德华力或氢键聚合在一起而形成的。龙口页岩油中O₁、O₂、O₃类化合物中DBE主要分布在1和4,说明龙口页岩油中O₁、O₂、O₃类化合物不饱和度和缩合度较低,因此,龙口页岩油是生物降解程度较低的油。     

3,3-二甲基-1-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-1-基)-2-丁酮及1-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-1-基)取代苯乙酮与二溴化物的关环反应及产物的生物活性

通过二溴化物与唑酮1[R=(CH₃)₃C]或α-三唑基苯乙酮1(R=Ar)的亲核取代反应,合成了新型的环状三唑类化合物3和4,经元素分析,¹HNMR,IR,EI-MS和X射线衍射等方法确证其结构,讨论了反应过程.生物活性测试发现大部分化合物具有很好的杀菌活性,尤其对小麦锈病具有较强的抑制作用.     

新型螺环吡咯酮双氧化吲哚类化合物的无催化剂合成及其抗白血病活性

以3-异硫氰基氧化吲哚与3-丙二腈缩合的3-烯氧化吲哚为原料,乙腈为溶剂,在无催化剂存在的条件下于室温发生[3+2]环加成反应,合成了6个新型的螺环吡咯酮双氧化吲哚类化合物(3a~3f),产率91%~95%,dr 17/1~>20/1,其结构经¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR和HR-MS（ESI-TOF）表征。采用MTT法研究了3a~3f对人白血病细胞(K562)的体外抗肿瘤活性。结果表明：化合物3c对K562具有明显的抑制活性（IC₅₀为36.3 μM）,与阳性对照药顺铂接近。     

N-邻羟苄基氨基酸的合成、表征及抑菌活性

将水杨醛、溴代水杨醛及二溴代水杨醛分别与4种L-α-氨基酸进行缩合反应生成相应席夫碱,不经分离直接加硼氢化钠将其还原制得N-邻羟苄基氨基酸类化合物(3)。 化合物的结构经IR、¹H NMR和元素分析测试技术表征确认。 测得化合物3在质量分数为0.05%时,对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌率为100％,对白色念珠菌有较强的抑菌活性,对大肠杆菌有一定的抑菌活性。 氨基酸的碳链R的结构是影响化合物抑菌活性的关键因素,不同烷基R对白色念珠菌和大肠杆菌抑菌活性增强的顺序为CH(CH₃)₂＞CH₃,CH₂CH(CH₃)₂＞H,苯环上引入溴原子对目标化合物的抑菌活性影响不明显。     

异噁唑色满酮拼接螺环氧化吲哚类化合物的合成及其抗白血病细胞增殖活性

以色酮-氧化吲哚C₃合成子1与硝基异噁唑苯乙烯2为原料,在相转移催化剂碱性作用下,依次发生γ-位区域选择性Michael加成,分子内Michael加成环化反应,合成了8个新颖的异噁唑色满酮拼接螺环氧化吲哚类化合物3a~3h,产率42%~58%,dr值>20/1, 其结构经¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR和HR-MS（ESI-TOF）表征。采用MTT法研究了3a~3h对人白血病细胞(K562)的体外抗增殖活性。结果表明：化合物3b, 3d, 3f和3g对K562增殖具有一定的抑制活性。      

气相色谱-质谱法测定土壤中14种苯胺类和联苯胺类化合物

针对土壤基质复杂及部分苯胺类化合物提取效率低的特点,基于气相色谱-质谱建立了土壤中14种苯胺类和联苯胺类化合物的分析方法。在采集后的土壤样品中加入5%亚硫酸钠水溶液进行密封,以防止目标物氧化变质,并于4℃以下冷藏保存,保存期限可达7天。实验比较了加速溶剂提取和振荡分散提取两种方式的提取效率,最终采用提取时加入碱性水溶液和乙酸乙酯-二氯甲烷(1∶4, v/v)的方法,在土壤-水相-有机相共存的条件下进行振荡分散萃取。萃取完成后经离心弃去土壤固相,将水相和有机相转移至分液漏斗中,并分离出有机相,再经弗罗里硅土固相净化柱净化、浓缩后,采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪测定,并以苯胺-d₅和苊-d₁₀为内标进行定量分析。实验考察了抗氧化剂和萃取溶剂种类、有机相与水相比例、盐析等对目标物萃取效率的影响,并在优化的实验条件下考察了方法的回收率及精密度。结果表明,14种目标化合物在0.5～100 mg/L范围内有良好的线性关系,相关系数(R)>0.999,方法检出限和定量限分别为0.02～0.07 mg/kg和0.08～0.28 mg/kg,在实际样品中的加标...     

硝基芳烃对圆腹雅罗鱼毒性的DFT研究

对30种硝基芳烃化合物进行DFT-B3LYP/6-311G**水平全优化计算, 据所得量子化学参数分类建立了硝基苯类和硝基苯胺类化合物对圆腹雅罗鱼急性毒性(－lgEC₅₀)的定量构效关系(QSARs)模型. 结果表明, 硝基苯类化合物的毒性主要由硝基基团的电荷(Q_-NO2)和前线轨道能级差(ΔE)决定; 硝基苯胺类化合物的毒性则由分子最低未占轨道能级(E_LUMO)和ΔE决定. 苯环上取代基的类型、数目和取代位置直接影响到标题化合物的毒性大小, 强吸电子基如硝基会降低Q_-NO2和E_LUMO大小, 使化合物毒性增强, 且邻对位硝基取代的毒性高于间位取代; 相反, 给电子基团氨基的存在则会使化合物的毒性降低. 总之, 硝基是这两类化合物致毒的主要基团, 将硝基包覆或还原为氨基应为此类化合物解毒的重要途径. 最后以1,4-二硝基苯为例, 模拟了其活性亚硝基中间产物与蛋白质中还原性巯基间的反应, 并将其与硝基苯和1,3-硝基苯的反应活化能进行了比较, 讨论了不同取代基数目和位置对分子活性的影响, 结果与QSAR模型分析一致, 进一步验证了硝基芳烃化合物的致毒历程, 研究结果对品优高能炸药的分子设计也有助益.     

醌类化合物在苯酚羟化反应中的电子传递作用

Fenton试剂是某些烃类化合物的有效氧化剂^[1],该体系对芳香化合物具有羟化作用。我们^[2]曾报道了含Cu类钙钛石型复合氧化物在苯酚烃化反应中的催化活性,并提出了相应的反应机理。高价态的过渡金属离子如C^3 [2]和Fe^3 [3]通常被认为是中间自由基的氧化剂。实际上,醌类化合物及其还原形式半醌、氢醌与生物体内许多电子转移过程密切相关^[4],如泛醌或辅酶Q在生物体呼吸链电子传递过程中起重要作用^[5]。在实验中我们观察到苯酚羟化反应中不仅有苯醌生成,而且生成的苯醌还能促进羟化反应。本文报道了醌类化合物在苯酚羟化循环中的传递电子作用。     

Inhibition of Ru Complex Electrochemiluminescence by Phenols and Anilines

The effect of 30 phenols and anilines on typical Ru complex electrochemiluminescence (ECL) was systematically investigated under different conditions. It was found that all the tested compounds showed an ECL inhibiting signal. The magnitude of ECL inhibition was related to the position of the substituting group in the benzene ring and decreased in the following order: meta‐>ortho‐>para‐. The oxidation potential of the tested compounds, the ECL spectra and UV‐visible absorption spectra of Ru(bpy) /tripropylamine (TPrA) in the presence of phenols and anilines, and the direct ECL between Ru(bpy) and phenols/aniline were studied. The mechanism of ECL inhibition has been proposed due to energy transfer from the excited state Ru(bpy) to a quinone or ketone or their polymer formed by electro‐oxidation of phenols and anilines. The potential of analytical application was explored by use of the inhibited ECL. The results demonstrate that numerous compounds are detectable with the detection limits in the range of 10^?8–10^?9 mol/L for Ru(bpy) /TPrA system and in the range of 10^?6–10^?7 mol/L for Ru(bpy) /C₂O system, respectively.     

Comparative QSAR: Radical Toxicity and Scavenging. Two Different Sides of the Same Coin

Abstract

From an analysis of the toxicity of phenols to rat embryos and anilines to embryo fibroblast cells a new type of toxicity is postulated for these classes of compounds. Substituents which increase the electron density on the aromatic ring as estimated by σ⁺ or ε_HOMO increase potency. It is postulated that it is the radical form of the phenols and the anilines that accounts for their toxicity. The results are compared with QSAR for radical scavengers and oxidoreductases acting on phenols, anilines and carbazoles.     

Determination of Melamine in Dairy Products and Melamine Tableware by Inhibition Electrochemiluminescent Method

An electrochemiluminescent (ECL) method has been developed for the determination of melamine based on the inhibition of luminol ECL. A significant luminol ECL can be found at 1.47 V in the phosphate buffer solution at high pHs and low potential scan rates, this ECL signal can be inhibited obviously by melamine. The decrease of ECL intensity was linearly proportional to the logarithm of melamine concentration in the range of 1–100 ng/mL (R²=0.9911) and with the detection limit of 0.1 ng/mL. The method has been applied successfully to determine melamine in dairy products and melamine tableware, the recoveries were in the range of 98.5%–103.7% and 95.5%–106.0%, respectively. The mechanism of the inhibition effect was also proposed, the active oxygen (O₂^{· −}) generated from the electrooxidation of OH⁻ reacted with luminol anion (L^{· −}) to generate light emission, and the present of melamine can eliminate the active oxygen, which cause the decrease of the ECL intensity.     

Effect of pH on inhibition and enhancement of luminol-H2O2-Co2+ chemiluminescence by phenolic compounds and amino acids

The effect of pH on inhibition and enhancement of luminol-H2O2-Co2+ chemiluminescence (CL) by 18 phenolic compounds and 20 amino acids was studied. It was found that most of the tested compounds showed an inhibiting effect at lower pH and an enhancing effect at higher pH. At a midrange pH, for some phenolic compounds with two ortho-position -OH, both an inhibiting and an enhancing peak were simultaneously observed. UV-visible spectra of the tested phenolic compounds at different pH values were studied. The mechanism for CL inhibition and enhancement was proposed. It is likely that the competition of the -OH or the -NH2 group and other reducing groups in the molecules with luminol for O2*- led to the CL inhibition. A reaction of -COO(-) and quinone or ketone formed by phenolic compounds at higher pH via deprotonation with O2*- also resulted in the CL enhancement.     

Electrochemiluminescence Characterization of Poly(luminol‐benzidine) Composite Films and Their Analytical Application

A composite film of poly(luminol‐benzidine) was prepared on the graphite electrode surface by electropolymerizing luminol and benzidine in acidic medium. It was found that the poly(luminol‐benzidine) composite film presented better electrochemiluminescence (ECL) analytical performances for H₂O₂ than that of the polyluminol film. Based on these findings, a more sensitive ECL sensor for H₂O₂ was developed. At the same time, our investigating results on this composite film revealed that, as a real ECL luminophor in this composite film, the polymeric 3‐aminophthalate presented higher fluorescence quantum yield than that in the pure polyluminol film, which suggested that the excellent ECL performances of the composite film may originate from the enhancement of the ECL luminophor quantum yield. Based on these results, a new method to improve the ECL analytical performances of the polymeric luminol was also proposed.     

Electrochemiluminescence Sensor for Selective Preconcentration and Sensitive Detection of Napropamide Using Water‐Soluble Sulfonated Graphene

A novel electrochemiluminescence (ECL) sensor for napropamide determination was prepared using the water‐soluble sulfonated graphene (sulfonated‐G) as solid‐phase microextraction (SPME) material, based on selective preconcentration of target onto an electrode and followed by luminol ECL detection. The effects of pH, adsorption time, buffer solution and the luminescence agent on ECL intensity were optimized. Under the optimized conditions (pH 6; adsorption time 5 min; buffer solution pH 11.0 Na₂CO₃ aHCO₃; luminescence agent luminol; stirring speed 400 rpm), the lowest detection limits (1.0 µg L⁻¹) and good linear range (r²≥0.99) were obtained for the analyte, indicating the superior performance of Nafion/sulfonated‐G/GCE for detecting napropamide.     

A method to determine quercetin by enhanced luminol electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) and quercetin autoxidation

Quercetin greatly enhanced luminol electrochemiluminescence of quercetin in alkaline solution. When the concentration of luminol was 0.1 mol L(-1), the detection limit for quercetin was 2.0x10(-8) mol L(-1) with a linear range from 1.0x10(-7) to 2x10(-5) mol L(-1). The pH and buffer substantially affected ECL intensity. Quercetin was autoxidized in alkaline aqueous solution. The rate of autoxidation of quercetin in various pH buffers and borate concentrations were measured. Borate was found to inhibit quercetin autoxidation and compromise quercetin enhancement effect on luminol ECL to some extent. Two final autoxidation products were identified with LC-MS methods. Autoxidation process was associated with enhancement of ECL intensity. The ROS generated during quercetin autoxidation enhanced the ECL intensity.     

Electrochemiluminescence Bioassays with a Water‐Soluble Luminol Derivative Can Outperform Fluorescence Assays

The most efficient and commonly used electrochemiluminescence (ECL) emitters are luminol, [Ru(bpy)₃]²⁺, and derivatives thereof. Luminol stands out due to its low excitation potential, but applications are limited by its insolubility under physiological conditions. The water‐soluble m‐carboxy luminol was synthesized in 15 % yield and exhibited high solubility under physiological conditions and afforded a four‐fold ECL signal increase (vs. luminol). Entrapment in DNA‐tagged liposomes enabled a DNA assay with a detection limit of 3.2 pmol L^?1, which is 150 times lower than the corresponding fluorescence approach. This remarkable sensitivity gain and the low excitation potential establish m‐carboxy luminol as a superior ECL probe with direct relevance to chemiluminescence and enzymatic bioanalytical approaches.     

Proximity and the heteroatom effects on the carbon-13 chemical shifts of methyl-substituted phenols,anilines and thiophenols

Upfield substituent-induced ¹³C chemical shifts for aryl carbons of polymethyl substituted benzenes, phenols, anilines and thiophenols were investigated as a function of the proximity between substituents X and CH₃ (X = CH₃, NH₂, OH and SH). The results indicate that the induced shifts of the substituted aryl carbons are, in general, independent of the polar substituent but depend on the number of adjacent substituted aryl carbons. A ?2.0 ppm upfield shift was found for a substituted aryl carbon adjacent to one substituted aryl carbon and a ?3.8 ppm upfield shift for a substituted aryl carbon bound by two substituted aryl carbons. It is suggested that the near additivity of the upfield shifts is the result of changes in the bond order between the aromatic ring carbons in the region of the substituted aryl carbons due to distortion of the ring. The ¹³C chemical shifts of the methyl substituents for methyl substituted phenols, anilines and thiophenols were determined, and it was found that the values could be predicted from the additivity parameters reported for the analogous methylbenzenes plus an additional pair-interaction term associated with the through-space electronic influence of the heteroatom.     

Regioselective bromination of activated aromatic substrates with a ZrBr4/diazene mixture

A regioselective method for the bromination of phenols, ethers and anilines using a ZrBr₄/diazene mixture is described. The reaction takes place under mild reaction conditions and the bromine atom adds first at the para unsubstituted position with respect to the OH, OR or NR₂ group of the activated aromatic substrate. Less reactive compounds such as toluene, phenyl acetate, benzonitrile and trifluoromethylbenzene remain intact under the same conditions.