嵌入纳米Fe颗粒的Fe液凝固过程的分子动力学模拟

采用Sutton-Chen 势函数及分子动力学(MD)方法对嵌入了Fe纳米团簇(半径从0.4-1.8 nm)的Fe液凝固过程进行了模拟. 模拟结果表明只有当嵌入的纳米团簇半径超过0.82 nm才能降低凝固时所需要的临界过冷度(ΔT^*), 起到诱导凝固的作用. 同时采用原子键型指数法(CTIM-2)对样本在凝固过程中的原子结构进行了标定, 通过观察微观结构演变发现当嵌入纳米团簇能够作为凝固核心时, 体系按照hcp-fcc 交叉形核的方式长大. 同时还发现嵌入纳米团簇对体系凝固过程晶核的生长方向及凝固的最终构型存在“结构遗传效应”.     

超级铝热剂Al/Fe2O3的制备、表征及对环三亚甲基三硝胺热分解的影响

采用水热法制备了中空短棒状纳米Fe2O3,并用超声分散法将其与纳米Al颗粒复合为单金属氧化基超级铝热剂.利用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱、扫描电镜及能量散射光谱仪(SEM-EDS)对样品进行表征.并运用差示扫描量热法(DSC)对比研究了超级铝热剂Al/Fe2O3、Al粉和纳米Fe2O3对环三亚甲基三硝胺(RDX)热分解特性的影响.结果表明:超级铝热剂的加入改变了RDX的热分解过程,并加剧了RDX的二次气相反应;随着超级铝热剂含量的增加,RDX的分解峰峰形发生了明显的改变;Al/Fe2O3、Al粉和Fe2O3对RDX热分解的作用主要表现为二次分解峰逐渐明显且峰温降低.     

Pd/Al2O3膜的制备及其对 1,5-环辛二烯加氢的催化性能

利用微乳液浸渍技术制备了负载型Pd/Al2O3膜,并用扫描电镜和原子吸收光谱对微乳液中的纳米Pd颗粒及其在Al2O3陶瓷膜载体上的形貌、分布和负载量进行了表征.在"催化接触器"型膜反应器中,以1,5-环辛二烯(COD)加氢作为模型反应考察了Pd/Al2O3膜的催化性能.结果表明,采用微乳液技术制备Pd/Al2O3膜时,Pd负载量、浸渍操作方式、焙烧温度和载体孔径对Pd/Al2O3膜的催化性能有一定影响.要获得对COD加氢反应的高催化活性和较高的中间产物环辛烯选择性,优化的Pd/Al2O3膜制备条件为:缓慢析出Pd纳米颗粒,同时采用循环浸渍方式,焙烧温度300℃,膜载体孔径1.9μm.     

具有良好热稳定性的Al2O3改性Fe2O3基金催化剂

通过共沉淀法和沉积-沉淀法制备出了具有良好热稳定性的Al2O3改性Fe2O3基金催化剂, 并通过透射电镜(TEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、N2吸附-脱附及热重和差示扫描量热(TG-DSC)分析等表征手段对催化剂的结构与表面形貌进行了研究分析. TEM测试结果表明: 500 ℃焙烧后, 未掺杂Al2O3的催化剂中金颗粒粒径分布较宽, 平均粒径约为7.0 nm, 载体颗粒尺寸在50-100 nm范围内; 而掺杂Al2O3的催化剂中金颗粒粒径分布变窄, 平均粒径约为5.0 nm, 且载体颗粒大小也明显小于未掺杂Al2O3的催化剂, 保持在30-50 nm的范围内. N2吸附-脱附测试结果表明, Al2O3的掺杂有利于保持催化剂的介孔结构和比表面积, 从而提高了载体的热稳定性. XRD和TG-DSC测试结果表明, Al2O3的掺杂可以有效地抑制Fe2O3的结晶, 进而抑制了高温焙烧过程中金颗粒的长大. 选用CO低温氧化反应对催化剂的活性进行了评价, 即使在500 ℃高温下焙烧12 h, 掺杂了Al2O3的催化剂仍然可在26.7 ℃将CO完全转化, 而未掺杂Al2O3的催化剂CO最低完全转化温度(T100)高达61.6 ℃. Al2O3的掺杂显著提高了催化剂的热稳定性能.     

超疏水磁性Fe3O4/聚多巴胺复合纳米颗粒及其油/水分离

借助于多巴胺在Fe3O4纳米颗粒表面自聚合形成聚多巴胺薄膜制备出Fe3O4/聚多巴胺(Fe3O4/PD)复合纳米颗粒,利用扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪对样品的形貌、结构及成分进行分析.所制备的颗粒经1H,1H,2H,2H-全氟癸基三氯硅烷化学修饰后表现出超疏水性.有趣的是,超疏水性的Fe3O4/PD纳米颗粒包裹在水滴表面能形成磁性液珠,该液珠(4μL)在亲水性玻璃表面上的接触角高达164°、滚动角为8°.这些磁性液珠具有良好的机械稳定性和强度,同时研究了外部磁场驱动液珠在平面、曲面、油相中运动.结果表明,磁性液珠能够有效应用于操作微流体装置中的液体输送.水滴在Fe3O4/PD纳米颗粒构成表面的接触角超过150°,而油滴则接近0°,因此,在磁场存在下,这些颗粒能用于吸收油水混合物中的油滴而实现油水分离.此外,回收的Fe3O4/PD纳米颗粒保持着超疏水性且能再次利用.     

超临界抗溶剂法制备纳米氧化铝颗粒

以CO2为抗溶剂介质,无水乙醇为溶剂,采用超临界抗溶剂法制备了Al2O3前驱体硝酸铝纳米颗粒,考察了温度和溶液浓度等因素对制备过程的影响,并通过焙烧前驱体硝酸铝制得了纳米Al2O3球形颗粒.采用热重-质谱、X射线衍射、透射电镜和场发射透射电镜对所制备的硝酸铝和Al2O3纳米颗粒进行了表征,并用H2程序升温还原技术初步考察了纳米Al2O3负载Ni催化剂的还原性能,发现纳米Al2O3比一般Al2O3载体对活性组分Ni具有更好的分散性能.     

四氧化三铁磁性纳米微粒表面的氨基化修饰

以3-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷(APTES)作为氨基化试剂,通过硅烷化反应使其键合于Fe3O4纳米颗粒表面,制备了表面氨基化的磁性Fe3O4纳米复合颗粒;利用红外光谱分析了产物的化学键合特征,利用电位滴定测定了合成产物表面的-NH2含量,探讨了活化方式、反应溶剂、投料比、温度、时间等因素对氨基化修饰效果的影响.结果表明,APTES成功地包覆在磁性Fe3O4纳米微粒表面;在乙醇-水体系中,在Fe3O4与APTES投料比3∶8、温度60℃下反应12h,得到的Fe3O4纳米颗粒表面APTES修饰效果最佳,表面-NH2含量高达1 400±50μmol·g-1.     

Fe_3O_4/TiO_2纳米异质结构的制备及磁性

以TiO2纳米线和Fe(NO3)3·9H2O为原料,在一缩二乙二醇体系中通过溶剂热反应制备了Fe3O4纳米粒子/TiO2纳米线异质结构.高分辨透射电子显微镜(HRTEM)观测结果表明,Fe3O4纳米粒子均匀地附着在TiO2纳米线上,并与TiO2纳米线之间形成了有效的复合.磁性研究结果表明,与文献报道的同粒径纯相Fe3O4纳米粒子相比,异质结构的阻隔温度点明显降低,异质结构的形成对Fe3O4磁性产生了影响.     

纳米γ-Al_2O_3吸附Ge(Ⅳ)的机理及性能

研究了纳米γ-Al2O3吸附剂对Ge(Ⅳ)的吸附行为,考察了吸附平衡时间、温度和溶液的pH值等因素对吸附过程的影响.结果表明,纳米Al2O3对Ge(Ⅳ)的吸附在2min时基本达到平衡,在pH=4～11范围内,Ge(Ⅳ)可以被纳米Al2O3定量富集,吸附率大于95%;吸附于纳米Al2O3上的Ge(Ⅳ)可以用0.3mol/LK3PO4和1mol/LH2SO4混合溶液洗脱,5min后基本达到解析平衡,解析率能达到97%;该吸附过程符合准二级反应动力学模型,计算了不同温度下的吸附速率常数,并求得纳米Al2O3对Ge(Ⅳ)的吸附活化能(Ea)为11.63kJ/mol;该体系的吸附过程符合Freundlich等温式,由D-R等温式求得常温下纳米Al2O3对Ge(Ⅳ)的平均吸附能为10.87kJ/mol.Ge(Ⅳ)吸附反应的ΔG0为负值,焓变ΔH0为正值,说明该吸附过程是自发的吸热反应.     

纳米Fe3O4/聚苯乙烯均匀分散体系的制备及结构

用化学共沉淀法制备了Fe3O4纳米颗粒,以油酸为表面活性剂,苯乙烯为载液,制备了稳定的纳米Fe3O4可聚合磁流体,将可聚合磁流体经自由基引发聚合制成纳米Fe3O4/聚苯乙烯均匀分散体系,用WAXRD研究了Fe3O4纳米粒子的结晶情况;用FTIR研究了油酸表面改性前后Fe3O4粒子表面官能团的变化;用TEM研究了Fe3O4颗粒的粒径大小及其在苯乙烯单体和聚苯乙烯中的分散情况;用DSC和TGA研究了纳米Fe3O4/聚苯乙烯均匀分散体系的玻璃化转变温度(Tg)和热稳定性,结果表明,合成的纳米Fe3O4为立方晶型,平均粒径在10nm左右,油酸分子在Fe3O4表面是化学吸附,经表面处理的Fe3O4超细颗粒在苯乙烯和聚苯乙烯基体中分散较均匀.界面粘结较好,含1.8％Fe3O4纳米颗粒的聚苯乙烯的最大热失重温度比聚苯乙烯提高了13K,Fe3O4/聚苯乙烯复合体系的饱和磁化强度σs为17.43emu/g.     

无溶剂Fe3O4纳米流体的制备及表征

采用共沉淀法合成Fe3O4纳米粒子, 将含有硅氧烷基的离子型改性剂二甲基十八烷基氯化铵与Fe3O4纳米粒子进行接枝反应, 再用脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚磺酸盐的长链阴离子交换Cl-, 在Fe3O4纳米粒子表面生成具有阴、 阳离子双电层结构的表面处理层, 得到无溶剂Fe3O4纳米流体. 研究结果表明, 在Fe3O4纳米粒子表面成功接枝了有机物长链, 改性的Fe3O4纳米粒子呈单分散分布, 其损耗剪切模量G″明显大于储能剪切模量G', 具有明显的流体行为, 在室温下即可流动.     

Preparation and adsorption properties of monodisperse chitosan-bound Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles for removal of Cu(II) ions

Monodisperse chitosan-bound Fe(3)O(4) nanoparticles were developed as a novel magnetic nano-adsorbent for the removal of heavy metal ions. Chitosan was first carboxymethylated and then covalently bound on the surface of Fe(3)O(4) nanoparticles via carbodiimide activation. Transmission electron microscopy micrographs showed that the chitosan-bound Fe(3)O(4) nanoparticles were monodisperse and had a mean diameter of 13.5 nm. X-ray diffraction patterns indicated that the magnetic nanoparticles were pure Fe(3)O(4) with a spinel structure, and the binding of chitosan did not result in a phase change. The binding of chitosan was also demonstrated by the measurement of zeta potential, and the weight percentage of chitosan bound to Fe(3)O(4) nanoparticles was estimated to be about 4.92 wt%. The chitosan-bound Fe(3)O(4) nanoparticles were shown to be quite efficient for the removal of Cu(II) ions at pH>2. In particular, the adsorption rate was so fast that the equilibrium was achieved within 1 min due to the absence of internal diffusion resistance. The adsorption data obeyed the Langmuir equation with a maximum adsorption capacity of 21.5 mg g(-1) and a Langmuir adsorption equilibrium constant of 0.0165 L mg(-1). The pH and temperature effects revealed that the adsorption capacity increased significantly with increasing pH at pH 2-5, and the adsorption process was exothermic in nature with an enthalpy change of -6.14 kJ mol(-1) at 300-330 K.     

An atomistic MD simulation and pair-distribution-function study of disorder and reactivity of alpha-AlF3 nanoparticles

Cubic nanoparticles of alpha-AlF(3) containing 864 and 2048 atoms were investigated by using molecular dynamics simulations. Significant structural rearrangements of these particles occurred, primarily at the edges and corners of the particles, and 3 and 5 membered (Al-F-)(n) ring structures were observed in addition to the 4-membered rings seen in bulk alpha-AlF(3). These 3 and 5 membered ring structures are, however, present in other metastable forms of AlF(3), which are formed at low temperatures from high surface area precursors. The surfaces of the nanoparticles were very dynamic on the timescale of the MD run, Al-F bonds being continually broken and formed, resulting in the movement of the low coordinate Lewis acid Al sites on the surfaces of the particles. The Lewis acid sites, which represent the catalytically active sites for F/Cl exchange reactions, are largely present at the corners and edges of the particles. The particles show larger rhombohedral distortions than present in the bulk phase and do not undergo a rhombohedral to cubic phase transition at elevated temperatures. The results are compared with pair distribution function (PDF) analysis results from fluorinated gamma-Al(2)O(3), nanoparticles of AlF(3) prepared by plasma routes and alpha- and beta-AlF(3). Broad peaks between 3.3 and 4.5 A in the PDF plots of the fluorinated Al(2)O(3) and the nanoparticles indicate a distribution of Al-F distances arising from Al and F atoms in connected AlF(6) octahedra; this is consistent with the presence of ring structures other than those found in alpha-AlF(3).     

Fe3O4 and gamma-Fe2O3 nanoparticles for the adsorption of Co2+ from aqueous solution

The adsorption of Co2+ ions from nitrate solutions using iron oxide nanoparticles of magnetite (Fe3O4) and maghemite (gamma-Fe2O3) has been studied. The adsorption of Co2+ ions on the surface of the particles was investigated under different conditions of oxide content, contact time, solution pH, and initial Co2+ ion concentration. It has been found that the equilibrium can be attained in less than 5 min. The maximum loading capacity of Fe3O4 and gamma-Fe2O3 nanoparticles is 5.8 x 10(-5) and 3.7 x 10(-5) mol m(-2), respectively, which are much higher than the previously studied, iron oxides and conventional ion exchange resins. Co2+ ions were also recovered by dilute nitric acid from the loaded gamma-Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 with an efficiency of 86 and 30%, respectively. That has been explained by the different mechanisms by including both the surface and structural loadings of Co2+ ions. The surface adsorption of Co2+ on Fe3O4 and gamma-Fe2O3 nanoparticles has been found to have the same mechanism of ion exchange reaction between Co2+ in the solution and proton bonded on the particle surface. The conditional equilibrium constants of surface adsorption of Co2+ on Fe3O4 and gamma-Fe2O3 nanoparticles have been determined to be log K=-3.3+/-0.3 and -3.1+/-0.2, respectively. The structural loading of Co2+ ions into Fe3O4 lattice has been found to be the ion exchange reaction between Co2+ and Fe2+ while that into gamma-Fe2O3 lattice to fill its vacancy. The effect of temperature on the adsorption of Co2+ was also investigated, and the value of enthalpy change was determined to be 19 kJ mol(-1).     

表面形貌控制增强铁基载氧体与褐煤化学链燃烧反应活性

为探究载氧体形貌控制获取适用于化学链燃烧的高活性表面结构载氧体的可行性,以Fe2O3作为模型载氧体,从理论上对比研究Fe2O3的高弥勒指数晶面(104)和Fe2O3自然裸露的最主要晶面之一(001)的表面电子特性,结果表明,Fe2O3(104)的电子结构更有利于表面与煤模型分子的相互作用.基于理论分析结果,从实验上控制制备了单晶载氧体Fe2O3(104)/Al2O3,研究了该载氧体与褐煤的化学链燃烧反应特性.Fe2O3(104)/Al2O3比传统浸渍法制备的载氧体Fe2O3/Al2O3具有更高的反应活性,与理论计算结果一致.元素分析表明,Fe2O3(104)/Al2O3与褐煤反应的积碳量远少于Fe2O3/Al2O3与褐煤反应的积碳量.对比新鲜载氧体及再生后载氧体的结构发现,Fe2O3(104)/Al2O3在反应过程中不断进行氧化还原反应而发生结构弛豫后,仍然能通过氧化再生.这表明形貌控制制备可为化学链燃烧技术开发新型高效载氧体提供新思路.     

Low-temperature chemistry in helium droplets: reactions of aluminum atoms with O2 and H2O

The doping of He droplets by Al atoms and their reactions with H(2)O and O(2) at T = 0.37 K was investigated. It was found that at high doping concentrations, the incorporated Al atoms do not aggregate to form clusters. They rather remain as separated atoms inside of the He droplets. Mass spectrometry and the recently developed depletion method have been applied to study the reactions. It was found that single Al atoms react with single O(2) molecules. The dominant product of this reaction occurring inside of the He droplets is AlO(2). The reaction between Al and O(2) clusters has also been detected. The Al clusters react with single H(2)O molecules or clusters. While single Al atoms react with H(2)O clusters, no reaction of single Al atoms with a single water molecule was found.     

Bi2Fe4O9纳米粉体:水热法制备及表征

Bi₂Fe₄O₉ nanoparticles were prepared at low temperature via a facile, one-step hydrothermal synthesis process using iron(Ⅲ) nitrate nonahydrate(Fe(NO₃)₃·9H₂O) and bismuth nitrate pentahydrate (Bi(NO₃)₃·5H₂O) as starting materials and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as the precipitant and mineralizer. XRD results indicate that the as-prepared nanoparticles are pure Bi₂Fe₄O₉. SEM images reveal that the as-prepared Bi₂Fe₄O₉ nanoparticles have a sheet-like morphology. The Bi₂Fe₄O₉ nanoparticles thus obtained are paramagnetic at room temperature as shown by magnetic measurements.     

以工业粉煤灰为原料制备 TiO2/SiO2-Al2O3气凝胶三元复合光催化剂及其催化性能

2-仲丁基-4,6-二硝基苯酚(DNBP)作为杀虫剂、除草剂和烯烃基芳香族化合物阻聚剂而被广泛地应用于工农业生产中.在 DNBP生产和使用过程中,会产生大量难以降解的有机废水,从而对人类和生态环境造成极大危害.因此,开展含 DNBP废水的处理技术和方法研究具有重要的现实意义. TiO2半导体材料由于具有良好的光化学特性和电化学行为,近几十年来一直是光催化领域的研究热点.在能量等于或大于 TiO2的带隙能级的辐照光照射下, TiO2可以产生光生电子/空穴对(e-/h+).光生电子和空穴分别与 TiO2表面被吸附的 H2O和 O2分子反应,生成具有强氧化性的活性羟基自由基(?OH),对硝基酚类有机污染物具有较强的降解能力. TiO2光催化反应属于非均相反应,反应在催化剂的表面进行,催化剂对污染物的吸附是影响其催化降解性能的重要因素.但是,传统 TiO2光催化剂存在比表面积小,对有机污染物吸附能力差,光生电子与空穴易于复合等缺陷,限制了 TiO2光催化技术的进一步发展和在水处理领域中的大规模应用.我们基于气凝胶具有多孔性、大比表面积和高孔隙率的特点,以富含硅、铝的工业废弃物粉煤灰为反应原料,首先利用碱熔法和常压干燥技术制备出 SiO2-Al2O3气凝胶.在此基础上,以钛酸四丁酯(TBOT)为反应前体, SiO2-Al2O3气凝胶为载体,利用酸催化溶胶-凝胶法(sol-gel)制备出 TiO2/SiO2-Al2O3气凝胶三元复合光催化剂.利用 X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、N2吸附-脱附(BET)、紫外-可见吸收光谱(UV-vis)等分析测试技术对所制备的 TiO2/SiO2-Al2O3气凝胶三元复合光催化剂结构进行了表征.结果显示,在 TiO2/SiO2-Al2O3气凝胶三元复合光催化剂中,粒径尺寸为10~30 nm的锐钛矿型 TiO2纳米颗粒均匀分散在 SiO2-Al2O3气凝胶载体上. TiO2/SiO2-Al2O3气凝胶三元复合光催化剂呈现典型介孔材料的 IV型等温线. SiO2-Al2O3气凝胶的加入极大提高了 TiO2光催化剂的比表面积和对有机污染物的吸附性能,但是对 TiO2光波吸收范围影响不大.在制备出 TiO2/SiO2-Al2O3气凝胶三元复合光催化剂基础上,进一步对其在可见光条件下的光催化性能进行了研究.以500 W的 Xe灯光源模拟自然太阳光, DNBP为探针污染物分子,系统考察了可见光照射条件下溶液 pH值、光催化剂用量、光反应时间、DNBP溶液初始浓度不同因素对 TiO2/SiO2-Al2O3气凝胶三元复合光催化剂催化活性的影响.结果表明, TiO2/SiO2-Al2O3气凝胶三元复合光催化剂对 DNBP有机污染物的吸附率和光降解率明显高于纯 TiO2样品.在 DNBP溶液初始浓度为0.167 mmol/L, pH =4.86,催化剂用量6 g/L,光照时间5 h的条件下, TiO2/SiO2-Al2O3气凝胶三元复合光催化剂对 DNBP的降解率几乎高达100%.根据 Langmuir-Hinshelwood方程,在低浓度下光催化降解反应符合一级反应动力学.所制备的 TiO2/SiO2-Al2O3气凝胶三元复合光催化剂具有良好的稳定性和重复利用性能.重复利用5次后, TiO2/SiO2-Al2O3气凝胶三元复合光催化剂对 DNBP的降解率仍高达90%以上.利用紫外-可见分光光度计、气相-质谱联用仪对 DNBP降解中间产物进行了分析,探讨了 DNBP的光催化降解机理.     

Controllable synthesis, magnetism and solubility enhancement of graphene nanosheets/magnetite hybrid material by covalent bonding

Hybrids of Fe(3)O(4) nanoparticles and surface-modified graphene nanosheets (GNs) were synthesized by a two-step process. First, graphene nanosheets were modified by SOCl(2) and 4-aminophenoxyphthalonitrile to introduce nitrile groups on their surface. Second, the nitrile groups of surface-modified graphene nanosheets were reacted with ferric ions on the surface of Fe(3)O(4) with the help of relatively high boiling point solvent ethylene glycol to form a GNs/Fe(3)O(4) hybrid. The covalent attachment of Fe(3)O(4) nanoparticles on the graphene nanosheet surface was confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). TEM and HRTEM observations indicated that the sizes of the nanoparticles and their coverage density on GNs could be easily controlled by changing the concentration of the precursor and the weight ratio to GNs. Magnetic measurements showed that magnetization of the hybrid materials is strongly influenced by the reaction conditions. Chemically bonded by phthalocyanine, the solubility of as-synthesized GNs/Fe(3)O(4) hybrid materials was greatly enhanced, which was believed to have potential for applications in the fields of composites, wastewater treatment and biomaterials.