Computer monitoring and control system (CMCS) for electron beam flue gas treatment

The computer monitoring and control system (VME based) with various facilities are described. The solution of preparing sampling probes and automatic calibration system is also presented.     

The study of electron beam flue gas treatment for coal-fired thermal plant in Japan

The fundamental research work with simulated coal-fired flue gas was performed in JAERI to get basic data for electron beam treatment of flue gas from thermal power plants in Japan. The standard condition of the experiments was set to be the same as that of next large scale pilot test in Nagoya. The concentrations of NO_x and SO_x were 225 ppm and 800 ppm, respectively. The temperature of the system was 65°C. The effect of multiple irradiation was observed for NO_x removal. The target SO_x and NO_x removals (94% and 80%, respectively) with low NH₃ leakage (less than 10 ppm) were achieved at 9 kGy irradiation with 0.9 NH₃ stoichiometry during 7 hours continuous operation. The facility for the pilot plant (12,000 Nm³/hr) has just built at the site of Shin-Nagoya power plant of Chubu Electric Power Company and will be started in full operation in November 1992.     

Pilot plant for flue gas treatment with electron beam -start up and two stage irradiation tests

The pilot plant for flue gas treatment with electron beam has been built at Power Plant Kaweczyn, near Warsaw. The irradiation part of the pilot plant has been put in operation in 1991 whereas the complete installation including bag filter started to work in spring 1992. The starting tests consisted of studying the components reliability and influence of the two-stage irradiation process on efficiency of NO_x removal. The results have shown that the two- stage irradiation leads to remarkable energy savings and retains high NO_x removal. The mathematical models of the double and triple irradiation process are discussed.     

Industrial applications of electron beam flue gas treatment—From laboratory to the practice

The electron beam technology for flue gas treatment (EBFGT) has been developed in Japan in the early 1980s. Later on, this process was investigated in pilot scale in the USA, Germany, Japan, Poland, Bulgaria and China. The new engineering and process solutions have been developed during the past two decades. Finally industrial plants have been constructed in Poland and China. The high efficiency of SO_x and NO_x removal was achieved (up to 95% for SO_x and up to 70% for NO_x) and by-product is a high quality fertilizer. Since the power of accelerators applied in industrial installation is over 1 MW and requested operational availability of the plant is equal to 8500 h in year, it is a new challenge for radiation processing applications.     

Contribution to electrical discharge electron beam system for flue gas cleaning method

Many authors have investigated simultaneous reduction of SO₂ and NO_x from flue gas stack emission by electron beam-induced plasma process. Because of high costs, this technology has been applied in only a few countries (Japan, China and Poland) until now. Small countries, consumers of cheap combustibles, produce a great deal of atmospheric pollutants SO₂ and NO_x, For this reason there is a great interest in the implementation of cheaper technologies with a similar impact as electron beam processing. This paper presents a series of experimental data for SO₂ and NO_x removal by electron beams, electric discharge and ozone in different processing variants of flue gas.     

The double window for electron beam injection into the flue gas process vessel

The double window configuration for electron beam injection into the flue gas treatment process vessel applied in Polish Pilot Plant was described. The effectiveness of such a system was discussed and flue gas dosimetry results were presented. Approximately 64% of total beam power with initial electron energy 0.7 MeV was delivered into the gas phase due to the losses in double window (two 50 μm titanium foils and 70 mm air gap between them) and process vessel definite diameter 1.6 m.     

Pilot-scale test on electron beam treatment of municipal solid waste flue gas with spraying slaked-lime slurry

Simultaneous removal of NO_x, SO₂ and HCl in flue gas of a municipal solid waste incinerator was studied by using electron beam irradiation technology. The flue gas around of 1000 Nm³/h was led to a spray-dryer-type reactor from an inlet of ESP of the municipal waste incinerator by spraying slaked-lime slurry with one or more stoichiometic amount of the pollutants, concentrations of HCl (400 ppm) and SO₂ (50 ppm) decreased almost completely, while concentrations of NO_x (100 ppm) were markedly decreased to about 20 ppm by electron beam irradiation with a dose of 10 kGy at 150°C under spraying slaked-time slurry of two stoichiometric amounts. The removal of NO_x was improved by increasing the dose and the amount of spraying slaked-time slurry, and by lowering the irradiation temperature.     

Analytical methods and monitoring system for E-beam flue gas treatment process

The results of reliable and precise measurement of gas composition in different key points of e-beam installation are necessary for its proper operation and control. Only the composition of flue gas coming into installation is adequate to composition of flue gas emitted from coal-fired boiler. At other points of e-b installation the gas composition is strongly modified by process conditions therefore specific measuring system (sampling and conditioning system and set of gas analyzers) for its determination are required. In the paper system for gas composition measurement at inlet and outlet of e-b installation are described. Process parameters are continuously monitoring by CEM system and occasionally by the grab sample system. Both system have been tested at pilot plant at EPS Kaw czyn.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in coal combustion flue gas under electron beam irradiation

The electron beam (EB) technology has been investigated as a one-stage multi-component purification technology. The initial concentrations of SO₂, NO_x, and 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in flue gas have been reduced simultaneously by over 60%, 50%, and 20%, respectively, in flue gas at the dose of 8 kGy. Determined PAH distribution in the by-product has shown negligible role of adsorption in PAH removal. PAH-based overall toxicity of flue gas decreased remarkably in the range of 30–80% under EB irradiation.     

Some applications of the ultramicrobalance to power station of flue gas research

Mechanisms of formation and emission of acid smuts have been investigated using an apparatus based on an ultramicrobalance. Conclusions drawn from the experimental results are that, of the three potentially most significantly smut-forming processes, condensation of sulphuric acid is most important whilst catalytic adsorption of sulphur dioxide and sulphuric acid adsorption above the acid dewpoint play minor roles.     

The use of electron accelerators for radiation disinfestation of grain

One of the ways to fight the insect pest in grain is treatment by the beam of accelerated electrons. This method provides an immediate cessation of the reproduction of their lifetime and intensity of nutrition, as well as the elimination of the latent forms of grain infestation (eggs, larvae, etc.). The main advantages of the electron beam technology of grain disinfestation are the following: a possibility of grain disinfestation continuously at a rate corresponding to the high capacity of the process equipment of modern elevators with the full automation of the process and safety for personnel; it does not cause pollution of the environment and leaves no residual pollution in grain; the irradiated grain can be used immediately. At present, the powerful radiation disinfestation unit (Radiation Disinfestor, RD) on a base of ELV-4 40 kW power electron accelerator with 3 m length extraction device has been developed for a technological line of capacity of 400 t/h. In 1980 two RDs on a base of ELV-2 electron accelerator were put into operation at the Odessa port elevator of 200 t/h capacity each. RDs are installed between the elevator and the freight wharf of the port. The infested grain is delivered to the elevator for storage. The electron accelerators of the ELV-type used in this RD have an electron beam power of 20 kW at an energy of up to 1.5 MeV. The operation mode is continuous with a guaranteed operation time of no less than 5000 h per year.     

Mercury speciation methods for utility flue gas

Accurate measurement of mercury speciation (Hg⁰ and Hg²⁺) in power plant flue gas is necessary to model the fate and transport of mercury in the atmosphere and understand and evaluate the effectiveness of mercury control technologies. Research work jointly sponsored by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) and the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) is currently under way at the University of North Dakota Energy & Environmental Research Center to determine whether U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Method 29 or other methods can speciate mercury. Five different methods have been tested, and it has been found that EPA Method 29 does not speciate mercury properly in coal-generated flue gas. Two methods that show promise are the tris-buffer and the Ontario Hydro methods. Received: 2 December 1996 / Revised: 5 March 1997 / Accepted: 6 March 1997     

Operational experience of a commercial scale plant of electron beam purification of flue gas

A commercial scale plant using electron beam irradiation was constructed to clean the flue gas from a coal fired thermal power plant at Chengdu in China. Operations began in September 1997 and the plant achieved its design performance with the satisfactory recovery of by-product fertilizer for agricultural use. Another commercial plant is now under construction at Nagoya, Japan and the operation will be started in November, 1999.     

水对采空区遗煤吸附电厂烟气影响的理论计算

为研究电厂烟气注入采空区时,煤中含水率和烟气中水分对于封存温室气体CO_2和抑制煤自燃的影响,建立干煤和湿煤结构模型,采用巨正则系综蒙特卡洛方法,计算了不同水分含量的烟气组分CO_2/O_2/N2/H_2O在干煤以及不同含水率的湿煤中的吸附行为。结果表明,烟气中CO_2竞争性最强吸附量最大,O_2的物理吸附量极小,烟气中H_2O含量不影响CO_2、N2和O_2的吸附量,可不进行干燥处理直接将电厂烟气注入采空区。随着煤中含水率增加,水分占据孔隙空间,范德华作用减弱,H_2O-H_2O之间的氢键作用增强且提供了额外吸附位。H_2O的等量吸附热升高,吸附位移向吸附作用更强的低相互作用能区域,吸附大量水形成水团簇,与CO_2竞争吸附位,并且占据吸附空间抑制CO_2、O_2、N2的吸附,使其吸附量降低50%以上,因此,注入烟气时应充分考虑采空区煤体的含水率问题。     

Carbon dioxide fixation by microalgal photosynthesis using actual flue gas from a power plant

Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology - CO2 fixation by microalgal cultures, a potential method for CO2 emissions mitigation, was studied in small (approx 2 m2) ponds using actual flue gas from...     

Kinetics of SO2 removal from flue gas by electron beam technique

Laboratory scale experiments were carried out in order to get more information about the oxidation of SO₂ by OH radicals (homogeneous reaction) and the oxidation of SO₂ at aerosol surfaces (heterogeneous reaction). For the experiment of homogeneous reaction, SO₂ was added to synthetic flue gas without initial NO and without ammonia and the mixture was irradiated with electron beam. The SO₂ removal was measured as a function of temperature and water vapour concentration at constant dose. For the experiment of heterogeneous reaction, SO₂ was added to nucleating sulfuric acid aerosol. No SO₂ removal was observed in this case. So, it can be concluded that the heterogeneous oxidation of SO₂ is negligible in the absence of ammonia. Therefore, the oxidation of SO₂ must be interpreted merely by homogeneous gas phase chemistry. The gas phase kinetics are derived from comparison of experimental results and computer modelling.     

Radiation-chemical treatment of flue gases from thermal power stations for the removal of mercury vapor

The efficiency of radiation-chemical treatment of flue gases from thermal power stations for removing nitrogen and sulfur oxides was examined as applied to the removal of mercury vapor from the gases. A kinetic scheme of the process was developed. It involves the liquid-phase oxidation of Hg by O₃ molecules formed under the action of ionizing radiation on the gas macrocomponents followed by adsorption of the oxidation products at soot particles. It was found that almost complete removal of mercury vapor is attained at typical radiation doses and soot concentrations in the flue gases.     

High resolution dissociative electron attachment to gas phase adenine

The dissociative electron attachment to the gas phase nucleobase adenine is studied using two different experiments. A double focusing sector field mass spectrometer is utilized for measurements requiring high mass resolution, high sensitivity, and relative ion yields for all the fragment anions and a hemispherical electron monochromator instrument for high electron energy resolution. The negative ion mass spectra are discussed at two different electron energies of 2 and 6 eV. In contrast to previous gas phase studies a number of new negative ions are discovered in the mass spectra. The ion efficiency curves for the negative ions of adenine are measured for the electron energy range from about 0 to 15 eV with an electron energy resolution of about 100 meV. The total anion yield derived via the summation of all measured fragment anions is compared with the total cross section for negative ion formation measured recently without mass spectrometry. For adenine the shape of the two cross section curves agrees well, taking into account the different electron energy resolutions; however, for thymine some peculiar differences are observed.     

钙基类吸附剂脱除烟气中气态汞的试验研究

用恒温水浴中汞渗透管的汞蒸气发生装置和其他烟气主要气体成分模拟烟气条件,在小型固定床试验台上开展钙基类物质作为吸附剂脱除单质汞的试验研究。结果表明,无SO2时,两种钙基吸附剂以及飞灰和熟石灰混合物对单质汞的吸附效率不高;当SO2存在时,对单质汞的脱除效率可增加15％～20％,30min时吸附量可增加50％以上,且吸附在较高温度下更有利。其原因在于SO2同钙基吸附剂之间的化学反应,在钙基物质表面产生了活性区域,有利于提高对Hg0的捕捉效率,化学吸附起到了促进吸附的作用。     

烟气脱硫活性炭微波再生特性的实验研究

研究了烟气脱硫活性炭的微波再生特性。通过扫描电镜、N₂吸附、元素分析、Boehm滴定表征微波再生对活性炭孔隙结构和表面化学性质的影响,分析微波再生对活性炭吸附烟气中SO₂的影响规律。结果表明,微波再生功率越高,SO₂再生曲线越窄,峰值浓度越高,有利于载硫活性炭的解吸和高浓度再生气的获取。微波再生对活性炭起到了活化作用,使活性炭的孔结构变狭长。随着微波再生功率的提高,活性炭的微孔比表面积、微孔孔容增加,酸性官能团含量上升,碱性官能团含量下降。100 W再生后,活性炭再生不完全,残留的H₂SO₄影响了活性炭的吸附,活性炭的SO₂吸附性能下降。200、300、400 W工况下,活性炭的SO₂吸附容量均得到提高,且随着再生功率的提高,活性炭的碱性官能团含量上升,微孔比表面积、微孔孔容增加,SO₂吸附性能逐渐增强。