Development of scattering surfaces for concert halls

The degree of diffusion, characterized by the “scattering coefficient” of surface materials, has been known to be one of the most important factors in determining the acoustical qualities of concert halls. Based on the suggested ISO method, which measures the random-incidence scattering coefficient of surfaces in a diffuse field, the scattering coefficients of different sizes and densities of wooden hemispheres and cubes were measured in model-scale reverberation rooms. The results show that hemispheres with a height of more than 15 cm have the highest average (500 Hz to 4 kHz) scattering coefficient. It was also found that the scattering coefficient becomes higher when the diffuser density reaches about 50% for hemispheres and 30% for cubes.     

Characterizing diffusive surfaces using scattering and diffusion coefficients

This paper presents the effects of height and coverage density of diffusive surfaces through the measurements of scattering and diffusion coefficients using scale models. Measurements were conducted using a 1:10 scale model. Scattering coefficients of 1D, 2D, and 3D diffuser profiles as well as diffusion coefficients of the 3D diffuser profile (hemisphere) were measured. It was found that the structural height of the diffuser is closely related to the frequency characteristics of the scattering coefficients, while the coverage density of the diffuser is closely related to the values of the scattering coefficients. Diffusion coefficients were less sensitive to structural height and coverage density than were the scattering coefficients. Using the measurement results, scattering and diffusion coefficients were estimated. In addition, the relationship between scattering and absorption coefficients was discussed.     

Characterization and improvement of absorption and scattering by profiled architectural surfaces without specialized test facilities

A turntable apparatus and measurement procedure, based on ISO 17497-1, were developed for measuring the random-incidence absorption and scattering of surfaces, without specialized facilities. While not highly accurate, they proved adequate for determining the general characteristics of surfaces. Two original profiled wooden architectural surfaces, and a hard, flat reference surface, were characterized, and found to have low absorption and scattering. They were then modified for increased absorption by creating Helmholtz-resonator configurations, obtaining good performance at low- and mid-frequencies. They were also modified for increased scattering, in one case by creating a Schroeder diffuser. In the other case, the surface was integrated into a novel frame-array configuration, which scattered sound very well above 500 Hz.     

周期结构声散射系数的无网格数值计算方法

将无网格思想引入周期结构声散射系数的数值计算,提出两种无网格数值计算模型:边界无网格模型(Boundary Meshless Model,BMM)及无网格平面波分解模型(Meshless Plane Wave Decomposition Model,MPDM),两种模型均可对任意形状周期结构的声散射系数进行计算,其中BMM适用于尺寸有限大的周期结构,而MPDM适用于尺寸无限大的周期结构.详细介绍两种无网格数值计算模型的推导过程,利用两种模型对正弦型周期结构的散射系数进行计算,并与测量实验结果进行对比分析,结果显示两种模型都具有良好的准确性,但BMM相比于MPDM误差更小.最后对两种模型的特点和适用性进行分析.     

Investigation on optical property of diffuser with 3D microstructures

The light diffuser with 3D microstructure is one of the high efficient light diffusers used in LED lighting to realize secondary optical design. The aspect ratio (AR), filling coefficient (FC) and arrangement (A) of microstructure plays an important role in the optical property of light diffuser. The experiment results and simulation results obtained from Light Tools software of light diffuser with microsphere structure used in LED light shows that the optical property of diffuser with microsphere structure whose diameter is from 0.1 mm to 1.0 mm, arranged in hexagon is best with AR of 0.22 and the filling coefficient of 100%.     

Enhancement of scattering of surface plasmon polaritons by surface defects: Technique and results

The intensities of scattering of surface plasmon polaritons by regular surface structures significantly exceed (by several orders of magnitude) the intensities of scattering of evanescent surface waves from these structures. When plasmon polaritons are scattered by diffraction grating grooves a few micrometers wide, the scattering from the trailing edge of a grating groove greatly exceeds the scattering level from the groove leading edge. Some of our original developments are presented that make it possible to put into effect an inexpensive software-hardware optical complex with a wide dynamic range, high sensitivity, and digital lock-in detection based on the use of a computer sound card.     

From a profiled diffuser to an optimized absorber

The quadratic residue diffuser was originally designed for enhanced scattering. Subsequently, however, it has been found that these diffusers can also be designed to produce exceptional absorption. This paper looks into the absorption mechanism of the one-dimensional quadratic residue diffuser. A theory for enhanced absorption is presented. Corresponding experiments have also been done to verify the theory. The usefulness of a resistive layer at the well openings has been verified. A numerical optimization was performed to obtain a better depth sequence. The results clearly show that by arranging the depths of the wells properly in one period, the absorption is considerably better than that of a quadratic residue diffuser.     

周期结构表面散射系数测试及修正方法*

无规入射散射系数是描述结构声反射特性的重要参数,在周期结构等典型扩散体的声学设计和室内声场模拟中具有重要的作用。本文给出了混响室法测试无规入射散射系数的原理,对正弦型周期结构进行了实验测试,并针对测试中存在的缺陷,提出了一种考虑空气间隙吸声的修正方法,经验证具有较好的修正效果。     

Double-scatter Mueller matrices for vector electromagnetic scattering from single grooves and lines on a silicon surface

A recently developed numerical method is used to calculate the single- and double-scattered Mueller matrices for scattering of vector-electromagnetic waves from rough surfaces. Calculations are performed for the case of a single groove and a single rib on a silicon surface and results are compared to the published experimental results. The calculated results show good agreement with the experimental results for the groove case and poorer agreement with the rib case, probably due to errors in the experimental construction of the rib. It is found that, for the cases studied here, variations of the sign with scatter angle in individual Mueller matrix elements are associated with the presence of double- (or multiple-)scattered light, as has been found previously for scalar diffraction calculations in Gaussian randomly rough surfaces.     

Dynamic behaviour of speckle cluster formation

In this work, we analyse the speckle cluster structure generated when a coherently illuminated diffuser is imaged by introducing a multiple aperture pupil mask in front of the lens plane. We demonstrate that the speckle cluster originates from the complex speckle modulation generated by multiple interferences among the wavefront passing through each aperture. The auto-correlation function of the intensity distribution when using a multiple aperture pupil arrangement is calculated. Besides, we demonstrate that the autocorrelation function and the intensity corresponding to a single scattering element of the input are coincident. This result allows interpretation of the dynamics behaviour of the speckle cluster formation by considering the result obtained by a single scattering element. Then, we determine the pupil mask geometrical parameters that control the cluster behaviour and therefore the condition for obtaining a highly repetitive cluster structure that we define as a 'regular cluster'. The theoretical simulations based on the random walk model are in agreement with the experimental results supporting the validity of our approach.     

Homogenization of two-dimensional clusters of rigid rods in air

The scattering of sound waves by circular-shaped clusters consisting of two-dimensional distributions of rigid cylinders in air is studied in the low-frequency limit (homogenization) both theoretically and experimentally. Analytical formulas for the effective density and sound speed are obtained in the framework of multiple scattering. Here, an experimental demonstration is reported in which a cluster of wooden rods acoustically behaves as a cylinder of argon gas. Moreover, evidence is presented indicating the validity of the homogenization in this cluster at frequencies lower than 3 kHz, which corresponds to a wavelength that is only 4 times the parameter of the embedded lattice and is a quarter of the cluster's diameter.     

Accuracy of the random-incidence scattering coefficient measurement

The experimental results presented in this study aim at providing an useful insight into the accuracy of the measurement procedure of the random-incidence scattering coefficient as defined in ISO 17497-1:2004. A systematic experimental investigation has been conducted in a full-scale reverberation room. The tested diffusers are characterized by different geometrical distributions of hollow wooden cubes with an edge length of 20 cm, and different configurations of the measurement set-up. The accuracy of the measurement results has been evaluated considering the contribution of the different undefined aspects of the ISO method such as the microphones height, the air gap underneath the turntable, the sample shape, and the correction of the effects of the absorption and scattering coefficients of the base plate. The results showed that the accuracy of the measurement increases when a more rigid turntable and a circular sample are used, and when the air gap below the turntable is covered. Furthermore, the distance of the microphones from the sample surface was found to affect significantly the results, thus to influence the accuracy of the measurements.     

无缓冲气COIL扩压器流场数值模拟

 以无缓冲气化学氧碘激光器(COIL)实验器件的数据计算得到的混合喷管出口参数平均值作为光腔入口条件，对6种不同构型的扩压器从光腔入口至扩压器出口的流场进行了数值模拟，得出了各流场参数分布；对不同构型扩压器的流场特点、总压恢复性能进行了分析；研究了扩压器出口背压对流场参数的影响。结果表明：对于主流无缓冲气的COIL，等截面扩压器具有较好的压力恢复性能；增大扩压器出口背压可以使扩压器的压力恢复性能提高，然而，较高的背压使激波串向光腔方向移动，从而使光腔流场受到干扰，影响光腔的光束质量。     

Influence of electric and magnetic fields on the shock wave configuration at the diffuser inlet

The possibility is investigated of influencing the shock wave configuration in a xenon plasma flow at the inlet of a supersonic diffuser by applying electric and magnetic fields. Flow patterns resulting from interaction of the plasma with external fields in the entire diffusor volume and its different sections are compared. The patterns are obtained by the Schlieren method using two recording regimes: individual frames or a succession of frames. The study focuses on the normal shock wave formation process under strong MHD interaction over the whole diffuser volume. Basic factors affecting the plasma flow velocity in the diffuser under externally applied fields are compared, namely, the ponderomotive force and the Joule heating of the gas by the electric field, which decelerate the supersonic flow, and the heat removal to the external electric circuit producing the opposite effect. It has been shown that the external fields are most effective if applied to the inlet part of the diffuser, while the flow in the diffuser section, where there is a large density of dissipative structures, is not readily responsive to external factors. It is suggested that the measure of response can be estimated by the energy that goes to the shock wave formation as a result of the flow interaction with the diffuser walls.     

一维周期与准周期排列沟槽结构的流体减阻特性研究

本文设计了具有相同平均沟槽密度的三种排列类型的一维沟槽结构: 密排列、周期间隔排列和两种准周期间隔排列, 并采用数值模拟和实验验证相结合的方法研究了一维沟槽结构在不同排列下的流体减阻特性. 模拟计算分析流场特征和总阻力, 发现相对于密排列和周期间隔排列的沟槽结构, 准周期间隔排列具有更好的减阻特性, 并且这一结果得到减阻实验的验证. 通过流场分布特性进一步分析沟槽结构的减阻机理. 机理分析发现高速流在经一维准周期结构的扰动波调制后形成了准周期间隔排列的速度条纹相, 这有效地抑制了大涡在流向和展向上的形成, 从而实现较大幅度的减阻. 同时对比分析沟槽排列结构调制展向涡和流向涡各自对流动减阻的贡献, 结果表明, 调制流向涡对减阻的作用更大. 关键词： 流体减阻 沟槽结构 准周期     

Electromagnetic waves scattering by cylindrical dielectric structures: Application to microwave devices design

A method which allows us to analyze the electromagnetic scattering characteristics of multiple discontinuities in shielded dielectric waveguides is presented. There are not restrictions both geometry of the cross section and electrical parameters of the dielectrics which are assumed to be linear, inhomogeneous, isotropic and free from losses. Each discontinuity is analyzed combining a modal matching technique with a generalized telegraphist's equations formulation; in this way, we obtain its scattering matrix. By using the concept of the generalized scattering matrix of two discontinuities, the equivalent generalized scattering matrix (EGSM) of the cascaded set is calculated. Theoretical and experimental results were obtained for different dielectric structures such as dielectric posts, isolated and coupled, as well as dielectric waveguides with circular cross section connected by means of abrupt and gradual transitions. The experimental values for the scattering properties show a good agrement with the theoretical ones. This study has shown the possibility of using cylindrical dielectric structures to design microwave devices such as: resonators, power-dividers and filters.     

Prediction of sound absorption of a periodic groove structure with rectangular profile

Sound absorption of a periodic groove structure with rectangular profile is studied in this paper. On the basis of De Bruijn’s theory, by conducting matrix manipulation in MATLAB, a good prediction of the sound absorption of a periodic groove structure is obtained. Experiments in the Kundt’s tube are carried out and the results match the calculation well. This series of experiments and computation show that with the same period and the same ratio of absorber, groove structures have a much better sound absorbing ability than flat surface structures. Besides, a parametric survey has been done on the performance of the periodic groove structure and porous absorber as well. The parameters are the period of the surface, the ratio of the absorber, the depth of the groove, and the thickness, the flow resistivity, the open volume porosity and the structure factor of the porous absorber. Based on this survey, a periodic groove structure, as well as the porous absorber, with required sound absorbing capability can be created by arranging these parameters suitably.     

一种控制矩形光刻胶光栅槽深和占宽比的方法

利用光刻胶的非线性效应可以制作出了矩形的全息光栅。制作矩形光栅时,对槽形的控制被简化为对槽深和占宽比这两个参量的控制。首先借助实时潜像监测技术获得最佳曝光量,然后根据显影监测曲线的特征找出光栅槽底的残胶厚度为零的显影时刻,就能得到槽底干净的矩形光栅,同时保证槽深近似等于光刻胶的初始厚度;如果此后继续显影,就能适度减小占宽比。实验结果和理论分析都证实了这种控制方法的可靠性。对1200lp／mm的光栅,目前工艺能精确调控的最大槽深为1μm,占宽比在0．2～0．6范围内。实验还揭示,为了提高对光栅槽形的调控能力,必须首先提高干涉条纹的稳定性。     

离心压气机楔形扩压器设计及改进方法研究

本文针对一总压比为11,质量流量为2.98kg/s的单级离心压气机进行了设计.其中扩压器为楔形扩压器,蜗壳为圆截面对称结构。通过数值计算得到其性能曲线和流场分布,探究了楔形扩压器进口安装角对压气机性能的影响,并对其叶型进行改进设计,最后为其匹配蜗壳得到整级的性能曲线.结果表明采用较大的正冲角、曲线轮廓楔形扩压器性能较高,改进完成后整级等熵效率为81.04%,压比为12.73.     

不同周期数牛眼结构对基于伪表面等离子激发的太赫兹透射的影响

为研究不同周期数的牛眼结构对太赫兹透射的影响,本文利用微机械加工方法,在铝板上分别制作5个圆环凹槽和15个圆环凹槽两种牛眼结构,并利用时域太赫兹波谱系统,对比了这两种不同周期数的牛眼结构的太赫兹时域信号和频域信号.实验结果显示,0.1~2.7THz宽频太赫兹参考信号可以被两种不同周期数的牛眼结构滤成窄带信号,中心峰值均在约0.53THz处,在该值处,5个圆环凹槽的透射率约为55.7%,15个圆环凹槽的透射率约为68.3%,1THz以上高频信号都被基本滤除,小周期数样品与大周期数样品太赫兹透射谱信号带宽与幅值的差别主要是由于周期性展开不足及边缘泄漏所引起.本文利用伪表面等离子理论解释了滤波效果,并通过有限元方法模拟仿真了宽频太赫兹信号通过不同周期数的牛眼结构后的样品信号,模拟结果与实验结果符合得较好,证实了不同周期数的牛眼结构对太赫兹电磁波的增透效应是不同的.