Application of moiré technique to the measurement of modulation transfer functions (MTF) of printing systems

It is shown theoretically and verified experimentally that by writing a low spatial frequency Ronchi grating by a computer and printing two copies of it on two transparencies by a printer, the modulation transfer function (MTF) of the printed image can be evaluated by measuring the transmittance of the superimposed gratings in a moiré fringe spacing. Application of the technique is quite simple and the results are reasonably reproducible. The technique does not require a high sensitive intensity detector and a very narrow slit for transmission scanning. Also, the presented technique can be applied to other imaging systems.     

Moiré displacement measurement technique for a linear encoder

The light intensity diffracted from superimposed dual transmission gratings is sensitive to their relative lateral displacement but is also affected by changes in the air gap between them. Averaging the diffracted light intensities obtained in the gap range of a Fourier image distance, the resultant intensity was almost independent of the gap between the two gratings and had a period of half the pitch of the grating for the lateral displacement. This method can be used for a linear encoder in precision machining.     

Application of digital phase-shift shadow Moiré to micro deformation measurements of curved surfaces

The shortcomings of conventional shadow Moiré topography have in the past been improved by means of the phase-shift method which enhances the sensitivity and allows to process the fringe patterns automatically. This paper presents a digital implementation of the phase-shifting process, which requires only one image to be taken. The grating lines, projected onto the deformed object surface, are captured directly with a digital camera. Next the reference grating is superimposed numerically onto the projected grating lines. Then a number of phase-shifts are performed taking into account the non-linearities in the expression for the height-dependent intensity field. Experimental results prove that these non-linearities can considerably affect the micro deformation measurements of curved surfaces. The proposed method is very efficient and eliminates all causes of erroneous measurements due to the miscalibration of phase-stepping devices.     

Shadow Moiré method for the determination of the source position in three-dimensional shearography

Shearography is a full-field non-contact optical technique used for characterisation of surface strain. In a multi-component system, the displacement derivative components are measured using a number of illumination positions. These components are then transformed into a three-dimensional coordinate system, using a knowledge of the source positions. This process is highly sensitive to errors in the knowledge of the source position. Shadow Moiré, with either linear or circular gratings, can be used to measure angle of illumination, with the measurement sensitivity and accuracy variable by changing the grating pitch. Circular gratings have a measurement range determined by multiple fringe analysis and linear gratings have a different measurement range determined by sub-fringe analysis. In this paper vertical linear, horizontal linear and circular gratings are combined to extend the measurement range and the accuracy of the measurement of the source position in two directions. Using this method the source position was measured to an accuracy of ±3%.     

Whole-field analysis of uniaxial tensile tests by Moiré interferometry

Moiré interferometry—a high sensitivity whole-field optical technique—was used to follow the evolution of the deformation process of an aluminium sample subjected to a uniaxial tensile test. This technique allowed us to measure the two in-plane displacement components undergone by the sample, to evaluate the strain, stress and rotation fields, and to appreciate the trends in the deformation pattern that characterized the different stages of the test. Through a subtraction process between fields obtained at two different load levels, we were able to identify the area where strains began to localize and to observe the appearance of the diffuse neck.     

On the visualization of heterogeneous plastic strains by Moiré interferometry

Moiré interferometry is a valuable tool for investigations of the mechanics of materials. It is characterized by high-sensitivity and full-field capability. In this paper, the applicability of moiré interferometry and microscopic magnification to the visualization of the heterogeneous nature of the plastic strains in a polycrystalline material is considered. Plastic deformation of a coarse-grained aluminum is considered in detail.     

Light-reflection random-target method for measurement of the modulation transfer function of a digital video-camera

This article reports the suggestion, realization and verification of the newly developed measuring means of the noiseless and locally shift-invariant modulation transfer function (MTF) of a digital video camera in a usual incoherent visible region of optical intensity, especially of its combined imaging, detection, sampling and digitizing steps which are influenced by the additive and spatially discrete photodetector, aliasing and quantization noises. Such means relates to the still camera automatic working regime and static two-dimensional spatially continuous light-reflection random target of white-noise property. The introduced theoretical reason for such a random-target method is also performed under exploitation of the proposed simulation model of the linear optical intensity response and possibility to express the resultant MTF by a normalized and smoothed rate of the ascertainable output and input power spectral densities. The random-target and resultant image-data were obtained and processed by means of a processing and evaluational PC with computation programs developed on the basis of MATLAB 6.5. The present examples of results and other obtained results of the performed measurements demonstrate the sufficient repeatability and acceptability of the described method for comparative evaluations of the performance of digital video cameras under various conditions.     

Analysis of CCD moiré pattern for micro-range measurements using the wavelet transform

A new approach based on the moiré theory and wavelet transform (WT) is proposed for measuring the micro-range distance between a charge-couple-device (CCD) camera and a two-dimensional reference grating. The micro-range distance is determined by measuring the pitch of the moiré pattern image, which is digitized by a CCD camera. A one-dimensional WT algorithm is applied to estimate the pitch of the moiré pattern. Experimental results prove that this technique is very efficient and highly accurate. The moiré range finder is an economic technique for measuring a micro-range distance.     

Specification of spectral line shape and multiplex dispersion by self-imaging and moiré technique

Due to finite width of a spectral line, the visibility of the moiré fringes formed by a grating and the self-image of another similar grating reduces by the increase of the self-image order. This effect is exploited to specify the spectral line shape by evaluating the Fourier transform of a function related to the visibility. Even, by using in-expensive optics, the technique can provide the spectral line shapes of rather broad widths—of the order of nanometer and more—by precisions that are comparable by those obtained by expensive Fourier transform spectrometers.Besides, it is shown that by comparing the line shapes obtained with and without a dispersive medium between the gratings, one can specify the dispersion function of the medium in the wavelength range covered by the spectrum.     

The aberration and the modulation transfer function in LASEK and LASIK: Pupil size dependence

The wave-front aberrations on the postoperative eyes with two different type of excimer laser surgery have been measured by a Hartmann-Shack wave-front sensor. We have calculated the aberrations for both 3 and 6 mm pupils, and with which to acquire the MTF of the eye. There are no significant differences in wave-front aberrations postoperatively (P>0.05) for 3 mm pupil size, but with 6 mm pupil, LASIK-treated eyes exhibit significant higher aberrations than LASEK-treated eyes for 4th and 5th-order aberrations. For individual Zernike terms, there are significant difference in , and . The MTF for 6 mm pupil is much lower than those for 3 mm pupil across all spatial frequencies. The LASEK curve shows higher than that with LASIK at spatial frequencies less than 60 c/d, which means that the optical quality in LASEK-treated eyes showed better than in LASIK-treated eyes.     

Numerical simulation of the modulation transfer function in planar InGaAs dense arrays

Three-dimensional simulation methodology has been used to evaluate the performance of lattice matched InGaAs/InP double layer planar heterointerface detector arrays. The device characteristics under optical illumination and dark conditions have been computed. The modulation transfer function (MTF) profiles have been calculated with varying device geometries and carrier dynamics. It is found that the p well diffusion radius and minority carrier recombination play important roles in the MTF behaviors of dense arrays. Moderate p well diffusion dimension should be used to balance the device performances between the dark current and MTF profile. Moreover, better MTF characteristic under low light condition can be achieved with higher quality material which has longer recombination lifetime. The influences of underlying mechanisms including photon generated carriers diffusion and carrier recombination processes have been discussed. These simulation methods and results should provide a useful tool for the evaluation and improvement of imaging power of InGaAs focal plane arrays.     

A simple method to unwrap the geometrically discontinuous phase map and its application in the measurement of IC package

Research on the techniques to unwrap the geometrically discontinuous phase map is an active area during the past decade, various algorithm are developed. Basically, these algorithms need a prior knowledge about the spatial extension of the discontinuity area in the sample for correct phase unwrapping, manual mask is often involved and negate the sense of automatic processing to fringe patterns. More ever, current phase unwrapping algorithms are either computationally complex or highly time consuming. In this paper, a refined method is proposed to deal with the geometrical discontinuity problem in an improved automation sense: suppression of background noise and recognition of discontinuity area in the phase map can be finished in the same time, and discontinuous phase map can be unwrapped in a simple way to avoid the effect of discontinuity area. An example of electronic package with complex shape and structure is used to verify the efficiency of this method.     

The gated integration technique for the accurate measurement of the autocorrelation function of speckle intensities scattered from random phase screens

A new approach based on the gated integration technique is proposed for the accurate measurement of the autocorrelation function of speckle intensities scattered from a random phase screen. The Boxcar used for this technique in the acquisition of the speckle intensity data integrates the photoelectric signal during its sampling gate open, and it repeats the sampling by a preset number, m. The average analog of the m samplings output by the Boxcar enhances the signal-to-noise ratio by , because the repeated sampling and the average make the useful speckle signals stable, while the randomly varied photoelectric noise is suppressed by . In the experiment, we use an analog-to-digital converter module to synchronize all the actions such as the stepped movement of the phase screen, the repeated sampling, the readout of the averaged output of the Boxcar, etc. The experimental results show that speckle signals are better recovered from contaminated signals, and the autocorrelation function with the secondary maximum is obtained, indicating that the accuracy of the measurement of the autocorrelation function is greatly improved by the gated integration technique.     

Finite fringe moiré deflectometry for the measurement of radius of curvature: an alternative approach

Moiré deflectometry, based on infinite fringe detection, is a sensitive and advantageous method for the precise measurement of optical parameters. An alternative approach, based on accurate finite-fringe detection moiré deflectometry, is described for the measurement of radius of curvature. An error estimation of the method, supported by experimental verification, is also presented. Extension of the method for the measurement of a long radius of curvature has also been suggested.     

Electron moiré method and its application to micro-deformation measurement

In this paper, the single and two deposited metal layers method were proposed to produce the model grating for electron moiré method. The measurement principle of electron moiré method and the techniques for manufacturing model grid are expounded in detail. The accuracy of measuring strain using this method is discussed. The gratings with single deposited layer and two deposited layers with high frequency up to 5000 lines/mm were produced on different substrates. From the experimental results, both single deposited metal layer and two deposited metal layers gratings showed their heat resistance ability. Using the gratings produced and a replicated model grid, the electron moiré method was applied to measure the deformation of the strain around holes in a polyimide resin substrate, thermal strain of electronic packaging component and tensile creep around grain boundary in a pure copper specimen.     

Scanning moiré and spatial-offset phase-stepping for surface inspection of structures

In order to develop a high-speed and accurate surface inspection system of structures such as tunnels, a new surface profile measurement method using linear array sensors is studied. The sinusoidal grating is projected on a structure surface. Then, the deformed grating is scanned by linear array sensors that move together with the grating projector. The phase of the grating is analyzed by a spatial offset phase-stepping method to perform accurate measurement. The surface profile measurements of the wall with bricks and the concrete surface of a structure are demonstrated using the proposed method. The change of geometry or fabric of structures and the defects on structure surfaces can be detected by the proposed method. It is expected that the surface profile inspection system of tunnels measuring from a running train can be constructed based on the proposed method.     

推扫式线阵TDI CCD扫描调制传递函数分析

 根据线阵TDI CCD离散采样的特点,以采样间距内成像调制度均值为基础,构建了推扫成像模式下线阵TDI CCD扫描方向的调制传递函数。该调制传递函数的数值分析表明：对于像元为10 μm的线阵TDI CCD,行转移驱动时钟相数为4, 3或2时,Nyquist频率处调制传递函数值分别为0.363,0.333或0.255;行频误差为1%及3%时,不同积分级数下调制传递函数变化曲线表明,增大行频误差及增加积分级数将使调制传递函数值减小,图像分辨率降低。成像实验结果符合所构建调制传递函数的定量分析结论。     

光栅图像传输法测量海水光学传递函数

根据成像系统光学传递函数的相乘率,用刻有不同空间频率光栅的目标板,研究了在有水体和无水体情况下,光栅图像的传输情况。然后运用mathcad2001软件对采集到的光栅图像进行分析和计算,获得海水的光学传递函数。通过人为地改变水体长度、水中悬浮物质浓度和水体含盐量等,定性地研究了影响海水光学传递函数的因素。该测量方法在激光水下成像、水下目标探测以及对潜激光通信都将具有重要的推广应用价值。     

Nonlinear optical responses of Sudan IV doped liquid crystal by z-scan and moiré deflectometry techniques

The nonlinear optical properties of a nematic liquid crystal doped with an azo dye were investigated. The magnitude and the sign of the third-order nonlinear refractive index, n₂, were measured using both single-beam z-scan and moiré deflectometry techniques. The measurements were performed at 532 nm using a Nd:Yag CW laser. The positive sign showed that sample which was studied possess a self-focusing optical nonlinearity. Rather close agreement was found between the values for n₂ obtained by z-scan and by moiré deflectometry. The nonlinear refractive index was found to be in the order of 10^− 6 (cm²/W) and the nonlinear absorption coefficient to be β = 0.171 (cm/W).     

非理想情况下的CCD调制传递函数的综合表示方法

从理论上讨论了沟道类型对CCD调制传递函数的影响,并在前期工作的基础上给出了非理想情况下的CCD调制传递函数的综合表示方法。利用数值模拟的方法对非理想情况下的CCD调制传递函数与理想情况下的CCD调制传递函数进行了比较。