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1指导思想与理论依据水溶液中的离子平衡是重要的化学原理,它具有较严密的逻辑性,是适用于几乎所有在溶液中进行的化学反应的普遍规律。这些原理需要由特殊到一般、由具体到抽象、由现象到本质的教学过程,才能使学生正确认识、掌握并灵活运用,需要在感性认识和理性认识的不断循环中进行归纳和演绎等逻辑推理。 相似文献
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以“镁和碳酸氢钠溶液反应”的实验探究过程为例,针对镁和碳酸氢钠溶液反应比镁和水反应速率快这一现象,运用控制变量法和数字化实验,探究了气体产物成分和使速率加快的原因。凸显学生自主生成的实验探究活动在提升学生科学探究与创新意识、证据推理与模型认知等化学核心素养中的重要作用;归纳了解决实验探究问题的一般思维路径;更好地说明化学是一门以实验为基础的科学。 相似文献
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首先,通过对氯水体系中存在的化学过程进行全面深入地综合分析,旨在厘清氯水是由多种分子﹑多种离子和多种自由基组成的复杂的氧化还原系统;其次,通过设计6个实验对氯水在不同条件下的漂白作用进行科学探究,并对实验结果给予科学合理的解释;最后,科学地归纳出氯水的漂白作用是一个多种成分协同作用的过程,影响因素很多,但“主角”仍是次氯酸,并对其漂白作用的化学原理给予科学阐释。 相似文献
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科学探究是化学学科核心素养之一,而探究性试题是检验学生探究能力及思维品质的重要方式。按照科学探究的过程,结合现有的纸笔考试形式,可将探究性试题中的探究要素分为提出问题、猜想与假设、制定计划、进行验证、获取证据、解释与结论、反思与评价、迁移与应用等几个方面。命制化学探究性试题时,要根据化学学科核心素养的培养目标,科学、灵活地设计探究环节中的各要素,有效提升探究性试题的考查功效。 相似文献
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以高中化学中“过氧化钠与水的反应”的定量化实验探究过程为例,针对反应后滴入酚酞时溶液立即变深红色,随后颜色逐渐变浅甚至褪色的反常现象,通过控制变量,多角度探析了反应历程。凸显定量化的实验活动在提升学生实验探究与创新意识、证据推理与模型认知等化学核心素养中的重要作用;归纳了元素化合物模块的实验教学活动的一般思路;更好地说明化学是一门以实验为基础的科学。 相似文献
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论化学教学中学生得出结论能力的发展 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
认识、理解、实践科学探究,是当前推进化学新课程的一项重要工作;要想使学生科学探究能力的发展真正落实到实处,就必须对科学探究能力的构成要素进行精细化研究。基于发展科学探究能力与提高学生的科学素养、得出结论能力与科学探究能力之间的关系,本文认为,得出结论能力是一项重要的化学教学目标。文中对化学教学中结论的含义及其多种具体表现形式进行了探讨,认为,化学教学中“结论”的含义已经发生了变化,不再仅仅是过去意义上的认知性结论,而且,还包括在观念、情感、态度与价值观方面的体验性结论。文中认为比较与分类、归纳与概括、体验等是得出化学结论的基本方法,并对化学教学中发展学生得出问题能力的教学策略进行了探讨。 相似文献
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19世纪中叶,顺铂在实验室意外合成。18世纪末到19世纪80年代,以原子-分子论为基础的配合物理论,对顺铂结构的探索从依赖宏观现象和经验归纳发展为微观层面的假说演绎。19世纪末,电子的发现使得配合物理论进入电子时代,并因此对顺铂结构有了新的解释。20世纪60年代,顺铂的抗癌价值得以发现,至今仍不断改良顺铂以减弱其副作用。顺铂的合成和抗癌应用过程,包含着对物质由表及里的认识过程,展现了化学家认识物质、改造物质的动态发展过程,对化学研究和化学教育均有重要的启示。 相似文献
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以“质量守恒定律”为例,选取科学革命、科学问题、科学实验、归纳与重复、解释与预测等几个视角对科学课堂教学的各个环节进行了分析。通过分析,各环节中所蕴含的科学哲学内容得以显现,对科学课堂教学的认识更为全面,对科学本质的认识更加深刻。 相似文献
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Sibel Erduran 《Foundations of Chemistry》2007,9(3):247-263
In this paper, domain-specificity is presented as an understudied problem in chemical education. This argument is unpacked
by drawing from two bodies of literature: learning of science and epistemology of science, both themes that have cognitive
as well as philosophical undertones. The wider context is students’ engagement in scientific inquiry, an important goal for
science education and one that has not been well executed in everyday classrooms. The focus on science learning illustrates
the role of domain specificity in scientific reasoning. The discussion on epistemology of science presents ideas from the
emerging field of philosophy of chemistry to highlight the much neglected area of epistemology in chemical education. Domain-specificity
is exemplified in the context of chemical laws, in particular the Periodic Law. The applications of the discussion for chemical
education are explored in relation to argumentation, itself an epistemologically grounded discourse pattern in science. The
overall implications include the need for reconceptualization of the nature of teaching and learning in chemistry to include
more particular epistemological aspects of chemistry. 相似文献
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Franz M. Wuketits 《Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry》1987,326(4):320-323
Summary It is shown that scientific research is not a linear process of information gaining, of accumulating data and facts, but is rather to be characterized by a model showing the cyclic structure of data gathering and construction of theories, of inductive and deductive methods. Analytical and synthetic methods are linked together and are building inseparable components of the texture of science.
Presented at the First International Symposium on History and Philosophy in Analytical Chemistry, Vienna, November 22–23, 1985 相似文献
Synthetisches und analytisches Denken
Presented at the First International Symposium on History and Philosophy in Analytical Chemistry, Vienna, November 22–23, 1985 相似文献
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围绕“海带中碘的检验和提取”和“甘露醇的提取”2个社会生活情境展开,通过流程图的制作、流程问题的探讨、实验的具体操作以及课后拓展研究等4组任务,来完成“溶解现象”章节复习,建构工业流程的认知模型,理解“溶解、溶液、溶解度、结晶”等学科概念,渗透元素观、微粒观、平衡观等学科观念,发展设计探究实验、数据分析与证据推理等学科关键能力。 相似文献
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Hanns Malissa 《Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry》1987,326(4):324-330
Summary The extremely powerful development of Analytical Chemistry in basic instrumentation as well as in reflection to science, technology, environment etc. and the big progress in computerization and automation urge the need of philosophical consideration in order not to get lost again as pure handicraft. The time is ripe to discuss whether Analytical Chemistry — or better: Analytics — is an own science or not. For this reason an attempt is made — as a preliminary step to look behind the modern philosophy of analysis. Two things become clear: First, the answer given depends on the type of question and secondly the truth problem can only be solved by using hyperbolic approaches. Furthermore, it becomes clear: Analytical Chemistry is an inductive as well as a deductive science.
Presented at the First International Symposium on History and Philosophy in Analytical Chemistry, Vienna, November 22–23, 1985 相似文献
Analytische Chemie: Aschenputtel oder Herrin der Wissenschaft — deduktiv oder induktiv
Presented at the First International Symposium on History and Philosophy in Analytical Chemistry, Vienna, November 22–23, 1985 相似文献
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范式是由持有相同研究信念的研究者自发形成的一种规范,它有共同的问题域及解决问题的基本框架、解题思路与方法。化学教学论研究范式的缺陷是客观存在的,其原因是多方面的。化学教学论研究范式的转换,可由“移植”研究转向“本体”研究,由“演绎”研究转向“归纳”研究。 相似文献
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Robert M. Richman 《Foundations of Chemistry》1999,1(2):173-181
Atomic states are rigorously characterized by the total orbital angular momentum and the total spin angular momentum, but chemists persist in the use of electron configurations based on one-electron quantum numbers and simplified rules for predicting ground state configurations. This practice is defended against two lines of criticism, and its use in teaching chemistry is encouraged with the claim that the inductive approach of Mendeleev and the deductive approach initiated by Schrödinger compose the consummate example of that interaction of empirical and rational epistemologies that defines how chemists think. 相似文献
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Improved interactive tutoring capabilities in educational software for chemistry problem solving is an important need that has been clearly articulated by teachers and students. The purpose of this work is to examine the incorporation of new concepts from the field of artificial intelligence (AI) as a route to meaningful individualized tutoring. The basic shift is to replace specific foreknowledge of problems with a direct representation of chemical and pedagogical principles and then simulate reasoning using these principles to tutor students. To assess the potential of an AI-based approach, we have developed a prototype tutorial program for balancing chemical equations that contains two important advances. First, the system can create a worked-out solution with detailed explanations for any equation entered by the student or teacher. Unlike a conventional tutorial, this is done dynamically, without the equation being stored ahead of time. Second, the program can interactively answer a variety of detailed questions about its work at each step. Studying worked-out examples plays an important role in learning, and this approach to supporting interactive student inquiry is being investigated as a method of cognitive modeling and apprenticeship intended to foster the students own self-explanation and question-asking abilities. 相似文献
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合成多肽疫苗研究进展 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
许家喜 《高等学校化学学报》2000,21(11):1688-1693
综述了合成多肽疫苗的研究进展,系统地介绍了目前寻找抗原肽的各种方法以及各类可用作疫苗接种的合成多肽抗原的制备和应用. 相似文献