Effects of total CH4/Ar gas pressure on the structures and field electron emission properties of carbon nanomaterials grown by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition

The effects of total CH₄/Ar gas pressure on the growth of carbon nanomaterials on Si (1 0 0) substrate covered with CoO nanoparticles, using plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), were investigated. The structures of obtained products were correlated with the total gas pressure and changed from pure carbon nanotubes (CNTs) through hybrid CNTs/graphene sheets (GSs), to pure GSs as the total gas pressure changed from 20 to 4 Torr. The total gas pressure influenced the density of hydrogen radicals and Ar ions in chamber, which in turn determined the degree of how CoO nanoparticles were deoxidized and ion bombardment energy that governed the final carbon nanomaterials. Moreover, the obtained hybrid CNTs/GSs exhibited a lower turn-on field (1.4 V/μm) emission, compared to either 2.7 V/μm for pure CNTs or 2.2 V/μm for pure GSs, at current density of 10 μA/cm².     

Cylindrical and spherical electron-acoustic Gardner solitons and double layers in a two-electron-temperature plasma with nonthermal ions

Cylindrical and spherical Gardner solitons (GSs) and double layers (DLs) in a two-electron-temperature plasma system (containing cold electrons, hot electrons obeying a Boltzmann distribution, and hot ions obeying a nonthermal distribution) are studied by employing the reductive perturbation method. The modified Gardner equation describing the nonlinear propagation of the electron-acoustic (EA) waves is derived, and its nonplanar GS and DL solutions are numerically analyzed. The parametric regimes for the existence of GSs, which are associated with both positive and negative potential, and DLs which are associated with positive potential, are obtained. The basic features of nonplanar EA GSs, and DLs, which are found to be different from planar ones, are also identified. The implications of our results in space and laboratory plasmas are briefly discussed.     

Gap soliton in a waveguide array with a saturating defocusing nonlinearity

We investigate radiation of the solitary waves in the first band gap of the waveguide array with a defocusing nonlinearities of different types (Kerr nonlinearity and saturating nonlinearity). We confirm recent findings that gap solitons (GSs) are unstable for their eigenfrequencies around the middle of the band gap for Kerr nonlinearity. The instability is mediated by four-wave mixing process and appears in the form of radiation of solitons into mode continua of the upper and lower bands. We find that this soliton radiation is reduced (and even suppressed completely) in case of a saturating nonlinearity, resulting in substantial stabilization of the GSs.     

Disordered ground states for classical discrete-state problems in one dimension

It is known that one-dimensional lattice problems with a discrete, finite set of states per site generically have periodic ground states (GSs). We consider slightly less generic cases, in which the Hamiltonian is constrained by either spin (S) or spatial (I) inversion symmetry (or both). We show that such constraints give rise to the possibility ofdisordered GSs over a finite fraction of the coupling-parameter space—that is, without invoking any nongeneric fine tuning of coupling constants, beyond that arising from symmetry. We find that such disordered GSs can arise for many values of the number of statesk at each site and the ranger of the interaction. The Ising (k=2) case is the least prone to disorder:I symmetry allows for disordered GSs (without fine tuning) only forr5, whileS symmetry never gives rise to disordered GSs.     

Gap solitons in a model of a superfluid fermion gas in optical lattices

We consider a dynamical model for a Fermi gas in the Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) superfluid state, trapped in a combination of a 1D or 2D optical lattice (OL) and a tight parabolic potential, acting in the transverse direction(s). The model is based on an equation for the order parameter (wave function), which is derived from the energy density for the weakly coupled BCS superfluid. The equation includes a nonlinear self-repulsive term of power 7/3, which accounts for the Fermi pressure. Reducing the equation to the 1D or 2D form, we construct families of stable 1D and 2D gap solitons (GSs) by means of numerical simulations, which are guided by the variational approximation (VA). The GSs are, chiefly, compact objects trapped in a single cell of the OL potential. In the linear limit, the VA predicts almost exact positions of narrow Bloch bands that separate the semi-infinite and first finite gaps, as well as the first and second finite ones. Families of stable even and odd bound states of 1D GSs are constructed, too. We also demonstrate that the GS can be dragged without much distortion by an OL moving at a moderate velocity (, in physical units). The predicted GSs contain ∼10³-10⁴ and ∼10³ atoms per 1D and 2D settings, respectively.     

Absolute thickness measurement of pyrolytic graphite spheroids by STEM-EELS

This paper studies the absolute thickness measurement of pyrolytic graphite spheroids (GSs) by using STEM-EELS mode with log-ratio method and Kramers-Kroning (K-K) method, taking the measured thickness from TEM image as reference that is the diameter of GSs ranging from 60 to 250 nm. The effect of collection semi-angle (β) on thickness measurement has been investigated. It is found that in general the thickness obtained by K-K analysis with surface effect corrected shows the best accuracy, followed by K-K sum rule and then log-ratio method for the three different collection semi-angles of 12.4, 17.3 and 21.1 mrad applied. Of these angles, the smallest one gives an overestimated result and the largest one gives an underestimated result, whereas between the two, the angle of 17.3 mrad that is about 2x convergence semi-angle (9.0 mrad) is identified as more appropriate for K-K analysis. The surface-scattering correction, inelastic mean free path of GS and effect of refractive index n on thickness measurement for different β angles are also investigated. Moreover, the optical property deduced from the data collected at the center of graphite spheroid, which is related to its microstructure, is characterized by K-K analysis.     

Finite-dimensional model for defect-trapped light in planar periodic nonlinear structures

We study the dynamics of 2D gap solitons (GSs) in Bragg resonant nonlinear (photonic) gratings in the presence of localized defects. Previous work [Stud. Appl. Math.115, 209 (2005)] explains the mechanism of trapping the GS-carried energy at a defect via a resonant energy transfer from the GS into defect modes. We derive a finite-dimensional model that describes the evolution of the defect-trapped state as an interaction of linear defect modes and show that this model approximates the full dynamics very well in the regime when moderate amounts of GS energy are trapped.     

Effect of superthermal electrons on dust-acoustic Gardner solitons in nonplanar geometry

The properties of nonplanar (cylindrical and spherical) dust-acoustic solitary waves (DASWs) in an unmagnetized, collisionless three-component dusty plasma, whose constituents are negatively charged cold dust fluid, superthermal/non-Maxwellian electrons (represented by kappa distribution) and Boltzmann distributed ions, are investigated by deriving the modified Gardner (MG) equation. The well-known reductive perturbation method is employed to derive the MG equation. The basic features of nonplanar DA Gardner solitons (GSs) are discussed. It is seen that the properties of nonplanar DAGSs (positive and negative) significantly differ as the value of spectral index κ changes.     

Different Charging-Induced Modulations of Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital Energies in Fullerenes in Comparison with Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene Sheets

The highest occupied molecular orbital(HOMO) energies of fullerenes are found by quantitative first-principles calculations to be raised by negative charging, and the rising rate rank of the fullerenes is C_(60) C_(70) C_(80) C_(90)C_(100) C_(180). Then we compare fullerenes with carbon nanotubes(CNTs) and graphene sheets(GSs) and find that the increase of the HOMO energy of a fullerene is much faster than that of CNTs and graphene sheets with the same number of C atoms. The rising rate rank is fullereneCNTGS, which holds no matter what the number of C atoms is or which structure the fullerene isomer is. This work paves a new path for developing all-carbon devices with low-dimensional carbon nanomaterials as different functional elements.     

A reevaluation of the assignment of the vibrational fundamentals and the rotational analysis of bands in the high-resolution infrared spectra of trans- and cis-1,3,5-hexatriene

Assignments of the vibrational fundamentals of cis- and trans-1,3,5-hexatriene are reevaluated with new infrared and Raman spectra and with quantum chemical predictions of intensities and anharmonic frequencies. The rotational structure is analyzed in the high-resolution (0.0013-0.0018 cm⁻¹) infrared spectra of three C-type bands of the trans isomer and two C-type bands of the cis isomer. The bands for the trans isomer are at 1010.96 cm⁻¹ (ν₁₄), 900.908 cm⁻¹ (ν₁₆), and 683.46 cm⁻¹ (ν₁₇). Ground state (GS) rotational constants have been fitted to the combined ground state combination differences (GSCDs) for the three bands of the trans isomer. The bands for the cis isomer are at 907.70 cm⁻¹ (ν₃₃) and 587.89 cm⁻¹ (ν₃₅). GS rotational constants have been fitted to the combined GSCDs for the two bands of the cis isomer and compared with those obtained from microwave spectroscopy. Small inertial defects in the GSs confirm that both molecules are planar. Upper state rotational constants were fitted for all five bands.     

ICP-MS/ICP-AES测定小麦穗离体培养籽粒营养元素及重金属含量

环境中重金属污染会导致谷物营养缺乏、代谢紊乱.借助ICP-MS/ICP-AES系统和离体穗培养方法,准确测定灌浆期不同浓度铜、镉(0,5,15,45 mg·L-1)处理对籽粒营养元素及重金属元素含量的影响.结果显示,不司浓度铜、镉处理显著降低小麦粒重;外源铜促进了籽粒P,K,Mg,Ca,Na,Mn和Zn含量的增加,抑制了 Fe和B的吸收.镉的加入对小麦籽粒P,K,Ca,Mg和Mn的吸收起促进作用,然而对Na,Fe,Zn和B的吸收起拮抗作用.外源铜、镉抑制小麦籽粒对Hg的积累,但籽粒Cu和Cd含量最高分别超过国家食品卫生标准的55和62倍,存在极大安全隐患.     

INAA for determination of trace elements in bottom sediments of the Selenga river basin in Mongolia

Instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) was used for the determination of major, minor and trace elements in samples of bottom sediments of the inflows of the Selenga river basin to assess the impact of the contamination from the industrial complex Erdenet and other industrial enterprises in Mongolia. A total of 42 elements (Na, Mg, Cl, K, Ca, Al, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Br, Sr, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Sb, Cs, Ba, La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Tb, Dy, Tm, Hf, Ta, W, Au, Hg, Th, and U) was determined by combination of conventional and epithermal neutron activation analysis at the IBR-2 reactor, FLNP JINR, Dubna. For the first time such a large set of elements was used for characterization of the bottom sediments as accumulating media which may reflect industrial contamination of the water basin. The concentrations of heavy metals and other trace elements in the samples from three inflows of the Selenga river basin were compared with data from the previous studies. It was shown that the industrial zone of the Erdenet Mining Corporation (EMC) and gold mining zone Zaamar are the sources of strong environmental contamination. The concentrations of Cu and Sb determined in sediment samples of the River Khangal and Govil near the EMC exceed average crustal rock and soil values by factors of 50 and 15, respectively. In the area of the gold mining zone Zaamar concentrations of Au, As, and Sb exceed crustal rock and soil values by factors of 4, 25, and 6, respectively. The relatively high levels of As, V, Zn, V, and Sr in the sediments of the studied rivers are obviously due to the discharges of untreated wastewater of desalination plant, electrical power station, textile industry and mining activities as well as domestic wastewater.     

基于高光谱成像技术的不同产地小米判别分析

高光谱成像技术被广泛应用于农产品的检测。基于高光谱成像技术结合机器学习算法无损鉴别不同地区的小米样本。将来源7个省份共计23份样品的小米样本根据地理区域划分为东北地区、河北、陕西、山东和山西共5大类，其中东北地区共6份样品，山西地区5份样品，河北、陕西和山东各4份样品。将每份样品均分为10等份并利用高光谱成像仪采集900～1 700 nm波段内小米的高光谱数据。为了减少光照不均匀和暗电流对实验的影响，对采集到的高光谱数据进行黑白校正。利用ENVI软件选取小米高光谱图像的感兴趣区域(ROI)，每份小米样品选取9个ROI。计算ROI内的平均光谱值，以此平均值作为该样本的一条光谱记录，最后共收集到2 070条光谱曲线，其中东北类540条，山西类450条，其他河北类、山东类、陕西类各360条。为了减少样品表面的不平整性引起的散射现象，进而影响小米的真实光谱信息，对收集到的原始光谱进行多元散射校正预处理(MSC)。采用随机划分法对校正过后的光谱数据划分训练集和测试集，测试集占的比例为0.3。利用线性判别分析(LDA)对不同产地小米的光谱数据进行可视化分析，将测试集代入训练好的LDA模型，做出预测结果的混淆矩阵(Confusion Matrix)，结果表明LDA对于陕西和山西类的预测准确率为0.84和0.99，对于东北、河北和山东的预测准确率仅为0.68，0.68和0.40。进而采用递归特征消除(RFE)对小米的光谱信息进行特征选择，去除冗余的信息，提高模型的预测准确率。将RFE分别与支持向量机(SVM)和逻辑回归(LR)结合，对不同产地小米的判别进行对比分析。将小米光谱数据的训练集分别代入SVM-RFE和LR-RFE模型并结合3折交叉验证技术，以模型F值的微平均(Micro-averaging)最优选择出相应的特征子集。结果表明，LR-RFE选择的波长数为74个，其模型的Micro_F为0.59；SVM-RFE选择的波长数为220，其模型的Micro_F为0.66。将选择后的特征子集应用到测试集并将测试集分别代入SVM和LR模型，采用模型预测结果的混淆矩阵和模型的受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)作为评价方法。结果表明SVM-RFE对东北地区、河北、陕西、山东和山西的预测准确率分别为1，0.37，0.72，0和1，其ROC曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.82，0.92，0.93，0.70和0.99。LR-RFE的预测准确率分别为0.92，0，0.97，0和0.80，其AUC分别为0.72，0.74，0.94，0.66和0.88。从预测结果可以看出SVM-RFE模型的综合分类性能优于LR-RFE，而对陕西类的判别LR-RFE要优于SVM-RFE，对于河北类和山东类两个模型都不能有效判别。这两个模型的预测准确率相比LDA有了一定的提升。     

基于紫外光谱法和有监督模式识别技术对氯化钠、氢氧化钠和β-苯乙胺种类的鉴别

β-苯乙胺(PEA)是一种重要的有机合成中间体,在PEA生产过程中,最终的生成物中常常为含有氯化钠(NaCl)、氢氧化钠(NaOH)和PEA三者的混合物。因此,对NaCl,NaOH,PEA和混合物种类进行鉴别,有利于PEA的合成以及定性检测,需建立紫外光谱快速鉴别NaCl,NaOH,PEA和混合物种类的方法。利用紫外光谱法分别测量了NaCl,NaOH,PEA和混合物在190～400 nm范围的吸收光谱。首先,采用偏最小二乘法(PLS)提取紫外光谱的主成分信息,用少数的主成分信息取代原始变量,减少模型的复杂度。用PLS提取NaCl,NaOH和PEA在前三个主成分空间中得分向量值的分布。可知NaCl,NaOH和PEA前三个主成分累计贡献率分别是96.64%,99.44%和99.95%。因此,NaCl、NaOH和PEA的前三个主成分基本包含了大部分的光谱信息。其次,用获得的三个主成分作为输入变量,采用线性判别分析（LDA）,Sigmoid SVM,RBF-SVM,RBF-ANN,BP-ANN和人工蜂群(ABC)优化神经网络(ABC-BP-ANN)等模式识别方法对NaCl,NaOH和PEA种类进行判别,获得总的敏感性分别为95.6%,95.6%,95.9%,95.8%,96.9%和99.6%。由于NaCl和NaOH特征吸收峰很相似,主成分得分向量会出现重叠现象,导致NaCl和NaOH的种类鉴别出现误判。通过对比六种分类方法,可知ABC-BP-ANN效果最优,BP-ANN次之,RBF-SVM和RBF-ANN结果相似,但比BP-ANN稍差,LDA和Sigmoid-SVM效果最差。最后,配制7种不同摩尔分数的混合物(混合物摩尔分数是指PEA物质的量占混合物总物质的量百分比),浓度范围为0%mol·L-1～60%mol·L-1,然后采用RBF-SVM,BP-ANN和ABC-BP-ANN三种方法对混合物种类进行判别。从敏感性和特异性结果可以得知,ABC-BP-ANN分类效果最好,BP-ANN次之,RBF-SVM分类效果最差, 由混合物得到的结果与单组分的结果相一致。结果表明,紫外光谱结合ABC-BP-ANN模式识别方法可以成功区分NaCl,NaOH,PEA和混合物的种类。该方法可作为一种简便、快速、可靠的方法用于NaCl,NaOH,PEA和混合物的种类判别,并为PEA的合成和质量控制提供理论依据和技术支撑。     

基于高光谱技术的酸奶中常见致病菌的快速鉴别及计数

酸奶是一种发酵型乳制品饮料,因其特殊的功能性和良好的口感而广受欢迎。但由于商业链的不正当运行,如奶源非法获取、灭菌不充分等原因,导致酸奶中致病菌大量滋生,酸奶中毒事件频繁发生。酸奶中常见的致病菌主要有大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和沙门氏菌,这三种致病菌由人体摄入并达到一定的数量时会产生腹痛、腹泻等严重的消化道疾病,并且会破坏人体肠道内的正常菌群平衡,因此国标对奶制品中这三种致病菌的数量已有明确的限量规定。由于酸奶的主要消费对象为老人和小孩,故其潜在危害不容小觑。传统菌落检测方法虽具有简单,灵敏、可操作性强等优点,但当不同菌落混杂在一起时无法同时进行定性定量的检测,且具有试剂成本高,检测周期长,人为因素影响较大等缺点。因此开发一种快速、简单、准确的混合鉴定计数方法为避免致病菌对酸奶的潜在危害提供了有效的途径。高光谱技术同时包含样本的光谱信息与图像信息,既能够根据化学组分的微小变化进行精确识别（光谱信息）,又能够反映出菌株在外部多层次的变化（图像信息）。因此该研究尝试对比高光谱图像技术和光谱技术,采用模式识别的方法,对比不同的模型识别结果,优选出最佳识别率的识别模型作为计数模型,最后通过最佳鉴别计数模型的识别分类结果来达到对酸奶中常见致病菌鉴定计数的目的。首先,购买酸奶中常见的乳酸菌种（保加利亚乳杆菌、嗜热链球菌、嗜酸乳杆菌、干酪乳杆菌、植物乳杆菌）和潜在污染的致病菌种（金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌）等标准菌株进行培养,提取经过48 h培养后的菌落图像信息和光谱信息。采用几种不同的预处理方式（SNV,MC,MSC,1stDER,2ndDER）对所提取的光谱数据进行预处理,并应用遗传算法筛除光谱数据中冗余的波段,保留有效波段。利用图像处理技术对图像信息中的菌株与培养基背景进行去除,然后采用主成分分析法从每幅图中优选出3个特征波长,并运用图像处理技术从特征波长所对应图像中提取菌株的18个基于GLCM的纹理特征信息。挑选合适的主成分分别建立不同的鉴别模型（LDA,KNN,BP-ANN,LS-SVM）,通过其最终的鉴别模型的识别率来确定最佳鉴别计数模型。最后从标准菌株中分别挑选出30株进行计数测试,通过比较模式识别的分类数量结果与菌株的实际数量来验证模式识别效果的准确率。研究表明,运用SNV预处理后光谱数据在提高信噪比效果上明显优于其他几种预处理方式。745.790 8,773.098 4和779.207 0 nm为图像信息中方差贡献率最大的三个波长,运用从特征波长所对应的图像中所提取的纹理特征信息建立图像识别模型。通过对比图像信息和光谱信息的模式识别结果发现,光谱特征鉴别模型普遍优于图像纹理特征鉴别模型,且当主成分数为9时,运用光谱特征所建立的LS-SVM模型的校正集识别率为96.25%,预测集的识别率为91.88%,为最优模型。采用优选的最优模型对菌株进行识别计数,大肠杆菌计数的相对误差为3.33%,金黄色葡萄球菌和沙门氏菌计数的相对误差均为0,验证了高光谱技术应用于酸奶中常见致病菌的鉴别计数的可行性。     

The energetic balance of the two different electrostatic processes: Electrostatic liquid spraying and electrostatic induction for electrical field measuring

In the specialized literature, two previous studies [S. Zhao, G.S.P. Castle, K. Adamiac, The effect of space charge on the performance of an electrostatic induction charging spray nozzle, J. Electrostat., 63 (2005) 261–272; S. Zhao, G.S.P. Castle, K. Adamiac, Comparison of conduction and induction charging in liquid spraying, J. Electrostat., 63 (6–10) (2005) 871–876] aim to clarify, by theoretical and experimental means, the following aspects concerning the charge through conduction and induction: charging mechanism, distribution of electrical field, conversion of energy and effect of spatial charge. This paper presents the energetic balance of the two systems, namely induction and conduction charge systems, with the purpose of establishing the quantitative energetic aspects of the phenomena that take place and, most of all, establishing the contribution to the energetic value of the drops that end up on the target and come from the high voltage source supplying power to the system and from the air flow that contributes to spraying and transporting particles to the target. At the same time, the energetic balance of a device which uses electrostatic induction for measuring electrical field intensity and high voltage is presented for exemplification. The device scheme, the way of functioning, the equivalent electrical schemes and the expression of the electrical current generated by the device as a consequence of the electrostatic induction are presented, and it is demonstrated that the electrical energy of the generated current does not result from the energy stored in the electrical field which is being measured, respectively of the one generating the electrostatic induction, but from the mechanical energy, by conversion, consumed by the motor which sets in motion the mobile part of this device.     

ICP法和原子吸收光谱法测定褐马鸡羽毛中的10种元素

珍稀濒危鸟类-褐马鸡是中国特有的野生鸟类,是国家一级重点保护动物。采用ICP法和原子吸收光谱法对来自芦芽山、庞泉沟国家自然保护区的野生褐马鸡和太原市动物园圈养褐马鸡羽毛中Mo,Zn,Ni,Fe,Mn,Cr,Cu,K,Pb和Cd等10种元素的含量进行了测定,并对这3个不同地理分布区的样品中10种元素的含量进行了比较。结果表明,在所有羽毛样品中Fe元素含量最高,Mo和Cr含量较低,Cd未检出。动物园饲养的褐马鸡羽毛中除K和Cu外,其余八种元素的含量均低于芦芽山和庞泉沟国家自然保护区野生的褐马鸡羽毛中的含量。生境的不同对褐马鸡机体微量元素有一定影响,野生环境更有利于它们的生长发育。     

近红外光谱通用模型在农产品及食品检测中的研究进展

我国人口基数大,农产品和食品的需求量多。农产品和食品的质量与安全与人们的日常生活息息相关。如何实现使用无损、快速、环境友好型、高通量的检测方法对农产品和食品的品质进行检测,是当代社会的发展需要。传统的检测分析方法存在着耗时耗力、检测的样品不能再次出售、产生次品漏检的现象等缺点。近红外光谱分析技术作为一种快速无损的检测手段,逐渐被一些学者以及相关行业人员所重视。然而,近红外光谱分析方法大多数只针对于单一物料建立数学模型。对于数量庞大且种类众多的农产品和食品而言,如不同地域、不同年份、不同温度、不同加工方法、不同成分组成甚至是不同品种,这种相对传统的近红外分析方法无疑会增加建模的工作量。随着计算机技术、光谱仪硬件、化学计量学以及互联网技术的发展,相关学者已经开始着手于近红外光谱通用模型的研究与开发来解决这一问题,即建立一个近红外通用模型,能够对多种物料的同一指标或多种指标进行检测。相比于传统的近红外光谱模型,通用模型具有建模成本低、工作量小等优点,特别使近红外光谱技术在农产品和食品领域中应用以及推广方面具有重要的意义。针对近红外光谱通用模型在农产品和食品检测中的研究进行综述,通过比较传统模...     

Sonolysis of chlorobenzene in aqueous solution: organic intermediates

The ultrasonic degradation of 1.72 mM chlorobenzene was investigated. The sonolysis of chlorobenzene followed first-order kinetics. The influence of the pH of the aqueous solution and the effect of the saturating gás, air or argon, was measured. No pH effect was noticed, and saturation with the monoatomic argon accelerated the degradation. Furthermore, the addition of the radical scavenger benzoate demonstrated that no significant degradation took place in the bulk solution. For air-saturated solutions, the following organic degradation products were identified: methane, acetylene, butenyne, butadiyne, benzene, chlorophenols, phenylacetylene and other chlorinated and non-chlorinated monocyclic and dicyclic hydrocarbons. For argon-saturated solutions, the same products were found, except for the chlorophenols. The presence of the chlorophenols in the case of air-saturation only demonstrated the interaction between the radicals formed and oxygen, and no direct degradation by OH. radicals. The kinetics of several organic degradation products and chloride were determined for the sonolysis of air- and argon-saturated solutions.     

大气湍流像差散焦和像散与高斯涡旋光束焦面光强

分别研究了构成大气湍流波像差中的散焦和像散两个低阶像差对高斯涡旋激光束传输和成像的影响.采用菲涅耳-基尔霍夫衍射积分理论和大气湍流波相位结构函数的平方近似研究了聚焦高斯涡旋光束在大气湍流中散焦和像散影响下焦面光强的分布特性.导出了斜程传输条件下接收面上平均光强分布的积分表达式,并采用数值模拟方法研究湍流强度、传输距离和拓扑电荷对焦面光强的调制规律.结果表明:在弱湍流起伏区域,散焦和像散两类像差对高斯涡旋光束的光强分布影响都很小,可以忽略;在中等湍流区域,随着光束传输距离和湍流强度的增加,两类像差都导致高斯涡旋光束的光强峰值降低、束径扩展、中心暗斑扩大.当单拓扑电荷高斯涡旋光束传输时,在同等传输条件下,像散导致的光强峰值降低比散焦更严重,主亮斑区域外的次级亮环强度更大,光斑和中心暗斑扩展更明显.与单拓扑电荷光束相比较,散焦和像散导致双拓扑电荷光束的扩展更加明显,中心光斑更大,亮环区域外的次级亮环更明显;但是,由于光的相干性的降低和光束的偏折效应,像散导致光束中心的暗斑变为次级亮斑.