物光的偏振性对全息记录质量的影响

通过对菲涅耳三维漫反射全息记录光路中物光与参考光偏振状态的实验检测，发现线偏振的激光被不同表面材料的物体散射和漫反射后变成“部分偏振光”，几乎所有目标物都有显著的消偏振现象，全息干板上实际记录的是线偏振的参考光与“部分偏振”的物光形成的相干度较低的干涉条纹。物光偏振度的大幅度下降影响干涉条纹的衬比度，并增加全息图的噪声。给出实验方案和检测光路，采用在参考光路中插入1/4波片的方法，可充分利用非偏振物光各个振动方向的光能，提高条纹的衬比度。     

Optimizing textured structures possessing both optical gradient and diffraction properties to increase the extraction efficiency of light-emitting diodes

The external quantum efficiency of a light-emitting diode (LED) is strictly limited by total internal reflection and Fresnel reflection effects. In this study, we sought to optimize light extraction by monitoring the shape effects of four kinds of periodic textured structures (nanorod, inverted rod, pyramid, inverted pyramid) on the surface of gallium nitride (GaN)-based LEDs. We employed the three-dimensional rigorous coupled waves approach to calculate the direct emissions at different incident angles on the various textured structures, and then determined an optimized structure that would improve the extraction efficiency of LEDs. The optical gradient of the inverted pyramid structure could decrease not only the Fresnel reflection at incident angles less than the critical angle but also the total internal reflection at incident angles greater than the critical angle. Many inverted pyramid structures at the GaN–air interface, with various sizes and periods, provided enhancement factors of greater than 150%.     

Facile Functionalization of Gold Nanoparticles with PLGA Polymer Brushes and Efficient Encapsulation into PLGA Nanoparticles: Toward Spatially Precise Bioimaging of Polymeric Nanoparticles

Nanocarriers prepared from poly(lactide‐co‐glycolide) (PLGA) have broad biomedical applications. Understanding their cellular uptake and distribution requires appropriate visualization in complex biological compartments with high spatial resolution, which cannot be offered by traditional imaging techniques based on fluorescent or radioactive probes. Herein, the encapsulation of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) into PLGA nanoparticles is proposed, which should allow precise spatial visualization in cells using electron microscopy. Available protocols for encapsulating GNPs into polymeric matrices are limited and associated with colloidal instability and low encapsulation efficiency. In this report, the following are described: 1) a facile protocol to functionalize GNPs with PLGA polymer followed by 2) encapsulation of the prepared PLGA‐capped GNPs into PLGA nanocarriers with 100% encapsulation efficiency. The remarkable encapsulation of PLGA‐GNPs into PLGA matrix obeys the general rule in chemistry “like dissolves like” as evident from poor encapsulation of GNPs capped with other polymers. Moreover, it is shown that how the encapsulated gold nanoparticles serve as nanoprobes to visualize PLGA polymeric hosts inside cancer cells at the spatial resolution of the electron microscope. The described methods should be applicable to a wide range of inorganic nanoprobes and provide a new method of labeling pharmaceutical polymeric nanocarriers to understand their biological fate at high spatial resolution.     

VEGFR-2 targeted cellular delivery of doxorubicin by gold nanoparticles for potential antiangiogenic therapy

We report a novel gold nanobioconjugate system that achieves targeted delivery of the small molecule drug doxorubicin to endothelial cells using anti-VEGFR-2 antibody conjugated gold nanoparticles (GNPs). The reported nanobioconjugate system combines the inherent ability of GNPs to undergo high levels of derivatization with the precision of antibody recognition of a cell surface antigen. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) confirmed intracellular presence of the GNPs. Using a VEGFR-2 expressing cell line and a cell line that is negative for the receptor, in combination with competition assay we established the cell specific targeted delivery of the nanobioconjugate. The nanobioconjugate system described here may have potential drug delivery applications for antiangiogenic cancer therapy.     

Analysis of Fringe Field Formed Inside LDA Measurement Volume Using Compact Two Hololens Imaging Systems

We have designed and fabricated four LDA optical setups consisting of aberration compensated four different compact two hololens imaging systems. We have experimentally investigated and realized a hololens recording geometry which is interferogram of converging spherical wavefront with mutually coherent planar wavefront. Proposed real time monitoring and actual fringe field analysis techniques allow complete characterizations of fringes formed at measurement volume and permit to evaluate beam quality, alignment and fringe uniformity with greater precision. After experimentally analyzing the fringes formed at measurement volume by all four imaging systems, it is found that fringes obtained using compact two hololens imaging systems get improved both qualitatively and quantitatively compared to that obtained using conventional imaging system. Results indicate qualitative improvement of non-uniformity in fringe thickness and micro intensity variations perpendicular to the fringes, and quantitative improvement of 39.25% in overall average normalized standard deviations of fringe width formed by compact two hololens imaging systems compare to that of conventional imaging system.     

An anisotropic snowflake-like structural assembly of polymer-capped gold nanoparticles

Snowflake-like structural assembly of isotropic gold nanoparticles (GNPs) is reported. A modified polyamine method has been employed to synthesize positively charged GNPs in presence of a polymeric metaphosphate. This process yields fascinating dendritic self-assembled morphologies. Structural characterization revealed that there was aggregation of crystalline GNPs. The aggregates of GNPs formed in the initial stage of synthesis are assumed to act as the bulging seeds for final growth of complex morphologies at nanometer to micrometer length scale. Self-assembly of GNPs was found to be greatly influenced by the concentration of gold precursor. Diffusion limited aggregation of GNPs is suggested as the plausible mechanism for this nanoparticle self-organization process.     

Central configurations of nested rotated regular tetrahedra

In this paper we prove that there are only two different classes of central configurations with convenient masses located at the vertices of two nested regular tetrahedra: either when one of the tetrahedra is a homothecy of the other one, or when one of the tetrahedra is a homothecy followed by a rotation of Euler angles α=γ=0 and β=π of the other one.We also analyze the central configurations with convenient masses located at the vertices of three nested regular tetrahedra when one them is a homothecy of the other one, and the third one is a homothecy followed by a rotation of Euler angles α=γ=0 and β=π of the other two.In all of these cases we have assumed that the masses on each tetrahedron are equal but masses on different tetrahedra could be different.     

高分辨率衍射图形的DMD并行激光干涉直写

通过将数字微反射镜（Digital Micro-mirror Device,DMD）输入阵列图形微缩干涉成像,激光干涉直写系统在光刻胶板上得到缩小的干涉光斑图形,像素特征尺寸3.5 μm,干涉条纹周期1 μm.控制刻蚀深度、干涉条纹取向和DMD输入图形的结构,系统能数字化完成2D/3D、3D光变图像、超微图形文字以及二元光学元件的制作,实现了超高分辨率图形与高效的干涉光刻.给出了实验结果.     

Three-dimensional generalization of the Van Cittert-Zernike theorem to wave and particle scattering

Coherence properties of primary partially coherent radiations (light, X-rays and particles) elastically scattered from a 3D object consisting of a collection of electrons and nuclei are analyzed in the Fresnel diffraction region and in the far field. The behaviour of the cross-spectral density of the scattered radiation transverse and along to the local direction of propagation is shown to be described by respectively the 3D Fourier and Fresnel transform of the generalized radiance function of a scattering secondary source associated with the object. A relativistic correct expression is derived for the mutual coherence function of radiation which takes account of the dispersive propagation of particle beams in vacuum. An effect of the spatial coherence of radiation on the temporal one is found; in the Fresnel diffraction region, in distinction to the field, both the longitudinal spatial coherence and the spectral width of radiation affect the longitudinal coherence. A solution of the 3D inverse scattering problem for partially coherent radiation is presented. It is shown that squared modulus of the scattering potential and its 2D projections can be reconstructed from measurements of the modulus and phase of the degree of transverse spatial coherence of the scattered radiation. The results provide a theoretical basis for new methods of image formation and structure analysis in X-ray, electron, ion, and neutron optics.     

Multi-frequency lateral shear interferometer system for simultaneous measurement of thickness and three-dimensional shape

This Letter demonstrates a novel lateral shear interferometer system for simultaneous measurement of three-dimensional(3D) shape and thickness of transparent objects. Multi-frequency fringe patterns can be created by tilting mirrors at different inclination angles. With a single camera, the multi-frequency fringes are recorded in one image. The phase-shift of the fringes can be generated synchronously only by moving a plane-parallel plate along an in-plane parallel direction. According to the feature of transparent materials, the thickness and 3D shape can be reconstructed simultaneously based on the relationship between the in-plane displacement and their characteristics. The experiment was conducted on a thin transparent film subjected to a shearing force,which verifies the feasibility of the proposed system.     

A spectroscopic resolution of the structure of Zn(CN)2

Two different cubic structures of the negative thermal expansion (NTE) material zinc cyanide have been reported in the literature: one, an ordered structure (space group P4 3m) in which the ZnC₄ tetrahedra are linked to neighbouring ZnN₄ tetrahedra with CN bonds and vice versa, and the other, a disordered structure (space group Pn4 3m) where N and C sites are indistinguishable. Here, we present group theoretical analyses to classify the phonons of different symmetries in the two structures and report Raman and infrared spectroscopic studies to resolve the ambiguity about the structure. On the basis of the number of Raman and IR modes expected and observed, we conclude that the compound exists in a disordered structure. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

合成孔径激光成像雷达(Ⅰ):离焦和相位偏置望远镜接收天线

把合成孔径激光成像雷达的目标衍射区分为三个区域,提出采用离焦或者附加空间相位调制板的光学接收望远镜补偿回波像差.当目标处于菲涅耳衍射区时可采用离焦或偏置望远镜补偿回波二次项离焦像差并产生用于孔径合成的二次项相位历程;目标处于夫琅和费衍射区时可以采用离焦或偏置望远镜补偿回波二次项离焦像差但不产生相位历程;目标处于瑞利-索末菲衍射区域时不可能补偿回波高阶像差.     

菲涅耳望远镜合成孔径激光成像雷达实验室验证

对菲涅耳望远镜合成孔径激光成像雷达进行了实验室尺度条件下的原理验证实验。实验中利用不同曲率半径、垂直正交偏振的两个球面波通过二维(2D)扫描方式照明远距离处的目标,接收望远镜接收到的目标回波经过偏振分光镜分成两束作为信号光和本振光进入2×4 90°桥接器,桥接器输出的四路光信号被两个平衡探测器接收,平衡探测器输出电信号经模数转换后经过复数化、两维相位二次项匹配滤波算法处理后可以重构出目标图像。对4.3m处点目标和2D面目标进行了成像实验,取得了具有良好成像分辨率和对比度且带有散斑效应的预期成像结果,证明了该合成成像激光雷达概念的正确性。     

Wavelength-dependent Faraday–Tyndall effect on laser-induced microbubble in gold colloid

The cavitation microbubbles in dilute gold colloids of different concentrations (2–10 ppm) induced by a focused nanosecond-pulsed laser beam were measured and characterized at different wavelengths by using the passive and active ultrasound measurements. Three colloids with gold nanoparticles (GNPs) of different sizes (10, 45, and 75 nm) were used for experiment. The results show that the lifespan of the microbubble is reduced as the concentration of GNP increases, particularly at the wavelength of 532 nm, the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of GNP. In contrast, at the off-resonant wavelength (e.g. 700 nm), the lifespan reduction is relatively small. This wavelength-dependent cavitation is attributed to the Faraday–Tyndall effect, a strong light scattering by GNPs. A slight defocusing of the Gaussian beam in gold colloid was proposed. Hence, the waist of the focused beam increases to reduce the optical breakdown in gold colloid. For simplicity, a linear relation between the incremental waist radius of Gaussian beam and the concentration of GNP was assumed. According to this formulation, the theoretical results are consistent with the experimental ones. In addition, the dynamics of the microbubble in gold colloid measured by the active ultrasound method agree with the Rayleigh–Plesset model.     

T-ray computed tomography

We demonstrate a tomographic imaging modality that uses pulsed terahertz (THz) radiation to probe the optical properties of three-dimensional (3D) structures in the far-infrared. This THz-wave computed tomography (T-ray CT) system provides sectional images of objects in a manner analogous to conventional CT techniques such as x-ray CT. The transmitted amplitude and phase of broadband pulses of THz radiation are measured at multiple projection angles. The filtered backprojection algorithm is then used to reconstruct the target object, including both its 3D structure and its frequency-dependent far-infrared optical properties.     

Video-frequency scanning transmission electron microscopy of moving gold nanoparticles in liquid

Immobilized gold nanoparticles were imaged in a liquid containing water and 50% glycerol with scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). The specimen was enclosed in a liquid compartment formed by two silicon microchips with electron transparent windows. A series of images was recorded at video frequency with a spatial resolution of 1.5nm. The nanoparticles detached from their support after imaging them for several seconds at a magnification of 250,000. Their movement was found to be much different than the movement of nanoparticles moving freely in liquid as described by Brownian Motion. The direction of motion was not random-the nanoparticles moved either in a preferred direction, or radially outwards from the center of the image. The displacement of the gold nanoparticles over time was three orders of magnitude smaller than expected on the basis of Brownian Motion. This finding implies that nanoscale objects of flexible structure or freely floating, including nanoparticles and biological objects, can be imaged with nanoscale resolution, as long as they are in close proximity to a solid support structure.     

Optical refractometry based on Fresnel diffraction from a phase wedge

A method that utilizes the Fresnel diffraction of light from the phase step formed by a transparent wedge is introduced for measuring the refractive indices of transparent solids, liquids, and solutions. It is shown that, as a transparent wedge of small apex angle is illuminated perpendicular to its surface by a monochromatic parallel beam of light, the Fresnel fringes, caused by abrupt change in refractive index at the wedge lateral boundary, are formed on a screen held perpendicular to the beam propagation direction. The visibility of the fringes varies periodically between zero and 1 in the direction normal to the wedge apex. For a known or measured apex angle, the wedge refractive index is obtained by measuring the period length by a CCD. To measure the refractive index of a transparent liquid or solution, the wedge is installed in a transparent rectangle cell containing the sample. Then, the cell is illuminated perpendicularly and the visibility period is measured. By using modest optics, one can measure the refractive index at a relative uncertainty level of 10(-5). There is no limitation on the refractive index range. The method can be applied easily with no mechanical manipulation. The measuring apparatus can be very compact with low mechanical and optical noises.     

部分相干光照明下光栅的塔尔博特效应

首先利用部分相干光理论详细地分析了在部分相干光照明下光栅的菲涅耳衍射,给出了观察面上衍射光强分布的一般公式,并就光源的发光面积对光栅塔尔博特效应的影响进行了讨论,得到了光栅衍射光强的分布随着照明光源的发光尺寸的增加而逐渐变得平滑这一结论．并且,当光源发光尺寸增加到毫米量级时,光栅的塔尔博特效应将完全消失。在实验上埘不同发光尺寸的扩展作相干光源照明光栅时的菲涅耳衍射光强进行了测量,实验结果与理论分析得出的结论相符合。     

Introducing CdS into two- and three-dimensional photonic crystals

SiO₂/air three-dimensional (3D) periodic structures were fabricated by removing Si layers partially from Si/SiO₂ 3D photonic crystals (PhCs) formed by using autocloning. CdS/SiO₂ 3D periodic structures were formed by introducing CdS into the SiO₂/air structures by the TEA method and photoluminescence (PL) was observed from the introduced CdS. TiO₂/air/CdS two-dimensional (2D) PhCs were also fabricated by introducing CdS into the voids of TiO₂/air 2D periodic structures, in which SiO₂ layers were partially etched out from TiO₂/SiO₂ 2D PhCs fabricated by using autocloning. PL radiating normal to the surface was measured and large polarization dependence was observed.     

Electrochromic properties of WO3 thin film onto gold nanoparticles modified indium tin oxide electrodes

Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) thin films, electrochemically deposited from hydrogen tetrachloroaurate onto transparent indium tin oxide (ITO) thin film coated glass, have different color prepared by variation of the deposition condition. The color of GNP film can vary from pale red to blue due to different particle size and their interaction. The characteristic of GNPs modified ITO electrodes was studied by UV-vis spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM) images and cyclic voltammetry. WO₃ thin films were fabricated by sol-gel method onto the surface of GNPs modified electrode to form the WO₃/GNPs composite films. The electrochromic properties of WO₃/GNPs composite modified ITO electrode were investigated by UV-vis spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. It was found that the electrochromic performance of WO₃/GNPs composite films was improved in comparison with a single component system of WO₃.