Recent progress in tartaric acid‐modified Raney nickel system for enantio‐differentiating hydrogenation

Tartaric acidmodified Raney nickel (TAMRNi) is an enantiodifferentiating catalyst for hydrogenation of ketones. The stereochemical models explaining the enantiodifferentiation of ketoester and 2alkanone were unified as an extended stereochemical model by the experimental supports. Based on this new model, a working hypothesis to improve the enantiomeric excess (ee) of the ketoester/TAMRNi system was developed, and the ee was improved to 96%. By further fine tuning of this system, almost perfect enantiodifferentiation resulting in over 98% ee was achieved.     

Reaction characteristics of cellulose in the LiCl/1,3‐dimethyl‐2‐imidazolidinone solvent system

In order to elucidate the nature of the LiCl/1,3dimethy2imidazolidinone (DMI) solvent system as one of the homogeneous reaction media of cellulose, cellulose acetate (CA) and Omethylcellulose (MC) were prepared using this solvent system, and the distribution of substituents within anhydroglucose units was examined by ¹³CNMR. It was found that (i) homogeneous cellulose solutions can be easily prepared by heating 2, 5–12 and 100 parts of weight of cellulose, LiCl, and DMI, respectively, and (ii) the relative reactivity of hydroxyl groups is in the order C6 > C2 > C3 for both CA and MC. A remarkable feature of this solvent system is that the reaction efficiency in etherification is very high compared with other homogeneous solvent systems.     

A novel synthesis of heterocycles from thiocarbohydrazides

Summary The reaction of thiocarbohydrazides1a and thiocarbazones1b with tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) afforded the thiazol, thiadiazole, thiazine, and thiadiazepine derivatives4–7. 2-Dicyanomethyleneindane-1,3-dione (CNIND) reacted with1a,b to give aminoindenopyrazolopyridazinone (12) and phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetraazacyclopentafluorene (13). The indazole and oxathiadiazole derivatives17 and19 were formed during the reaction of1b with 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDO). 6,7-Dichloro-5-phenylpyrazolophthalazinol (21) was obtained from the reaction of1b with 2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone (CHL-p). The oxidative cyclization of thiodicarbazones2a–d with the above acceptors afforded the thiadiazole and thiadiazine derivatives8 and10.

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Eine neue Synthese von Heterocyclen aus Thiocarbohydraziden

Zusammenfassung Die Reaktion der Thiocarbohydrazide1a und der Thiocarbazone1b mit Tetracyanoethylen (TCNE) ergab die Thiazol-, Thiadiazol-, Thiazin- und Thiadiazepinderivate4–7. 2-Dicyanomethylenindan-1,3-dion (CNIND) liefert mit1a,b Aminoindenopyrazolopyridazinon (12) und Phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetraazacyclopentafluoren (13). Die Indazol- und Oxathiadiazolderivate17 und19 wurden durch Reaktion von1b mit 1,3-Dichlor-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzochinon (DDQ) gebildet. 6,7-Dichlor-5-phenylpyrazolophthalazinol (21) wurde aus1b und 2,3,5,6-Tetrachlor-1,4-benzochinon (CHL-p) erhalten. Die oxidative Cyclisierung der Thiodicarbazone2a–d mit den obengenannten Akzeptoren ergab die Thiadiazol- und Thiadiazinderivate8 und10.

     

Acidity scale for strong Bronsted acids referred to their complexes with water and in the Gaseous phase

CNDO/2 calculations on AH...B complexes in the gaseous phase (AH = strong acids, B = water) gives the following order H₂O < HF < HCl < HSO₃CF₃ < H₂SO₄ < HSO₃F < HClO₄ < H₃O⁺ if we take as reference the Wiberg residual indexp(H... O). Other properties and in particular the charge transfer behave in the same fashion. Charge variations for each atom give an explanation for the Pauling rule for the oxygenated acids.

     

Dichloromethyl tert-butyl ketone in the Darzens reaction

The condensation of dichloromethyl tert-butyl ketone (1) with benzaldehyde, para-bromobenzaldehyde, and 2,4-dichlorobenzaldehyde under conditions for the Darzens reaction gives 1-aryl-1-chloro-4,4-dimethyl-2,3-pentanediones (2–4). In the case of nitrobenzaldehydes, the reaction products are 1-aryl-2-chloro-1,2-epoxy-4,4-dimethylpentanones (5 and 6), which isomerize to -chloroketones (7 and 8) upon prolonged storage or heating at reflux in benzene.A. E. Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Kazan Science Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 420083 Kazan. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2, pp. 438–441, February, 1992.     

Band structure of nonclassical polymers

It is shown that fully conjugated alternant nonclassical polymers are comparatively stable systems as a result of the considerable delocalisation energy.The energy characteristics of the polymers are strongly determined by the electron spin distribution of the degenerate nonbonding molecular orbitals; the full spin configuration,S>0, is favoured. The spin densities depend on the electron correlation and alternate; this corresponds to a ferrimagnetic state of the polymer at 0°K.     

Reactions with β-cyanoethylhydrazine,III. A new approach for the synthesis of substituted 3,5-diaminopyrazole and 1,2,4-triazoles

The reactivity of -cyanoethylhydrazine toward enaminonitrile and aroyl isothiocyanates is reported. A variety of 3,5-diaminopyrazole and ³-1,2,4-triazolin-5-thione derivatives could be prepared.

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Reaktionen mit -Canyethylhydrazin, 3. Mitt.: Ein neuer Weg zur Synthese von substituierten 3,5-Diaminopyrazolen und 1,2,4-Triazolen

Zusammenfassung Es wird über die Reaktivität von -Cyanethylhydrazin gegenüber Enaminonitril und Aroylisothiocyanaten berichtet. Es konnte eine Reihe von 3,5-Diaminopyrazol-und ³-1,2,4-Triazolin-Derivaten hergestellt werden.

     

Disordered Crystal Structure of 4,7,13,16,21,24‐hexaoxa‐1,10‐diazabicyclo[8.8.8]hexacozane perchlorate

Crystals of the ionic complex (salt) of 4,7,13,16,21,24hexaoxa 1,10diazabicyclo[8.8.8]hexacozane perchlorate, [H₂(Crypt2.2.2)]²⁺ · 2ClO₄ ^-, were synthesized and studied by Xray structural analysis: space group C2/c, a = 20.198(3), b = 10.119(2), c = 12.938(2), = 90.97(1)°, Z = 4, 3030 measured independent reflections, R = 0.067. In these crystals, all atoms of the 2.2.2 dication are disordered over two positions with occupancies of 0.518(4) and 0.482(4). Two conformations of the disordered 2.2.2 dication are such that two H atoms at two nodal N atoms point to its cavity.     

A quantum-mechanical study of the interaction of methylglyoxal with guanine

Ab initio self-consistent field molecular orbital computations on the relative stabilities of the different possible intermediate adducts for the reactions between methylglyoxal and guanine, as well as the evaluation of the relative stabilities of the two different possible final cyclic products (IIIb and IIIc) point all to the conclusion that it is the addition product in which the methyl group is close to the amino nitrogen which is the most stable one.     

Configuration interaction methods for improving unrestricted Hartree-Fock spin densities

Limited Configuration Interaction wave functions based on Unrestricted Hartree-Fock natural orbitals are found to be easy to compute and to give much more satisfactory spin densities than are provided by techniques currently in use.     

A new way to spinnable sols derived from modified aluminumalkoxides

The preparation of spinnable sols has been developed to obtain a new type of sol-gel derived pure alumina fiber. The starting material was aluminum sec-butoxide, which was modified in a first step with glycolether, e.g., isopropoxyethanol. This leads to a partial replacement of alkoxy groups via alcoholysis and a change of the precursor structure from a trimeric to a tetrameric one. In the second step, carboxylation, the transformation to six-coordinated aluminum could be observed. Due to the formation of a sol with Newtonian flow behavior after hydrolysis, gel fibers up to several kilometers long could be drawn directly from the clear colorless sol with spinning velocities up to 200 m/min. The addition of an organic filament-forming polymer is not necessary. The sol is spinnable for periods up to one year. The transformation of the gel fiber to -Al₂O₃ occurs at 1150° C.     

Improvement of Solubility and Dissolution of 19-Norprogesterone via Inclusion Complexation

In an effort to modify the solubility and dissolution rate of the contraceptive steroid, 19-norprogesterone in order to improve its bioavailability, the cyclodextrin complexation approach was chosen. In solution, the complex formation with -cyclodextrin (-CD), hydroxyethyl -cyclodextrin (HE--CD) and hydroxypropyl -cyclodextrin (HP--CD) was confirmed by using solubility, UV, IR and ¹H-NMR spectrophotometric techniques. The phase solubility diagrams were categorized as A_L-type. The complexing affinity of the CDs investigated were ranked as follows: -CD > HP--CD > HE--CD. The complexation thermodynamic parameters were obtained from the temperature dependence of the dissociation constants. In the solid state, differential scanning calorimetery (DSC) and optical microscopy methods were utilized to characterize the complexes. Dissolution studies showed that such molecularly encapsulated forms offered a marked improvement in the dissolution rate compared to the parent drug.     

A new detection method for purines in thin-layer chromatography

Summary The separation of some purines by thin-layer chromatography, utilizing precoated plates with Silicagel R as stationary phase and the following mobile phases: i-butanol: methylethylketone: ammonium hydroxide 25%: water (40252015) and n-propanol: ammonium hydroxide 25%: water (80155) is reported.Visualisation of the spots has been achieved by spraying with aqueous 1% uranyl acetate and irradiating with UV both at 254 and 366 nm. The visual detection of a spot was 0.01 g.     

Synthesis and Configuration of 6-Arylidene-2-furfurylidenecyclohexanones

6-Arylidene-2-furfurylidenecyclohexanones were obtained by the condensation of cyclohexanone with aldehydes of the aromatic and furan series under conditions of base or acid catalysis. The effect of substituents in the aromatic ring on the activity of the initial aldehyde was studied. According to data from the IR spectra, the obtained ketones exist in the form of trans,trans isomers.__________Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 2, pp. 191–195, February, 2005.     

Zur Reaktion von Permethylcyclosilanen mit Halogenen

The series of ,-diiodopermethylpolysilanes, I(SiMe ₂) _n I, (n=4–6) andX(SiMe ₂)₄ X, (X=Cl, Br) has been prepared by the action of halogen on the corresponding cyclic compounds (SiMe ₂) _n . The mass spectra, NMR-, IR- andRaman-spectra of these compounds have been recorded.

Herrn Prof. Dr.Josef Schurz zum 60. Geburtstag gewidmet.     

“Crowns”, and aromatic sextets in primitive coronoid hydrocarbons

Summary A type of graphs derived from a cycle and associated with primitive coronoids are referred to as crowns. The characteristic polynomials and matching polynomials of crowns are studied. These notions are used to calculate the sextet polynomial for primitive coronoids. Patterns of aromatic sextets are treated in some detail.

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Crowns und aromatische Sextette in einfachen coronoiden Kohlenwasserstoffen

Zusammenfassung Eine Graphentype, die von einem Cyclus abgeleitet ist und mit einfachen Coronoiden verknüpft ist, wird als Crown bezeichnet. Die charakteristischen Polynome und die matching Polynome der Crowns werden untersucht. In diesem Rahmen werden die Sextett-Polynome für einfache Coronoide berechnet. Die Muster der aromatischen Sextette werden im Detail behandelt.

     

Die diamagnetische Suszeptibilität eines nicht kugelsymmetrischen Systems

The diamagnetic susceptibility of the ground state of a non-spherosymmetric system is calculated, and the eigenfunction used is the exact solution of the problem and can be written in a compact form.

Herrn Professor Dr. F. Hund in Verehrung zum achtzigsten Geburtstag gewidmet.     

Coupling of Methanol and Isobutanol to Ethers over γ-Alumina Catalyst. Kinetic Studies

The kinetic of methanol (MeOH) and isobutanol (iBuOH) coupling to ethers has been studied. Catalytic tests were carried out in the gas phase in a fixed-bed flow microreactor, in the temperature range of 463-533 K, under atmospheric pressure, using -Al₂O₃ as the catalyst. The quasi-homogeneous model for the process was assumed. The reaction rates were described by simple kinetics.