Acid decomposition method for visual colorimetric determination of molybdenum in geochemical exploration

A mixture of nitric and sulphuric acids is used for the decomposition of geochemical samples. Determination of molybdenum at the μg g^?1 level is effected by visually comparing the colour of the thiocyanate complex. The acid medium seems to be well suited for the colorimetric determination of molybdenum. The same solution can be used advantageously for atomic absorption measurements for larger amounts of molybdenum. The method is suitable for batch analysis and results in a high throughput.     

Determination of molybdenum in plant reference material by thermal-ionization isotope-dilution mass spectrometry

Summary An analytical method is described for the determination of the concentration and the isotopic composition of molybdenum in plant samples using thermal ionization mass spectrometry. After microwave acid digestion and liquid-liquid extractive separation with Amberlite LA-2, the molybdenum isotopes are measured as MoO ₃ ^– -ions in a quadrupole mass spectrometer. In all cases, the relative standard deviation of the measurements of both natural and spike molybdenum was better than 3% for all ratios measured. The concentration of molybdenum found in three different plant reference materials agreed well with the certified values.     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定钼镧合金中镧元素

采用盐酸-硝酸溶解钼镧合金样品,建立电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法（ICP-AES）测定钼镧合金中镧元素的分析方法,给出影响测量结果的不确定度分量。选择379.478nm为镧的分析谱线,通过基体匹配法消除基体钼的干扰。在优化条件下对钼镧合金样品进行测定,线性相关系数在0.999以上,定量下限为0.048%,测定结果的相对标准偏差（RSD,n=11）小于3%,回收率为93.00%~105.00%。该方法快速、准确,可以满足实际生产中钼镧合金样品的测定要求。     

Chemical modifiers in the determination of molybdenum in human serum by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry

Summary Various modifiers were investigated for the molybdenum determination in human serum samples by electrothermal atomization atomic absorption spectrometry. Methods with magnesium nitrate, barium difluoride, nitric acid, palladium-magnesium nitrate and palladium-hydroxylamine were studied by introducing the serum samples directly into the graphite furnace with 0.2% triton X-100. The mineralisation and atomization curves, the amount of modifier and the calibration and addition graphs were studied in all instances. The characteristic masses were 18, 22, 17, 12 and 13 pg of molybdenum for magnesium nitrate, barium difluoride, nitric acid, palladium-magnesium nitrate and palladium-hydroxylamine, respectively. The precision, accuracy and interferences of the methods were also investigated.     

Trace determination of molybdenum by adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetry

Molybdenum is determined by adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetry in 0.15 M nitric acid solution containing 15 μM 2′,3,4′,5,7-pentahydroxyflavone (morin) as a ligand. In this medium, molybdenum is preconcentrated on a hanging mercury drop electrode and stripped cathodically in square-wave voltammetry mode, with a peak potential of -350 mV vs. Ag/AgCl (saturated KCl). The effect of various parameters (ligand concentration, supporting electrolyte composition, accumulation potential and collection time) on the sensitivity and linear range of the calibration curve are discussed. With controlled accumulation for 1 min, the detection limit (3σ) was 0.45 ng ml^?1 molybdenum and the calibration curve is linear up to 70 ng ml^?1. The procedure is applied to the determination of molybdenum in real samples with satisfactory results.     

The rapid colorimetric determination of molybdenum with dithiol in biological, geochemical and steel samples.

A rapid method for the determination of molybdenum in botanical, biological, geochemical and steel samples with dithiol, is described. Botanical and biological samples are ashed at 550 °C before leaching with 4 M hydrochloric acid, while geochemical samples are fused with potassium hydrogensulphate, and steels are decomposed with nitric and hydrochloric acids. The dithiol complex of molybdenum is formed by the addition of an alkaline solution of dithiol to the sample solution, and then extracted into isoamyl acetate. Ascorbic acid and citric acid are used to eliminate interferences from iron and tungsten, and the addition of potassium iodide gives the procedure very high tolerance to copper. Up to 150 geochemical samples or ashed botanical or biological samples can be analysed per man-day. Sensitivity of the method is 0.05, 0.5 and 10 p.p.m. for biological, geochemical and steel samples, respectively. The relative standard deviation is better than ±7% over the standard range used, and recovery of added molybdenum is complete.     

Atomic absorption spectrometric determination of molybdenum in lubricating oils with use of emulsions

Samples (0.1 g) containing molybdenum disulphide are digested with aqua regia or with a (1 + 1) hydrofluoric/nitric acid mixture, without complete destruction of the matrix, and the molybdenum is determined in an air/acetylene flame, after emulsification with a non-ionic surfactant (Nemol K-39). The detection limit is ca. 30 μg Mo g^?1, and the r.s.d. is 2.9% for 6 analyses of a sample containing 6.5 mg Mo g^?1.     

Determination of technetium-99 in aqueous samples by isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry

An isotope dilution/inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric method (ID/ICP-MS) for measuring the concentration of technetium-99 in aqueous samples was developed at the Savannah River Technology Center (SRTC). The procedure is faster than radiometric tecniques, is less subject to interferences, and has equal or better detection limits. It is currently being used to measure the concentration of⁹⁹Tc in samples of Savannah River water collected in the vicinity of the Savannah River Site. In this method one liter samples of water are spiked with⁹⁷Tc. After equilibration, the technetium is extracted from the sample with a chromatographic resin. Interfering elements, molybdenum and ruthenium, are either not retained by the resin or are washed off with, dilute nitric acid. The technetium is then eluted with more concentrated nitric acid, and the⁹⁹Tc/⁹⁷Tc ratio in the eluant is measured with an ICP-MS. The⁹⁹Tc concentration in the original sample is calculated from the⁹⁹Tc/⁹⁷Tc ratio. The chemical recovery of the extraction procedure is greater than 90%. The detection limit of the instrument, taken as three times the background counts atm/z=99, is 0.6 part per trillion (ppt). The detection limit of the procedure, taken as three times the standard deviation of several reagent blank analyses, is 0.33 pCi/l.     

Atomic-absorption determination of vanadium and molybdenum in tap water and mineral waters after anion-exchange separation.

A method is described for the determination of vanadium and molybdenum in samples of tap and bottled mineral water. After acidification with citric acid the water sample is heated to about 80°C to remove CO₂; sodium citrate and ascorbic acid are added and the resulting solution of pH 3 is passed through a column of the strongly basic anion-exchange resin Dowex 1-X8 (citrate form) on which both vanadium and molybdenum are adsorbed as anionic citrate complexes. Vanadium is eluted with 6 M hydrochloric acid; molybdenum is recovered with 2 M perchloric acid-1 M hydrochloric acid. Vanadium and molybdenum are determined in the eluates by atomic-absorption spectrometry. The samples analysed contained 0.1–0.9 μg l^?1 vanadium and 0.2–13 μg l^?1 molybdenum.     

多谱拟合(MSF)电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-OES)法测定钼精矿中砷

受钼精矿基体效应及钼元素干扰等因数影响,电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-OES)法无法直接应用于砷的检测。以硝酸、高氯酸分解试样,过滤去除钼酸沉淀,滤液应用ICP-OES多谱拟合(MSF)法消除残余钼对砷的光谱干扰,建立了适合钼精矿中砷的检测方法。对方法的准确度和精密度进行实验,钼精矿中砷的加标回收率为96.0%～104.7%,相对标准偏差RSD为3.4%～5.2%。实验证明,方法简化了分析流程,具有准确性和重现性均好的优点,方法检出限0.045μg/mL,满足各品级钼精矿中砷的测定。     

石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法测定固体废物中铍和钼

建立了石墨炉原子吸收法测定固体废物中铍和钼的方法。采用盐酸–硝酸–氢氟酸–高氯酸消解样品,钯盐作基体改进剂,消除了基体干扰。铍、钼的质量浓度分别在0~4.0,0~50.0μg/L范围内与吸光度呈良好的线性,线性相关系数均为0.999 6,检出限分别为0.03,0.2μg/g。实际样品加标回收率为82.5%~117.0%,测定结果的相对标准偏差为6.6%~10.4%(n=6)。该方法选择性强、灵敏度高,测定结果准确,满足固体废物全量分析要求。     

Neutron activation analysis of traces in electrolytic zinc sulphate solutions : Part II. determination of molybdenum and rhenium

A neutron activation analysis has been devised for the determination of traces of molybdenum and rhenium in an electrolytic zinc sulphate solution. The activities due to the daughter ^99mTc and to ¹⁸⁶Re were counted. The chemical separation was performed on an anion-exchange resin. The matrix activities were separated by elution with 0.5 N nitric acid. The separation of technetium and rhenium was performed by an elution with 0.2 N perchloric acid. To avoid errors in the molybdenum determination, the uranium present in the sample was separated before the irradiation.     

Determination of molybdenum, chromium and aluminium in human urine by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry using fast-programme methodology

Rapid and direct procedures for the determination of molybdenum, chromium and aluminium in human urine samples are developed. Fast-programme methodology is used to simplify the heating cycles. Hydrogen peroxide, nitric acid and Triton X-100 are added to the urine samples which are directly introduced into the furnace. For molybdenum, two successive injection steps are required due to the low level of this element in the samples analyzed. Calibration is carried out using aqueous standards for aluminium and the standard additions method for both molybdenum and chromium. The reliability of the procedures is checked by analyzing two certified reference materials.     

Anion-exchange separation and spectrophotometric determination of molybdenum and tungsten in silicate rocks

A combined ion-exchange spectrophotometric method has been developed for the determination of molybdenum and tungsten in silicate rocks. After the decomposition of samples with a mixture of sulphuric, nitric and hydrofluoric acids, traces of molybdenum and tungsten are separated from other elements by anion-exchange in acid sulphate media containing hydrogen peroxide. The adsorbed molybdenum and tungsten can easily be stripped from the column by elution with sodium hydroxide-sodium chloride solution. The adsorption and desorption steps provide selective concentration of molybdenum and tungsten, allowing the simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of the two metals with dithiol. Results on the quantitative determination of molybdenum and tungsten in the U.S. Geological Survey standard samples are included.     

The sorption of molybdenum from solutions of nitric acid

The sorption of molybdenum(VI) on KU-2 × 8 and AV-17 × 8 ionites from 6 n solutions of nitric acid was studied. The sorption of molybdenum(VI) on the cationite and anionite changed depending on solution composition and nitric acid concentration. The sorption and electromigration data were used to determine the isoelectric point of molybdenum in solutions of nitric acid.     

The determination of molybdenum in water and biological samples by graphite furnace atomic spectrometry after polyurethane foam column separation and preconcentration

A system for molybdenum separation and enrichment aiming its determination in water and biological samples by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) is proposed. The procedure is based on the sorption of the molybdenum (VI) thiocyanate complex onto a mini-column packed with polyurethane foam (PUF). The elution is accomplished by a 3.0 mol l⁻¹ nitric acid solution. Flow variables were optimized and an enrichment factor of 10 as well as a limit of detection (LOD) (3 s) of 0.08 μg l⁻¹ in the sample solution were achieved. The coefficient of variation showed values of 3 and 2% for molybdenum solutions of 2.0 and 10.0 μg l⁻¹, respectively. The accuracy of the method was confirmed by the good concordance between found and certified values in the analysis of certified reference materials (CRMs) (CASS-3 Nearshore Seawater, NIST 1547 Peach Leaves, NIST 1515 Apple Leaves and NIST 1572 Citrus Leaves). The procedure was also applied for the molybdenum determination in mineral waters as well as in produced water samples. The results obtained for the mineral water samples compared well with those obtained by ICP-MS. Concerning the produced water samples, in spite of their large salinity, recoveries of 90 to 120% at the 1 μg l⁻¹ were observed.     

Molybdenum determination in iron matrices by ICP-AES after separation and preconcentration using polyurethane foam

A procedure is proposed for the separation and determination of molybdenum in iron matrices by a batch process. It is based on the solid-phase extraction of the molybdenum(V) ion as thiocyanate complex on polyurethane (PU) foam. The extraction parameters were optimized. Using 0.20 mol L^–1 hydrochloric acid, a thiocyanate concentration of 0.10 mol L^–1, 100 mg of polyurethane foam and shaking time of 10 min, molybdenum (5–400 μg) can be separated and preconcentrated from large amounts of iron (10 mg). Desorption was carried out instantaneously by conc. nitric acid or acetone. Distribution coefficients, sorption capacity of the PU foam and coefficients of variation were also evaluated. The effect of some ions on the separation procedure was assessed. Iron(III) should be reduced to iron(II). The proposed procedure was used to determine molybdenum in standard iron matrices such as steel and pure iron. The achieved results did not show significant differences with certified values.     

Comparative study of chemical modifiers for the determination of molybdenum in milk by electrothermal atomisation atomic absorption spectrometry

A comparative study of various chemical modifiers for the determination of molybdenum in milk by electrothermal atomisation atomic absorption spectrometry was carried out. Methods with nitric acid or barium difluoride as the chemical modifier and in the absence of a chemical modifier were studied by introducing the milk samples directly into the graphite furnace with octyl alcohol. The graphite furnace programme, amount of modifier and the calibration and additions graphs were studied in all instances. The characteristic masses were 17.82, 18.64 and 12.08 pg of molybdenum in the absence of a chemical modifier and with nitric acid or barium difluoride as the chemical modifier, respectively. The precision, accuracy and interferences of the method were also investigated.     

Flow-injection catalytic spectrophotometic determination of molybdenum(VI) in plants using bromate oxidative coupling of p-hydrazinobensenesulfonic acid with N-(1-naphthyl)ethylenediamine

A novel flow-injection spectrophotometry has been developed for the determination of molybdenum(VI) at nanograms per milliliter levels. The method is based on the catalytic effect of molybdenum(VI) on the bromate oxidative coupling of p-hydrazinobenzenesulfonic acid with N-(1-naphthyl)ethylenediamine to form an azo dye (λ_max = 530 nm). Chromotropic acid (4,5-dihydroxy-2,7-naphthalenedisulfonic acid) acted as an effective activator for the molybdenum(VI)-catalyzed reaction and increased the sensitivity of the method. The reaction was monitored by measuring the change in absorbance of the dye produced. The proposed method allowed the determination of molybdenum(VI) in the range 1.0-20 ng mL⁻¹ with sample throughput of 15 h⁻¹. The limit of detection was 0.5 ng mL⁻¹ and a relative standard deviation for 10 ng mL⁻¹ molybdenum(VI) (n = 10) was 2.5%. The interfering ions were eliminated by using the combination of a masking agent and on-line minicolumn packed with cation exchanger. The present method was successfully applied to the determination of molybdenum(VI) in plant foodstuffs.     

Extraction of molybdenum and technetium with diamides of dipicolinic acid from nitric acid solutions

The concentration of molybdenum(VI) in dissolved spent nuclear fuel is comparable with the concentrations of Tc, and the minor actinides (Np, Am). Therefore it is of great interest to understand its behavior under conditions imposed by separation processes. The simultaneous extraction ability of ortho, meta, and para isomers of N,N′-diethyl-N,N′-ditolyl-dipicolinamide (EtTDPA) for molybdenum and technetium were investigated in a large range of nitric and hydrochloric acid conditions. Molybdenum shows no increase in extraction at higher concentrations of nitric acid giving a solvate number n=0 with all isomers of EtTDPA, while Mo shows great extractability from HCl. Technetium distribution ratios decrease with increasing concentrations of nitrate showing indication of ion exchange occurring between TcO₄ ⁻ and NO₃ ⁻ anions. Et(m)TDPA and Et(p)TDPA show the greatest extractability, with 60% of the total technetium extracted into the organic phase at 1M HNO₃.