油页岩中微量元素赋存形态的研究

通过浮沉实验及脱灰实验对抚顺、龙口、茂名3种油页岩样中部分微量元素进行了赋存形态的研究。结果表明,浮沉实验所得微量元素的赋存状态结果与脱灰实验基本一致,抚顺、龙口、茂名3种油页岩中大部分微量元素以无机态赋存,但也有所区别,抚顺、龙口、茂名油页岩中的元素V、Mn、Zn、Sr、Mo、Ta以及抚顺油页岩中的Cr、Te,龙口油页岩中的Cd、Sn,茂名油页岩中的Cd、Sn、Pb,主要赋存于无机矿物中;茂名油页岩中的Cr、Te,抚顺油页岩中的Cd,龙口油页岩中的Pb有相对较多的比例富集于有机质部分;龙口、茂名油页岩中的元素Co,抚顺油页岩中的Co、Sn、Pb,更多地富集于黏土矿中,但也有少部分富集于有机质中。     

桦甸油页岩中稀土元素赋存状态研究

以吉林省桦甸油页岩为研究对象,采用电感耦合等离子质谱( ICP-MS)和化学逐级提取方法相结合,对油页岩中稀土元素的分布特征以及油页岩中稀土元素的赋存状态进行研究.结果表明,相对于中国煤,桦甸油页岩表现为轻稀土元素富集程度高于重稀土元素.油页岩中稀土元素与陆源碎屑岩关系密切,且陆源物质的供应相对比较稳定.轻重稀土间分馏...     

羊红膻中微量元素含量的测定

采用高分辨全谱直读电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪测定了羊红膻(Pimpinella thellungianaWolff)药材地上与地下不同部位中含Cu、K、Na、Fe、Se、Mg、As、Ca、Cd、Cr、Mn、Ni、P、Pb和Zn等15种微量元素含量,并进行了比较。结果表明,重金属As和Pb几乎检测不到,K含量均高;同时也为羊红膻药理作用及临床用药提供科学依据。     

Determination of trace element pathways in a petroleum distillation unit by instrumental neutron activation analysis

The concentrations of 11 trace and minor elements (Na, Al, S, Cl, Ca, V, Mn, Ni, As, Br, I) have been measured by instrumental neutron activation analysis in a sample of crude oil from Venezuela, and in 7 of its distillates and in the final residue produced in a primary distillation unit. Concentrations range from 0.5 ppb to 2.0%. The elements have been classified in 4 categories on the basis of their distributions among the fractions analyzed. The results on concentrations have also been used to establish elemental balances in the distillation unit studied operating under steady-state conditions. Only S and V have been found to give rise to losses by emission.     

Determination of 18 trace elements in petroleum and its derivatives by neutron activation with a small nuclear reactor

Non-destructive neutron activation has been used to analyze 6 different samples of crude oil and heating oil, from Western Canada and Venezuela. These samples were irradiated with thermal neutrons for 2, 30 and 240 min in the SLOWPOKE reactor and the concentrations of 18 trace and minor elements (Al, As, Br, Cl, Co, Dy, Eu, Fe, I, La, Mn, Mo, Ni, Na, S, Se, Sm and V) ranging from 0.6 ppb to 2.24% have been measured. Eleven elements (As, Br, Co, Cl, Fe, Mo, Mn, Na, Ni, S and V) were determined in the fuel oil (SRM-1634) obtained from the National Bureau of Standards and were found to be in good agreement with the values certified by NBS     

青藏高原白刺、枸杞和沙棘果粉中微量元素含量比较研究

采用原子吸收光谱法、氢化物原子荧光光谱法对青藏高原白刺、枸杞、沙棘果粉中的13种元素进行了分析测定。结果表明,3种植物果粉中的Cu、Fe、Mn、Zn、K、Ca、Na、Mg等8种元素含量丰富且差异显著,Pb、As、Cr、Cd、Hg等5种重金属元素含量均较低,为3种植物资源深度开发利用提供了基础数据。     

Instrumental neutron activation analysis of carbonatites from Homa Mountain, Kenya

Twenty eight (major and trace) elements including eight rare earth elements (REEs) in African carbonatite samples were determined by instrumental neutron activation analysis. The geochemical behavior of trace elements was studied in relation to the order of carbonatite intrusion from C1 to C4 through C2 and C3 at Homa Mountain, Kenya. The enrichment of Mn, Fe, Sr, Ba, Th, U and REE is found in the sixteen carbonatites examined in this study. The general increase in the concentrations of Na, Sc, Mn, Sb, Ba, Th, U and REE occurs from C1 to C4 through C2 and C2c, but C3 carbonatite shows a different pattern. The C3 carbonatite is extraordinarily enriched in Mn, Fe and Ba and is highly enriched in Cr, As, Sb and Th. The chondrite-normalized REE distribution pattern of the C3 carbonatite is not rich in the light REE. Strong fractionation between light and heavy REEs is found in the carbonatites, and moderate fractionation in the two alkalic igneous rock samples. In order to evaluate partitioning of REEs into carbonate, oxide and other mineral fractions, a selective chemical leaching technique on carbonatites was applied and is discussed in this study. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

藏药材白花龙胆花中微量元素的分析

对藏药材白花龙胆花中17种微量元素（Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn、Co、Ni、Se、Cr、Mg、Ca、K、Na、P、As、Hg、Pb、Cd）的含量作了测定。结果表明,白花龙胆花中含有较高的人体必需微量元素和常量元素,其中常量元素K、Ca、Na、Mg和微量元素Zn、Fe、Mn的含量均较高。     

Neutron activation analysis on ancient Greek silver coins and related materials

66 archaic Greek silver coins have been analyzed for the minor elements Cu, Au, Bi and Pb, and for the trace elements Na, Mn, Co, Ni, As, Sn, Sb and Ir. Instrumental neutron activation has been used for the determination of Cu and Au and atomic absorption spectroscopy for Pb and Bi. The trace elements could be detected only after a separation of the interfering matrix activities by an extraction with a diethyl-dithio-carbamate complex. The homogeneity of Au and Cu in the coins and the significance of the trace elements are discussed. The statistical evaluation of the analytical data reveals distinct groups for coins of some provenances.     

Determination and geochemical significance of trace elements in Iraqi crude oils using instrumental neutron activation analysis

The trace-element composition of crude oil was studied using instrumental neutron activation techniques and a large-volume high-resolution Ge(Li) detector. A total of 29 elements were determined in oils representing the various producing formations of the Iraqi oil fields. These were: Al, Ar, As, Au, Br, Ca, Cl, Co, Cr, Cu, Eu, Fe, Ga, Hg, K, La, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, Re, S, Sb, Sc, Se, Sm, V, W and Zn. The significance of these trace elements in the geochemical investigation of crude oil is discussed.     

生、炒决明子中无机元素的分析测定

为测定生决明子中无机元素水平,探讨其药效物质基础及炒制对其含量的影响,采用原子荧光法和等离子发射光谱法等测定了不同产地、批次的生、炒决明子中重金属及微量元素的含量。结果表明,不同产地的生、炒决明子含有的重金属元素均没有超过食品卫生标准。决明子经过炮制后,无机元素变化情况:硫、钠、铬、钡、锂、镍、锶等元素炮制前后变化不大;钙、钾、镁、锰、锌有益元素的含量略有增高;汞、铅、砷有害元素的含量略有下降。可见决明子饮片药用是安全的,炒制工艺对决明子无机元素含量有一定影响,其特有无机元素的种类和含量对揭示决明子药效的物质基础具有意义。     

The stability of trace metals suspensions in heavy crudes as determined by neutron activation analysis

The importance of trace elements in petroleum has increased, since the role of nonhydrocarbon components has been recognized in the elucidation of the mechanisms of migration and origin of crudes. On the other hand, knowledge of trace elements in petroleum is also important in the refining and processing of crudes. In developing different instrumental analytical techniques for trace analysis of crudes, little attention has been devoted to the scatter of data due to poor sampling and to the proper nature of the matrix. In the present paper the results of the determination of 17 trace elements including Co, Zn, Fe, V, Ni, Mo, Ba, Cs, Au, Br, Se, Sc, As, Mn, La, Eu and Cu are presented. A multielemental neutron activation analysis in a purely instrumental form was performed on a homogenized sample and the results are compared to those obtained on the same sample after a seven month period. The results clearly show that the crude loses its induced homogeneous nature and that a standard heavy crude can not be stocked for comparison purposes. For the heavy asphaltene fractions, results of the analysis of the same trace elements are presented and the possibility of its use as a standard is discussed.     

生物质气化发电厂灰渣中微量元素的分布与富集规律

采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪,研究了生物质气化发电厂灰渣中元素As、Al、Br、Ca、Cd、Cl、Cr、Cu、F、Fe、Ga、K、Mg、Mn、Na、Ni、P、Pb、S、Si、Sr、Ti、Zn在气化器底灰、淋洗器灰和旋风分离器灰中的质量分数,并分析了这些元素在不同粒径3种灰渣中的分布规律。结果表明,大部分极易挥发的元素,如卤族元素、碱金属元素主要在淋洗器中存在,表明了它们在飞灰颗粒中的富集。旋风分离器灰在灰渣中所占比例为10%左右,以粗灰为主,灰中Fe、Si、Ni、Pb、Zn、Cr、Cd为多;表明了此灰中重金属元素积累。在气化炉底灰中以K、S、Mn、Cu为主。元素随颗粒物粒径大小和元素性质的不同,呈现不同的富集规律。     

Dietary intake of 25 elements by man estimated by neutron activation analysis

The trace element content of the total daily diet (food and beverages) of each of 4 adult males was determined over a period of one week. A method of radiochemical neutron activation analysis is briefly described which enables the determination of up to 31 elements in biological samples. Of the 25 elements determined in the diet 12 are essential elements (Ca, Cl, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mn, Mo, Na, Se, Zn) while 6 (As, Ba, Br, Cd, Hg, Sb) are classified as toxic. The average concentrations of the toxic trace elements As, Cd and Hg of the diet are below the provisional tolerable dietary intakes recommended by WHO/FAO. The contents of Cl, Cu, Fe, K, Mn, Na and Zn are adequate to the proposed nutritional requirements.     

Comparative PGAA and NAA results of geological samples and standards

Concentrations of major and trace elements in volcanic rock and soil samples, including geological standard reference materials, were determined by neutron activation analysis (NAA) and prompt gamma activation analysis (PGAA), both using the k ₀-standardization method. The paper highlights the different experimental procedures, such as sample preparation, data collection and spectrum evaluation. In geological samples, PGAA gives precise results for major elements (Si, Ti, Al, Fe, Mn, Mg, Ca, Na, K and—as a unique method—for H), for some of the light trace elements as B and Cl, as well as for Sc, S, Cr, Co, Ni, Cd, Nd, Sm and Gd. NAA is sensitive for the rare earth elements, and for many major (Ti, Al, Fe, Mn, Mg, Ca, Na, K) and trace elements (e.g.: Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Rb, Sr, Zr, As, Sb, Ce, Ba, Hf, Ta, W). For most major elements the results obtained by the two methods show good agreement. The comparison of the results obtained for trace elements is not always possible, since PGAA is less sensitive and concentrations are often below its detection limits. Nevertheless, the complementarity of NAA and PGAA allows nearly panoramic analysis of geological materials.     

Multi-element analysis of Ghanaian crude oils by instrumental neutron activation analysis

Instrumental neutron activation analysis based on thermal neutrons from the Ghana Research Reactor-1 facility was utilized to analyze 18 trace elements namely Al, As, Br, Ca, Cd, Cl, Co, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, S, Si, V, and Zn in two different crude oil samples from the Saltpond and Jubilee field in the Saltpond, Central region and Cape Three Points, Western region of Ghana, respectively. The sulfur concentration for both samples were low and within globally accepted range of 0.1–0.5%wt for sweet crude oil. The results of the elemental analysis showed that the two samples are relatively low in trace element concentrations compared to crude oils of other countries. Higher Fe concentration in the Jubilee crude oil indicates younger oil. The V/Ni ratios obtained for crude oils from both locations imply a possible marine organic origin and also suggest the Saltpond crude oil is more matured than the Jubilee crude oil.     

Characterization of household plastics for heavy metals using neutron activation analysis

Highly enriched concentrations of several heavy metals have been found in municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) ash. In an effort to identify possible sources of these metals in MSWI ash, a variety of disposable household plastic products was examined for heavy metal content. Using both thermal and epithermal neutron activation analysis (NAA) along with Compton suppression techniques, concentrations of several trace and heavy metals including Ag, As, Au, Ba, Br, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Sb, Se, Sn, Sr, V, W and Zn were determined. Results indicate a wide range of concentrations for these elements, with large variations in plastics of similar color and intended use. As limits dealing with heavy metal content of consumer products are lowered, NAA techniques will provide a useful method for verification of product compliance.     

煤中痕量元素在循环流化床锅炉中的迁移行为与富集特性

对天津市某电厂循环流化床(CFB)锅炉燃用的原煤及燃烧产物底灰、飞灰、细飞灰(≤50 μm)进行痕量元素含量的测定,分析了Be、Zn、Hg、V、Cr、Mn、Co、Ni、Cu、As、Se、Cd、Pb 13种痕量元素在燃烧过程中的迁移行为,揭示了痕量元素在CFB锅炉中的分配、富集特性。结果表明,CFB锅炉中,较低的炉温对于痕量元素的迁移富集产生了较大的影响。由相对富集系数得知,Be、V、Co、Se在底灰中耗散,在飞灰中富集,Zn、Mn倾向于在底灰中富集,元素Cd、Pb、Ni、Cu挥发性较强,在底灰和飞灰中均是耗散。As受钙氧化物影响,挥发性表现并不明显。Hg在底灰和飞灰中相对富集系数均很低,表明Hg在整个燃烧过程中以气态形式排放;Hg、As、Se、V、Cr、Mn、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb均有向小颗粒物中富集的趋势。根据相对富集系数以及研究的13种元素在低温CFB锅炉中的迁移行为,将这些元素分为三类:A类(E_R<0.1),主要是以气态形式排放元素Hg;B类(0.1R≤0.85),较易挥发元素As、Be、Ni、Cu、Se、Cd、Pb、Co、V;C类(E_R>0.85),主要残留在固体产物中元素Zn、Mn、Cr。     

卷心菜和芹菜中的17种元素测定

采用微波消解法处理卷心菜和芹菜样品,并用ICP-AES法测定这两种蔬菜中的17种微量元素Ca,Mg,K,Na,P,Zn,Fe,Cu,Mn,Al,Se,Cr,Ni,Cd,As,Pb,Hg。结果表明,两种蔬菜中均含有丰富的矿物元素Ca,Mg,K,Na,P,芹菜中的矿物元素更高,也存在少量能调节人体生理机能的有益微量元素Zn、Fe、Mn、Al、Cu、Ni,除了卷心菜中Hg含量超标外,其它有害重金属元素均属国家食品安全卫生标准之内。     

Trace element analysis of airborne particulate matters in relation to air pollution in Benin City, Nigeria

The methods of neutron activation analysis (NAA) and atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) have been employed to determine the concentration levels of 18 trace elements in filter-collected airborne aerosols over an urban area in Nigeria. The highest concentrations measured in the samples were for Cl, Na, Al, Pb, Ca and Zn. The aerosol particles were found to contain higher concentrations of soil-derived trace elements, such as Al, Ti, K and Na than those derived from combustion and industrial activities such as As, Cd, Mn, Zn, Pb, Ni and Sb. The average precision of measurements varied between +/- 5.2% and 13% for most elements. Possible sources of the elements are also discussed.