Routes of nitrogen formation in nitrogen oxide reduction by carbon monoxide over Cr2O3

The interaction between nitrogen oxides (NO and N₂O) and carbon monoxide over Cr₂O₃ has been studied. It has been shown that at low temperatures N₂O is the main product of NO reduction by carbon monoxide, while at higher temperatures the main products are N₂O and N₂. The contributions of the consecutive (via N₂O) and parallel routes of molecular nitrogen formation have been determined.

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(NO N₂O) . , , — . ( N₂O) .

     

Catalytic oxidation of carbon monoxide by oxygen and nitrogen oxides on a copper-chromium oxide catalyst

The kinetics of CO oxidation by O₂, NO and NO₂ has been studied on a Cu–Cr-oxide catalyst. A comparison with the kinetics of the CO–N₂O interaction has been made. In all cases the reaction rate is described by the equation:r=k p _CO ¹ P _0x ⁰ . The oxidation of CO has been studied in the presence of different oxidants in the reaction mixture.

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CO , . CO . CO . CO .

     

Oxidation of carbon monoxide over a copper(II) oxide catalyst

Transient FTIR observations in conjuction with gas phase CO conversion measurements indicate an adsorbed CO species which seems not to participate directly in the oxidation reaction over a silica supported copper(II) oxide catalyst. This observation together with order of reaction determinations suggest that oxidation occurs via an Eley-Rideal mechanism.

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CO CO, (II), . , , , -.

     

Effect of oxygen on NO reduction over nickel chromite catalysts

Reduction rates of NO_x in HO_x+CO(H₂)+O₂ mixtures over a pure nickel chromite catalyst and samples supported on -Al₂O₃ and faience are high. At a space velocity of 10,000 h^–1, the complete reduction of nitrogen oxides by hydrogen and by carbon monoxide is achieved at 400–450°C and 450–500°C, respectively. Hence these catalysts can be recommended as a basis to develop commercial catalysts for NO_x removal from oxygen-containing exhaust gases.

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-Al₂O₃ NO_x NO_x–CO (H₂)–O₂ . 10 ·^–1 400–450°C, — 450–500°C. .

     

Catalytic reduction of dinitrogen monoxide by carbon monoxide over various metal oxides

A volcano-shaped relationship was obtained between the temperature Tc, where a given conversion (per unit surface area of the catalyst) attained, and the heat of formation, Q, of metal oxide, suggesting that the mechanism of the reaction depended upon Q-value.

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T_c, ( ), , Q, , Q.

     

Moderate-temperature reduction of copper chromite by hydrogen and hydrogen desorption from the surface of reduced chromite

The reduction of copper chromite CuCr₂O₄ by hydrogen at 300–573 K and a hydrogen pressure of 4×10⁴-8 × 10⁴ 10⁴ Pa and hydrogen desorption from the surface of a reduced sample are studied. The rate of copper chromite reduction becomes high at temperatures above 473 K. Hydrogen desorbs from the surface of metallic copper covering the surface of chromite during its reduction. The heat of hydrogen adsorption on the metallic copper is almost independent of the surface coverage, 70–80 kJ/mol.     

Au/CeO2催化剂上CO2选择加氢为CO反应及其中间物种研究

CO2的化学转化具有环境及科学双重研究意义.CO2具有很高的化学稳定性,加氢还原是一种有效的转化途径.其中将CO2选择性还原为CO,即逆水汽变换(RWGS)反应(CO2+H2→CO+H2O),具有重要的理论意义和应用价值:(1)CO作为合成气的重要原料,可以通过F-T合成生产更有价值的液体燃料;(2)H2可通过可再生能源电解水制取,实现了全过程的零排放碳循环利用.从热力学角度分析,RWGS反应是一个吸热反应,高温有利于平衡转化率的提高.从动力学角度,一个对正反应有活性的催化剂可同时催化逆反应进行.可还原性载体负载贵金属催化剂,如Pt/CeO2,Au/FeOx,Au/CeO2等,具有很好的低温WGS催化活性,但它们在RWGS反应上的研究较少.我们制备了CeO2负载纳米Au催化剂(HRTEM表征结果表明金高度分散于CeO2载体表面,粒径为4-5 nm),其在常压CO2加氢还原为CO反应中表现出优异的低温活性,分别在450℃,CO2/H2=1,WHSV=12000 mL/(h·g),及400℃,H2/CO2=1,WHSV=6000 mL/(h·g)条件下,CO2转化率接近平衡转化率,且CO的选择性为100%.随着H2/CO2比例增加,CO2转化率明显提高,且维持H2/CO2为1的化学计量比反应.通过原位漫反射红外光谱与质谱相结合的技术,研究了Au/CeO2催化剂上的RWGS反应路径:Au/CeO2催化剂表面形成了甲酸盐中间物种,它的消耗伴随着CO和H2O产物的生成.说明Au/CeO2催化剂遵循中间体机理,这应该是其具有优异低温RWGS反应性能的微观机制.     

Mechanism of interaction of carbon monoxide and synthesis gas with nickel catalyst

By means of thermogravimetry, mass spectrometry, and IR spectroscopy, it has been established that carbon monoxide, under condition similar to those in catalytic hydrogenation, is adsorbed on the surface of transition metals primarily in the molecular form.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 6, pp. 693–698, November–December, 1989.     

The reaction between nitrous oxide and carbon monoxide over magnesium oxide

The title reaction was carried out with the help of the transient response method over MgO. It was concluded that no catalyst reduction occurred over this catalyst and the reaction proceeded through the reaction between adsorbed nitrous oxide and adsorbed carbon monoxide without participation of MgO oxygen.

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MgO. , - MgO.

     

Modelling reduction of nitric oxide by hydrogen over supported catalysts

A mean field model for NO oxidation with H₂ over supported catalysts is proposed and solved numerically. The model is composed of a system of PDEs subject to nonclassical conjugate conditions at the catalyst–support interface and includes the bulk diffusion of reactants and reaction products and surface diffusion of all intermediate products. The influence of the particle jumping rate constants via the catalyst–support interface and reaction rate constants on the evolution of the reactivity of the catalyst surface is investigated. It is shown that the conversion rates (turnover frequencies) of NO and H₂ into products, N₂, H₂O, NH₃, and N₂O, are nonmonotonous functions of time. The conversion rates of NO and H₂ into N₂ and N₂O can have one or two local maxima, while their conversion rates into H₂O and NH₃ can possess one, two, or three local maxima. The mechanism and conditions for arising of the second maximum are discussed and reaction steps that essentially increase the surface reactivity are indicated.

     

The co-adsorption of carbon monoxide/propyne at 293 K and 573 K over a nickel/alumina catalyst

The adsorption and co-adsorption of carbon monoxide and propyne have been studied over a Ni/alumina catalyst at 293 and 573 K. Co-adsorption was found to give unique results at each temperature.     

Hydrogenation of carbon dioxide over iron oxide catalyst

Hydrogenation of carbon dioxide was carried out over reduced Fe₃O₄ catalyst. Effect of reduction temperature of the catalyst, reaction temperature, space velocity, and component of feed gas were examined on the catalyst. From various experiments, the proper conditions for the hydrogenation of carbon dioxide are proposed. In addition, oxidation of the catalyst took place simultaneously during the hydrogenation of CO₂.

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Fe₃O₄. , , . , . CO₂ .

     

Mechanism of carbon monoxide oxidation on nickel oxide and its solid solutions

On the basis of studying the isotope exchange of oxygen and the position of the Fermi level in the system MiO–Li_xNi_1–xO, an explanation is proposed for the compensation effect in the reaction of CO oxidation on nickel oxide and its solid solutions.

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NiO–Li_xNi_1–xO CO .

     

An evolved gas analysis study of the reduction of nickel oxide by hydrogen

The reduction of NiO by H₂ was followed by conventional thermogravimetry and a new evolved gas analysis approach which follows the course of the reaction by measuring the H₂O content of the gas stream. Excellent correspondence is observed between the two techniques for simultaneous measurements. Heating rates between 0.5 and 10° min^–1 shift the temperature of the reaction as does changing the surface area of the NiO. These shifts are discussed in terms of the Neel temperature (T _N) of NiO and the thermal history of the sample. No correlation between reaction rate andT _N is observed under dynamic conditions. Preheating the sample in vacuum at 130° has a marked effect on shape of the DTG and EGA curves.

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Zusammenfassung Die Reduktion von NiO durch H₂ wurde durch konventionelle Thermogravimetrie und eine neue Analyse des entwickelten Gases untersucht, welche den Reaktions-ablauf durch Messung des H₂O-Gehalts des Gasstromes verfolgt. Eine ausgezeichnete Übereinstimmung beider Techniken wird bei simultanen Messungen beobachtet. Aufheizgeschwindig keiten zwischen 0.5 und 10° min^–1 verschieben die Temperatur der Reaktion und verändern die Oberfläche des NiO. Diese Verschiebungen werden auf Grund der Neel-Temperatur (T _N) des NiO und der thermischen Vergangenheit der Probe erörtert. Unter dynamischen Bedingungen wird keine Korrelation zwischen der Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit undT _N beobachtet. Das Vorwärmen der Probe im Vakuum bei 130° zeigt einen deutlichen Einfluß auf die Form der DTG und EGA Kurven.

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() ( ), H₂O . . 0.5 10° , . (T _N) . T _N. 130° - -.

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Presented at the 11th Annual NATAS Meeting, New Orleans, LA, Oct. 19–21, 1981.

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The authors are grateful to Mr. F. Schrey for measurements of the surface area.     

Platinum and molybdenum oxide deposited carbon electrocatalyst for oxidation of hydrogen containing carbon monoxide

Carbon-supported Pt/MoO_x catalysts for use in PEFC anodes were prepared and their catalytic activity for the oxidation of CO-contaminated H₂ was examined based on the fuel cell performance in PEFC single cell arrangements. Based on the XRD pattern and XPS measurements of the prepared Pt/MoO_x/C catalysts, it was found that the deposited MoO_x exists as an amorphous oxide phase. The MoO_x phase shows a redox peak at around 0.45 V, which was revealed by the cyclic voltammogram of the Pt/MoO_x/C in sulfuric acid solution. The PEFC performance of the cell with Pt/MoO_x/C was improved under 100 ppm CO-contaminated H₂ conditions compared to the Pt/C catalyst, and was almost comparable to the PtRu(1:1)/C catalyst.