磷、砷、硅共存时用结晶紫测定磷

本文研究了聚乙烯醇(PVA-124)存在下,磷、砷、硅共存时以结晶紫-磷钼酸直接在水相测定磷的掩蔽体系,并探讨了各个元素分别测定的可能性。 1.主要试剂和仪器:磷、砷和硅的标准溶液按常法配制。所用仪器主要为72型分光光度计。 2.聚乙烯醇存在下用结晶紫测定磷的条件:量取磷标准溶液适量于25ml比色管中,加入H_2SO_4(5N)4.0ml,钼酸铵溶液(0.05M)2.0ml,聚乙烯醇溶液(2.5％)2.5ml,结晶     

介绍一种泥磷的分析方法

在制磷工业中,对于泥磷中黄磷的分析,一般均采用磷钼酸铵沉淀容量法,此法有两个缺点,一、泥磷除掉水份后遇空气即自燃,称样很难准确。二、泥磷在氧化时,黄磷常常浮于溶液表面而自燃,使测定结果偏低。本文介绍的物理方法不存在上述缺点,此方法简便、易行。     

ICP-AES法测定饲料中钙、磷含量

采用干灰化法处理饲料样品,以全谱直读ICP—AES法对饲料中钙、磷元素进行了测定。结果表明,该法测定钙的相对标准偏差为0．18％～0．76％,测定磷的相对标准偏差为0．37％～1．02％;钙元素的加标回收率为99．6％-100．3％,磷元素的加标回收率为97．8％-100．5％;该法与国家标准比对,结果准确可靠。     

非完全消化-分光光度法测定环烷酸钴中钴

用非完全消化法处理环烷酸钴样品，即先用(1 3)HClO4-HNO3混合酸及H2O2消解破坏样品，使Co^2 游离出来，再用乳化剂Triton X-100溶解残存的环烷酸根而配制成透明的样品溶液。采用Co^2 -5-Br-PADAP-OP显色体系测定钴，在硫磷混合酸介质中共存元素与5-Br-PADAP形成的有色络合物被分解破坏，从而达到消除干扰的目的。建立了非完全消化-分光光度法测定环烷酸钴中钴的分析方法。对测定条件、线性范围进行了考察。测定结果与灰化法-分光光度法一致，相对标准偏差小于0．7％，加标回收率97．4％～103．0％。     

痕量元素磷的有机相比色测定

黄磷污水中之元素磷对生物有极大的毒害,为此,控制排放污水中元素磷含量,避免周围环境的污染十分重要。我们对污水中痕量元素磷的测定方法进行了试验。电炉制磷污水中元素磷含量极低,经处理后的排放污水仅含0.05毫克/升以下。但污水组成极为复杂,干扰元素磷测定的物质又多,水溶性磷含量为元素磷之近千倍,因此要获得正确的分析结果,必需:1.将元素磷和水溶性磷分离。2.分离后的元素磷氧化成正磷酸。3.用灵敏度较高的测定方法进行测定。我们采用苯为溶剂萃取元素磷,使和     

王水溶解-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定铁矿石中的微量磷

样品经王水分解后,在电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪上测定了样品溶液中磷的含量。通过实验确定了基体元素的干扰、酸度、样品提升量、雾化气流速、功率、观测高度、分析谱线等分析条件。通过铁的干扰实验结果表明,样品中的基体元素铁不影响磷含量的测定。在用Ｐ178.222 nm分析线测定时,方法的检出限为P 0.0006％（相对于0.1ｇ样品,定容至100 mL）,相对标准偏差在3.14%～6.04％（ｎ＝11）,样品加标回收率在92%～110%。方法测定样品中磷含量的结果同光度法测定结果对比数据相符。     

磷钼钒杂多酸光度法测定钒

磷钼钒杂多酸早已用于磷的光度分析,其它应用尚未见报道。本文提出利用磷钼钒杂多酸光度测定高速钢中常量的钒,共存元素中铬、钴的影响以试样空白扣除,钨的负干扰可采用经验系数补正,样中1％Si和1％Nb不干扰测定。方法简便、快速、准确。本文还提出了在一定条件下形成磷钼钒酸、磷钨钒酸和磷钨钼酸的经验规律。 1 试剂与仪器 钼酸铵溶液:53g·L~(-1) 盐磷混酸:1.19g·ml~(-1)盐酸+1.74g·ml~(-1)磷酸=3+2 钒标准溶液:0.900mg·ml~(-1)(里偏钒酸铵配制并以滴定法标定) 721型分光光度计 2 分析方法称取试样0.1000g于200ml锥形瓶中(同时称一份不含钒的钢样作试剂空白A_0),加盐磷混酸1.5ml,硫酸(1+1)8ml,加热溶解,滴加浓硝酸助溶,继续加热     

锑磷钼蓝光度法测定轴承钢中的磷含量及测定结果的不确定度评定

介绍采用UV - 2000型分光光度计测定轴承钢中磷含量的方法,对实验条件的选择、干扰元素的消除、异常现象的处理等进行了研究.对分析结果的不确定度进行了评定,当磷含量为0.0113％时,扩展不确定度为0.001 8％,k=2.     

黄磷生产废水中微量元素磷的气相色谱分析

众所周知,黄磷是剧毒物质,它对人和生物都是极其有毒的。因此,在黄磷生产和环境监测中,黄磷生产废水中微量元素磷的分析是一项极为重要的工作。本文考查了用气相色谱法测定黄磷生产废水中微量元素磷的条件,建立了测定黄磷生产废水中微量元     

蔗汁中蔗糖含量的分光光度法测定

建立了测定蔗糖的分光光度法 ,在酸性介质中 ,蔗糖还原磷钼黄生成磷钼蓝 ,对该反应进行了详细的研究 ,确定了最佳反应条件 ;结果表明 ,所生成的磷钼蓝最大吸收波长在820nm ,蔗糖溶液在0.57～22.56mg/L服从比尔定律 ,表观摩尔吸光系数为1.17×104 L/(mol·cm) ,定量下限为0.57mg/L;该法灵敏度高、选择性好 ,用于甘蔗汁样品的测定 ,结果令人满意 ;对蔗糖与磷钼黄的反应机理进行了探讨     

高吸水性树脂的吸水机理

高吸水性树脂是三度空间网络聚合物，是高分子电介质。在高分子网络链上嵌有可电离的离子对，遇水形成离子网络。该树脂能吸收自身重量几百倍至几千倍的水，且保水性好，即使在压力下，水也不从中溢出。其吸水机理可用Ｆｌｏｒｙ－Ｈｕｇｇｉｎｓ热力学公式来解释。     

Ion Product of Pure Water Characterized by Physics-Based Water Model

Pure water has been characterized for nearly a century, by its dissociation into hydronium (H₃O)¹⁺ and hydroxide (HO)^1- ions. As a chemical equilibrium reaction, the equilibrium constant, known as the ion product or the product of the equilibrium concentration of the two ion species, has been extensively measured by chemists over the liquid water temper-ature and pressure range. The experimental data have been nonlinear least-squares fitted to chemical thermodynamic-based equilibrium equations, which have been accepted as the industrial standard for 35 years. In this study, a new and statistical-physics-based water ion product equation is presented, in which, the ions are the positively charged protons and the negatively charged proton-holes or prohols. Nonlinear least squares fits of our equation to the experimental data in the 0-100 ℃ pure liquid water range, give a factor of two better precision than the 35-year industrial standard.     

Improvement of Atmospheric Water Surface Discharge with Water Resistive Barrier

Atmospheric water surface discharge is a promising method for water treatment. The selection of discharge gap distance must take a pair of conflicting aspects into account: the chemical efficiency grows as the discharge gap distance decreases, while the spark breakdown voltage decreases as the gap distance decreases. To raise the spark breakdown voltage and the chemical efficiency of atmospheric pressure water surface discharge, resistive barrier discharge is introduced in this paper. Both the high voltage electrode and the ground electrode are suspended above water surface to form an electrode-water-electrode discharge system. The water layer plays the role of a resistive barrier which inhibits the growth rate of discharge current as voltage increases. Experiments conducted at different discharge gap distances and water conductivities indicate that both the spark breakdown voltage and the chemical efficiency are remarkably raised in comparison with traditional water surface discharge. After parameter optimization, the discharge reactor is scaled up with activated carbon fiber electrodes and advantages of water resistive barrier discharge are kept.     

Spectral Irradiance in Pond Water: Influence of Water Chemistry

Knowing the depth of UV penetration in ponds and the chemical variables that control underwater spectral irradiance is a prerequisite to predicting the influence of UV on amphibians and other pond organisms. The present study found that over 99% of UVB (280–315 nm) radiation was attenuated in the top 10–20 cm of ponds sampled on the edge of the Canadian Shield near Peterborough, Ontario. While the principal attenuating substance was, as in lakes, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), neither DOC nor DOC fluorescence were useful predictors of the attenuation coefficients other than the observation that all values of DOC were high and all attenuation coefficients were also high. The lack of a reliable relationship between DOC and attenuation resulted from differences throughout the season in the fraction of the DOC capable of absorbing radiation (chromophores) and the fraction capable of fluorescing (fluorophores). Attenuation was higher than predicted from DOC during springtime when amphibians lay their eggs. Absorbance coefficients measured using a spectrophotometer proved to be reliable predictors of both UVB and UVA attenuation coefficients measured in the ponds with a spectro-radiometer. While DOC provides an effective sun screen against the direct damage of UV radiation, the high attenuation means that the photochemical activity spread over at least 15 m in the ocean is confined to only a few centimeters in ponds.     

Water vapor polarization

The characteristics of water vapor polarization were calculated, and several polarization theory equations applicable to different states of aggregation of molecular systems were obtained.     

Water trimer cation

By using density functional theory (DFT) and high-level ab initio theory, we have investigated the structure, interaction energy, electronic property, and IR spectra of the water trimer cation [(H₂O) ₃ ⁺ ]. Two structures of the water trimer cation [the H₃O⁺ containing linear (3Lp) structure versus the ring (3OO) structure] are compared. For the complete basis set (CBS) limit of coupled cluster theory with single, double, and perturbative triple excitations [CCSD(T)], the 3Lp structure is 11.9?kcal/mol more stable than the 3OO structure. This indicates that the ionization of water clusters produce the hydronium cation moiety (H₃O⁺) and the hydroxyl radical. It is interesting to note that the calculation results of the water trimer cation vary seriously depending on the calculation level. At the level of M?ller?CPlesset second-order perturbation (MP2) theory, the stability of 3OO is underestimated due to the underestimated O??O hemibonding energy. This stability is also underestimated even for the CCSD(T) single point calculations on the MP2-optimized geometry. For the 3OO structure, the MP2 and CCSD(T) calculations give closed-ring structures with a hemi-bond between two O atoms, while the DFT calculations show open-ring structures due to the overestimated O??O hemibonding energy. Thus, in order to obtain reliable stabilities and frequencies of the water trimer cation, the CCSD(T) geometry optimizations and frequency calculations are necessary. In this regard, the DFT functionals need to be improved to take into account the proper O??O hemibonding energy.     

用肥皂水区分软水和硬水的实验探究

肥皂水的质量分数、用量,水的硬度和温度等因素,都会影响“用肥皂水区分软水和硬水” 的实验效果。在常温下,肥皂水遇硬水既可以形成浮渣,也可以分散浮渣;温度过高时,肥皂水遇硬水不会产生浮渣,但会产生泡沫。利用肥皂水不仅可以比较出日常生活中不同水的硬度,还可以使硬水软化。     

还原荧光法测定水和废水中的对硝基酚

本文用乙酸丁酯萃取水和废水中的对硝基酚,用氢氧化钠溶液反萃取,然后用硼氢化钾还原对硝基酚为对氨基酚,用荧光法进行分析测定。荧光激发波长和发射波长分别为274nm和372nm。检测限为3.0μg/L。样品加标回收率为89％～96％。