Bremsstrahlung shielding parameters in polymer concretes

Concretes are used for shielding in nuclear power plants. Beta radiation is emitted during the nuclear reactions. This beta radiation interacts with the concrete and results in secondary radiation such as bremsstrahlung. Shielding parameters of beta-induced bremsstrahlung in concretes are important in the field of radiation protection. We have evaluated the cross section, yield, intensity and dose rate of beta-induced bremsstrahlung by pure beta nuclides of end point energy ranges from 0.4 to 5?MeV in some polymer-based concretes such as sulfur polymer concrete, barium polymer concrete, calcium polymer concrete, fluorine polymer concrete, chlorine polymer concrete and germanium polymer concrete. We have compared the shielding properties among the studied polymer concretes. The efficiency, intensity and dose rate of bremsstrahlung increases with a maximum energy of beta nuclide and modified atomic number of the concrete. From the detailed study, it is clear that the barium polymer concrete is having large bremsstrahlung dose rate and specific bremsstrahlung constant values than the other studied polymer concretes. This means barium polymer concrete is a good absorber of bremsstrahlung radiation than the other studied polymer concretes.     

含冷却水管大体积混凝土温度场计算的一种新方法

水管冷却是混凝土坝施工期的主要温度控制措施,提出一种新的水管冷却数值模拟理论和计算方法.该方法将水管置于常规混凝土单元内部,在单元中把混凝土与水管的接触面作为散热面纳入控制方程的边界条件,把混凝土通过冷却水管壁面耗散的能量叠加到常规泛函中,根据此复合泛函由变分原理建立含冷却水管混凝土的有限元支配方程.编制相应的三维计算程序,在程序中水管网格的拓扑信息由程序自动完成,冷却水管可以从混凝土单元任意位置穿过,因此不增加网格剖分的难度,算例表明该方法能准确模拟混凝土的冷却效应.     

多重全内反射红外光谱原位研究混凝土渗透性

将多重全内反射傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR-MIR)技术应用于混凝土渗透性研究.考察了水灰比和养护龄期与混凝土微孔结构之间的关系及其对混凝土渗透性的影响.简要分析了水和硫酸根离子在混凝土中传输规律.原位FTIR-MIR研究表明,水在混凝土中的传输主要依靠混凝土内部孔隙两端的毛细势能梯度.SO2-4离子的传输过程则要考虑对流和浓度差引起的扩散两种方式以及SO2-4与混凝土中水化产物的反应.混凝土抗渗性能与其微观孔结构有着密切的关系,随着水灰比降低或养护龄期延长,混凝土孔隙率减小,孔的连通性下降,混凝土抗渗性能提高.     

混凝土硫酸钠腐蚀产物的高光谱检测方法研究

目前混凝土化学腐蚀损伤程度的检测主要是扫描电镜、能谱、XRD衍射等方法,这些方法对于在役的混凝土结构来说,易造成破坏,检测时间长,连续性差。提出了一种基于高光谱的混凝土腐蚀产物无损检测新方法。高光谱检测具有非接触、方便快捷、连续无损的优点,但是受腐蚀混凝土实测光谱的解混模型和分析方法是实际应用的难点。该研究根据混凝土遭受硫酸钠侵蚀生成产物的特点,将硫酸钠侵蚀后混凝土的光谱划分成两个组分光谱的线性混合,一个组分是水泥的水化产物光谱反射率,另一个组分是硫酸钠侵蚀下生成主要产物钙矾石和石膏的光谱反射率。在光谱比值导数模型的基础上,建立混凝土腐蚀产物的光谱解混模型。以在清水和10%Na₂SO₄溶液中连续浸泡的混凝土试块为研究对象,按照15 d的采集周期,在30～120 d连续测量两组混凝土的反射光谱。数据经过平滑、包络线去除后,利用混凝土腐蚀产物的光谱解混模型进行处理。数据一次解混后,分析解混后光谱曲线光谱特征和变化规律,与钙矾石和石膏混合物的标准光谱曲线进行SFF匹配拟合分析。并结合扫描电镜和X射线衍射方法检测此次试验中钙矾石和石膏腐蚀产物的生成情况。利用混凝土比值后的光谱曲线除以石膏光谱曲线,完成了实测光谱的二次解混处理,分析了钙矾石的生成量在30～120 d腐蚀过程中变化趋势。试验结果表明,（1）试验中清水和10%Na₂SO₄溶液中不同龄期的两组混凝土,反射光谱特征随着腐蚀时间的增加区分度明显。两组试块均在1 445和1 945 nm附近有较强吸收特征,但吸收深度不同,10%Na₂SO₄溶液混凝土光谱曲线的吸收深度、吸收面积明显大于清水中的混凝土;（2）实测光谱曲线经过混凝土光谱解混模型一次处理后的曲线,在1 450和1 945 nm左右处有明显的吸收深谷,与石膏和钙矾石混合物标准光谱的光谱特征一致,两者光谱曲线的SFF匹配拟合数值达到了0.96;（3）利用比值后的光谱除以石膏光谱后的曲线很好的突出了腐蚀产物钙矾石的光谱特征。发现随着腐蚀龄期的增长,钙矾石在30～120 d生成量的丰度呈现先降后升趋势。（4）根据混凝土试块腐蚀状态下的高光谱数据分析、扫描电镜和X射线衍射的检测结果,验证了混凝土光谱解混模型在混凝土检测中能够正确解算出腐蚀产物的类型和丰度,为混凝土高光谱无损检测提供了理论基础。     

高温高应变率下混凝土材料的损伤演化方程

采用?74 mm大口径分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB)对不同温度(20、200、400℃)下的C45混凝土材料进行动态力学性能实验,得到了不同温度、不同应变率下混凝土材料的应力-应变曲线。实验结果表明:在20~400℃温度范围内,混凝土材料具有温度硬化和应变率硬化现象。基于上述实验数据给出了损伤变量关于塑性应变的关系式,并通过相关实验数据确定了不同温度、不同应变率下损伤演化方程的材料参数。将该损伤演化方程应用于混凝土材料的本构关系中,预测结果与实验数据具有较好的一致性,证明了所提出的高温、高应变率下混凝土材料损伤演化方程的合理性。     

Analysis of concrete targets with different kinds of reinforcements subjected to blast loading

In this paper we describe an experimental campaign carried out to study and analyse the behaviour of concrete slabs when subjected to blast loading. Four different types of concrete have been tested: normal strength concrete with steel rebar, normal strength concrete with steel rebar retrofitted with Kevlar coating, steel fibre reinforced concrete (SFRC) and polypropylene fibre reinforced concrete (PFRC). The major asset of the experimental setup used is that it allows to subject up to four specimens to the same blast load what, besides being cost effective, makes possible to have a measure of the experimental scatter. The results of SFRC and PFRC concretes have been analysed by using a previously developed material model for the numerical simulation of concrete elements subjected to blast. The experimental campaign and preliminary results of this numerical analysis show how the high strain rates, in spite of improving the mechanical properties of these kinds of fibre reinforced concretes, lead to an embrittlement of the material, which may be dangerous from the point of view of the structural behaviour.     

超声动载荷下三维随机骨料混凝土的损伤

混凝土是一种由粗骨料与水泥砂浆组成的非均质复合材料。本研究利用APDL语言程序编写三维水泥混凝土骨料随机投放程序并导入ABAQUS中,同时赋予各相材料塑性损伤本构关系来研究混凝土动态加载下的破坏规律,运用超声波在混凝土破碎中的作用机理对混凝土动态损伤破坏过程进行模拟研究。结果表明:随着超声动态载荷的增大,粗骨料体积分数为40%的混凝土始终能够承受最大应力载荷;随着超声应力波幅值增大,混凝土在动载荷下的损伤值逐渐增大,且粗骨料体积分数为40%时,其抗损伤能力最优;当粗骨料最大粒径逐渐增大,或者当粗骨料最小粒径增大,混凝土级配不合理导致性能不稳定,更易损伤破坏。     

自然状态下水泥路面温度与其发射率耦合关系研究

地表发射率是地表温度遥感反演中不可缺少的参数之一。常规获取地表发射率的遥感方法中,存在温度和发射率病态反演的问题;而实验室实测方法在恒定的自然条件下测定,对于遥感实用有一定的局限性。为解决上述问题,本研究利用温度和发射率相互耦合的关系,剔除温度效应的影响,提高发射率的精度,进而提高遥感反演地表温度的精度。对于不同地表物质而言,发射率和温度耦合关系又不同,本研究针对典型的城市人造地表类型之一——水泥路面,基于合理的自然状态下水泥路面发射率和温度观测实验,筛选理想大气环境下实测数据;利用最优发射率与温度分离算法取代光谱仪自带算法,提取精度较高发射率数据;分析时序水泥路面温度和发射率数据的耦合关系,建立耦合模型,并进行验证。研究结果表明：水泥路面的发射率二阶导数与温度相关性最高,相关系数为-0.925 1。以发射率二阶导数为自变量的逐步回归模型为最佳关系模型,判定系数R2达到0.886,验证结果的均方根误差RMSE为0.292 1。水泥路面温度与其发射率耦合关系模型的建立为提高遥感反演地表温度的精度提供了一种途径。     

早龄期荷载及低温作用下的混凝土声发射特征试验研究*

井壁混凝土由于施工与环境特殊性导致其裂缝扩展情况异常,本文通过对不同早龄期荷载、低温条件下混凝土轴压破坏过程的声发射检测,分析井壁施工环境对混凝土内部裂缝产生、发展的影响。研究表明,早龄期荷载、低温单独作用时,与标养混凝土主要差异在轴压过程中的声发射初始阶段,对混凝土内部的原有收缩裂缝有所影响。当两者耦合作用时,早龄期荷载影响比低温作用显著,并且在早龄期荷载较大时会出现声发射信号"倒置"现象。     

聚能装药侵彻混凝土靶板的数值模拟

将MEPH2Y程序和LTZ-2D程序衔接在一起,应用于分析射流、射弹对混凝土靶板的侵彻问题.模拟射流对混凝土靶板的侵彻以及靶板的损伤破坏情况,计算结果与实验结果符合得较好.     

面层混凝土对跑道内爆毁伤影响的仿真研究

 采用考虑混凝土拉伸破坏的TCK失效模型,运用AUTODYN软件对跑道内爆毁伤进行了数值模拟。研究了炸点置于面层混凝土底部时,不同装药量和不同面层混凝土厚度对爆破漏斗坑参数的影响规律。结果表明：数值模拟结果较好地反映了混凝土因拉伸损伤引起的破裂和抛掷漏斗现象。基于数值模拟得到的漏斗坑参数值,建立了漏斗坑半径、空腔半径与面层厚度的无量纲表达式,计算得到的漏斗坑参数值得到了实验验证。     

Study on the acoustic emission-model of concrete damage

I.lntroductiollBecausetherearethedefects.cracksandnon-homologousmicrostructurewithdifferentpropertiesincollcrete,whenaloadisputonconcretematerialthedamageandbreakagemayresultandsoonafterwardsexpanded.Itisadifficutproblem,howtodecidethedamageofconcretematerialwithcracksanddefects.TheacousticemissionisanassociatedphenomenollwiththeprocessofthenonhomologousdeformationorthebreakaeandexPansiollofmaterial.InthispaPertherelationshipbetweentheacousticemis8ionparametersandthedamageparameters,andthedam…     

冲击载荷下混凝土本构模型构建研究

 在对混凝土动态力学性能和现有本构模型综合分析的基础上,构建了一个新的适用于冲击响应问题数值分析的混凝土本构模型。该本构模型全面考虑了压力、应力第三不变量、变形的硬化和软化、应变率强化以及拉伸损伤等各个影响因素。将其加入LTZ-2D程序,确定了本构模型参数,对混凝土靶板的穿透问题进行了数值验证分析。计算得到的弹体剩余速度同实验结果基本一致,同时得到了混凝土靶板破裂的计算图像。计算结果及其分析表明,所构建的本构模型能够较好地反映冲击载荷作用下混凝土动态响应的主要特性。     

Compressive behaviour of dam concrete at higher strain rates

The mechanical behaviour of concrete when subjected to impact or blast has still many aspects requiring further study. Dam concrete is characterized by large coarse aggregates, hence large specimen sizes are needed in order to study a representative volume of the material. Exploiting an innovative equipment, based on Hopkinson bar techniques, the dynamic behaviour of concrete of 64?mm maximum aggregate size has been investigated. Direct dynamic compression tests have been performed on medium and large size cylindrical samples. Full stress-strain curves have been obtained, which have allowed the estimation of fracturing energies and of the relevant dynamic increase factor. The experimental campaign has also included a reference standard concrete in order to highlight the peculiarity of the dam concrete at high strain rates and to validate the transition of this type of testing to very large specimens.     

Remarks on Concrete Orthomodular Lattices

An orthomodular lattice (OML) is called concrete if it is isomorphic to a collection of subsets of a set with partial ordering given by set inclusion, orthocomplementation given by set complementation, and finite orthogonal joins given by disjoint unions. Interesting examples of concrete OMLs are obtained by applying Kalmbach's construction K(L) to an arbitrary bounded lattice L. This note provides several results regarding Kalmbach's construction, concrete OMLs, and the relationship between the notions. First, we provide order-theoretic and categorical characterizations of the OML K(L) in terms of the bounded lattice L. Second, we provide an identity satisfied by each OML K(L), but not valid in every concrete OML. This shows that the class of OMLs of the form K(L) do not generate the variety of all concrete OMLs. Finally, we show that every concrete OML can be embedded into a concrete OML in which every element is a join of two or fewer atoms.     

时域有限差分法的混凝土超声波损伤分析*

混凝土质量的好坏直接影响到建筑物的安全性,选用方便实用的方法对其内部裂纹进行检测具有显著意义。该文首先借助时域有限差分法,建立了混凝土声场数学模型。之后对不同内部缺陷尺寸的混凝土模型进行了超声波数值模拟,分别从时域和频域对接收到的超声信号进行了分析。结果发现,当内部存在缺陷时,接收信号时域幅值明显变小,接收信号的幅值与缺陷尺寸大小呈指数关系,且接收信号传播时间与缺陷宽度呈线性关系。最后以初次到达信号的频域能量为特征指标,得出其与混凝土内部开裂缺陷尺寸呈指数关系。该方法为混凝土超声无损检测建立合适的数学模型提供了参考。     

Damage evaluation of reinforced concrete frame based on a combined fiber beam model

In order to analyze and simulate the impact collapse or seismic response of the reinforced concrete(RC)structures,a combined fiber beam model is proposed by dividing the cross section of RC beam into concrete fiber and steel fiber.The stress-strain relationship of concrete fiber is based on a model proposed by concrete codes for concrete structures.The stress-strain behavior of steel fiber is based on a model suggested by others.These constitutive models are implemented into a general finite element program ABAQUS through the user defined subroutines to provide effective computational tools for the inelastic analysis of RC frame structures.The fiber model proposed in this paper is validated by comparing with experiment data of the RC column under cyclical lateral loading.The damage evolution of a three-dimension frame subjected to impact loading is also investigated.     

掺还原铁粉混凝土板反射和透射性能

通过控制混凝土板的厚度、混凝土板中还原铁粉掺量、在混凝土板中加钢丝网,研究混凝土板对电磁波的反射和透射性能。反射率测量采用弓形架测试方法,透射衰减测量采用两端口测试方法。混凝土板对电磁波的反射率测试频段为2~18GHz,透射衰减测试频段为12~18GHz。不同的混凝土板对电磁波的反射率在-5dB左右。40mm厚的混凝土板中还原铁粉的掺量超过200kg/m3时,电磁波的透射衰减量可达到-50dB以上。通过分析实验结果,发现混凝土板的厚度、混凝土板中还原铁粉掺量和钢丝网对反射率大小影响较小,对透射衰减量影响较大。     

A probabilistic mechanical model for prediction of aggregates’ size distribution effect on concrete compressive strength

To predict aggregates’ size distribution effect on the concrete compressive strength, a probabilistic mechanical model is proposed. Within this model, a Voronoi tessellation of a set of non-overlapping and rigid spherical aggregates is used to describe the concrete microstructure. Moreover, aggregates’ diameters are defined as statistical variables and their size distribution function is identified to the experimental sieve curve. Then, an inter-aggregate failure criterion is proposed to describe the compressive-shear crushing of the hardened cement paste when concrete is subjected to uniaxial compression. Using a homogenization approach based on statistical homogenization and on geometrical simplifications, an analytical formula predicting the concrete compressive strength is obtained. This formula highlights the effects of cement paste strength and aggregates’ size distribution and volume fraction on the concrete compressive strength. According to the proposed model, increasing the concrete strength for the same cement paste and the same aggregates’ volume fraction is obtained by decreasing both aggregates’ maximum size and the percentage of coarse aggregates. Finally, the validity of the model has been discussed through a comparison with experimental results (15 concrete compressive strengths ranging between 46 and 106 MPa) taken from literature and showing a good agreement with the model predictions.