Determination of effective stress range and its application on fatigue stress assessment of existing bridges

This paper presents a unified approach on determination of the effective stress range based on equivalent law of strain energy and fatigue damage model, so as to provide an efficient approach for accurately assessing effective fatigue stress of existing bridge under traffic loading. A new theoretical framework to relate variable- and constant-amplitude fatigue is proposed in this paper. Different formulation for calculating effective stress range can be derived by the proposed theory, which include the effective stress range by the root mean square, by Miner's law and a new effective stress range based on the nonlinear fatigue damage model. Comparison of the theoretical results of fatigue damage under the effective stress range of the variable-amplitude stress spectrum and experimental data of fatigue damage under realistic traffic loading has confirmed the validity of the proposed theory. As a way to relate variable-amplitude fatigue data with constant-amplitude data, the effective stress range provides the most convenient way for evaluating fatigue damage under variable-amplitude loading. The proposed theory is then applied to provide an efficient approach for accurately assessing fatigue damage of existing bridges under traffic loading, in which online strain history data measured from bridge structural health monitoring system is available. The proposed approach is applied to evaluate the effective stress range for the purpose of the fatigue analysis of a deck section of a long-span steel bridge––the Tsing Ma Bridge in Hong Kong.     

基于实测数据的扁平钢箱温度梯度疲劳应力谱分析方法

为研究扁平钢箱梁温度疲劳应力谱,以南溪长江大桥悬索桥主梁为研究对象,基于温度传感器长期实测数据,筛选实测数据的日温度极值,运用广义极值模型描述季节极值概率分布并采用极值外推方法得到设计基准期极值模型。引入拉丁超立方抽样(LHS)法对极值模型进行抽样,得到日温度极值样本。结合日温度极值样本和正弦函数模型,构建服役期内关注点的温度时程曲线。基于有限元ANSYS软件平台,分析不同温度梯度下关注点的应力效应,回归温度梯度与疲劳应力的线性关系式,依据温度梯度时程曲线与线性关系式模型,采用雨流计数法得到钢箱梁温度梯度疲劳应力谱。研究表明,模拟抽样生成的温度样本数据符合温度场的季节变化特征,样本概率模型与实测数据概率模型相对吻合。关注点温度梯度疲劳应力谱能够为扁平钢箱梁疲劳寿命设计提供参考。     

Investigation of the linear flow regime of commercial polymers by numerical conversion of MVM creep measurements

A new experimental and numerical method has been developed to characterize the terminal flow behavior of polydisperse, commercial grade polymer melts over a wide dynamic range of time/frequency scales. Experimentally, an MVM rheometer specifically designed for long time scale (t 10⁴ s) creep measurements is used to measure the creep compliance of three commercial polymers: two high density polyethylenes and one polystyrene. The long time scale MVM creep data are complemented in the short time scale regime by creep data from an industrial plate-plate rheometer. The time-dependent creep data is combined and converted to a discrete retardation spectra using a nonlinear regularization algorithm to address the ill-posed nature of the interconversion. The retardation spectrum is analytically converted to dynamic moduli and compared with independently measured dynamic moduli. In the overlapping frequency region, calculations and measurements show excellent agreement and the combined data span a much larger dynamic range than either independent data set. The calculated and measured dynamic moduli data are combined and a retardation spectrum with a vastly expanded dynamic range is generated. Combining long time scale MVM creep compliance data and dynamic moduli data exploits the intrinsic sensitivities of controlled strain and controlled stress rheological experiments and is a powerful means to greatly expand the experimentally accessible dynamic range of time/frequency. This approach is particularly useful for commercial polymers with broad molecular weight distributions and commensurately large distributions of relaxation times.     

La30Ce30Al15Co25金属玻璃应力松弛行为

作为潜在的工程材料, 金属玻璃在材料科学和凝聚态物理等领域引起广泛的研究兴趣. 金属玻璃结构与性能的关系表明, 金属玻璃的动态非均匀性与其黏弹性和塑性紧密相关. 然而, 宏观应力松弛行为与动态弛豫之间的物理图像并不清晰. 与传统金属材料不同, 金属玻璃的变形机理非常复杂. 应力松弛是一种表征玻璃体系黏弹性和塑性变形机制的有效手段, 从而探索结构和动态非均匀性. 本研究以La₃₀Ce₃₀Al₁₅Co₂₅金属玻璃为模型体系, 在较宽的温度窗口研究了其应力松弛行为. 研究结果表明, 与传统金属玻璃不同, La₃₀Ce₃₀Al₁₅Co₂₅金属玻璃具有明显的β弛豫行为. 基于Kohlarausch-Willams-Watts (KWW)方程的分析表明, 金属玻璃应力松弛为动态不均匀过程; 热动力学分析发现La₃₀Ce₃₀Al₁₅Co₂₅金属玻璃应力松弛存在显著的双阶段行为, 即从高应力条件下应力驱动为主导的松弛行为, 向低应力下热激活为主导的松弛行为发生转变. 通过激活能谱模型分析表明, 应力松弛单元的激活并非均匀, 而是存在能量上的起伏, 金属玻璃对于外力响应是一个渐进过程, 具有动力学不均匀性. 本研究进一步构建了金属玻璃的结构和动态非均匀性之间的关联, 为研究金属玻璃的α弛豫和β弛豫提供了强有力的支撑.      

Relaxational interactions and viscoelasticity of polymer melts. Part I: model development

Rheological equations of state for the concentrated solutions and melts of high polymers are derived by applying a structural approach. The dynamics of a macromolecule are considered on the basis of the fundamental model of the polymer chain, e.g., the bead-spring model. The drag forces describing correlations of motion macromolecules are determined by means of the relaxation equations. The oscillatory shearing flow of the melts is studied on the basis of the equations derived. Expressions for the dynamic modulus and relaxation times are determined. As can be judged from the form of the dependence of the dynamic modulus on frequency, the relaxation time distribution is the same as in real materials. The relaxation spectrum of high polymers has a terminal zone with abnormally long relaxation times.     

Estimation of the relaxation spectrum from dynamic experiments using Bayesian analysis and a new regularization constraint

The relaxation spectrum is estimated from dynamic experiments using Bayesian analysis and a new regularization constraint. In the Bayesian framework, a probability can be calculated for each estimate of the spectrum. This offers several advantages; (1) an optimal estimate of the relaxation spectrum may be calculated as the mean of a large number of estimates, and (2) reliable errors for the optimal estimate can be provided using the deviation of all estimates from the mean. Furthermore, the Bayesian approach (3) gives an estimate of the overall noise level of the experiment, which is usually an important but unknown parameter for the calculation of relaxation spectra from dynamic experiments by indirect methods (determining the regularization parameter), and finally, (4) the information content in a given set of experimental data can be quantified. The validity of the Bayesian approach is demonstrated using simulated data.     

基于损伤一致性的动车组转向架载荷实验谱研究

动车组转向架构架载荷状况复杂, 实际运用条件下包含多个基本载荷系, 因此转向架构架局部位置的总损伤是若干载荷系在该位置相应损伤的累积; 转向架构架实验谱是考核动车组构架寿命的关键手段, 在没有实测载荷的条件下如何编制实验谱是本文的研究目标.本文首先对转向架构架承载系统的线性假设、稳定假设及典型假设进行了确认研究; 然后根据长期实测线路仅有的动应力数据, 将转向架构架典型应力分区域编制应力谱; 其次根据构架受力特点对构架建立载荷系, 在试验台中标定各个载荷系下的载荷应力传递关系, 并将区域典型测点的最大标定系数作为该区域的载荷应力传递系数; 然后基于损伤一致性原则建立优化函数, 并将获得的载荷应力传递系数矩阵代入优化函数, 得到一种适用于由线路实测动应力大数据推导出实验载荷谱的方法. 试验结果证明该方法具有较高的精度, 对构架关键部位的考核实现了典型区域全覆盖; 在中国线路运用工况下, 相比国际通用规范, 该方法对所有典型区域做到损伤再现, 所编制实验谱对转向架构架的考核更具有适用性.      

含局部焊接细节的钢桁架结构静动力响应实验研究

从考虑损伤的结构有限元模拟的研究需要出发,对考虑焊连接细节构造的钢桁架结构试样进行了结构动力特性及特定载荷下的静力响应实验研究。文中给出了对试样结构进行动力特性测试和结构整体与局部应力分布状态的测试结果及其分析,并将有限元计算的结果与测试结果进行了对比分析。研究结果表明：结构动力特性的计算结果和测试值比较接近,存在的误差主要来自于边界条件的不确定性和可能的材料不均匀性;边界约束的形式对结构名义应力的分布有明显的影响,但对于焊接细节处的热点应力分布的影响很小。实验中所关注部位的热点应力在均布载荷作用下随载荷级别的提高,应力值由下翼缘的中间向两边增大,在焊缝附近有应力突变。     

An analytical investigation on thermomechanical stress analysis of adhesively bonded joints undergoing heat conduction

Thermomechanical loading, in the same way that mechanical loading can cause significant stress violations, may give rise to significant stress variations and concentrations and in some circumstances can result in structural destruction or even failure. This clearly shows the importance of accurate stress analysis of thermal-loaded structures. This paper presents three-dimensional thermomechanical stress analysis of heterogeneous adhesively bonded joints undergoing steady-state one-dimensional heat conduction using the full layerwise theory. In this approach, the fully coupled three-dimensional governing equilibrium equations are derived generally for an orthotropic joint based on the use of variational calculus and the principle of minimum total potential energy. The through-thickness temperature distribution is determined using the equivalent thermal-resistant model and is rewritten in the layerwise form. The governing equations of equilibrium then are analytically solved using the state space approach. The accurate results presented in this study are compared and verified via analytical as well as numerical investigations, and the study shows rapid converging solutions.     

航空发动机叶片抗冲击动力学拓扑优化研究

本文运用了结合混合元胞自动机(Hybrid Cellular Automaton, HCA)方法和基于LS-DYNA显式有限元算法的动力学拓扑优化方法来解决非线性动力学拓扑优化问题,并形成了该方法迭代过程的数学模型．运用该方法,对某航空发动机叶片进行了动力学拓扑优化设计,给出了优化后结构的材料分布,并与优化前结构进行了对比分析．结果表明,优化后结构相比于优化前在材料分布上更加合理,在减少质量的同时降低了结构在冲击过程中的最大应力,实现了航空发动机的抗冲击优化,为航空发动机动态优化设计提供了有效分析方法．     

基于振动响应和HHT技术的机翼盒段结构损伤检测方法研究

提出一种利用结构振动响应和HILBERT-HUANG变换(HHT)技术检测结构小损伤的时域方法,研究了基于HHT的悬臂机翼盒段结构的损伤特征量的提取方法,给出了所提取特征量与结构损伤程度之间的关系。用HHT技术处理完好盒段与损伤盒段在信号激励下的结构动力响应信号,得到信号的希尔波特谱;然后求出希尔波特谱对应的瞬时能量,从中提取出结构损伤信息—瞬时能量变化量,作为损伤特征参数;并研究了将之作为损伤特征参数的抗噪声干扰能力。最后给出了瞬时能量变化量最大值与结构损伤程度之间的关系。     

弯曲波对含多圆孔薄板的散射与动应力集中

采用复变函数法和多极坐标方法,研究了弯曲波对含有多圆孔薄板的散射问题。通过板的弯曲波动方程和内力方程的推导,求出在入射弯曲波条件下该问题的一般解的函数逼近序列和边界条件的表达式。用展开正交函数的方法将待解的问题归结为对一组无穷代数方程组的求解。最后,给出了含3圆孔薄板的孔边动应力集中系数的结果,并分析了孔间距和波数对动应力分布的影响。     

Control of circular-disk stability with membrane stresses

Membrane stresses alter the dynamic behavior and stability of circular-disk elements, such as circular saws and grinding wheels, by shifting the disk's natural frequency spectrum. Such shifts are directly related to variation in the critical rotation speed at which standing-wave-resonance instability occurs. Negative critical-speed variations reduce the disk stability, and positive critical-speed variations increase stability. The present paper theoretically and experimentally investigates the relationship between the state of disk-membrane stress, critical rotation speed, and the frequency spectrum in radially symmetric disk problems. The observed critical-speed variations are theoretically predictable and well understood. The approach of a shifting critical-speed instability can be predicted by monitoring the disk-frequency spectrum.     

非平稳随机激励下结构体系动力可靠度时域解法

将结构动力方程写成状态方程形式,采用精细积分法对其进行数值求解,导出了非平稳激励下结构随机响应的时域显式表达式,该过程的计算量仅相当于两次确定性时程分析的计算量. 基于该显式表达式,结合首次超越失效准则,提出了非平稳随机激励下结构体系动力可靠度的数值模拟算法. 与功率谱方法相比,该方法无需同时在时频域内进行大量数值积分,也无需引入关于响应过程跨越界限次数概率分布, 以及各失效模式相关性等方面的假定. 通过数值算例, 对比了该方法与泊松过程法、马尔可夫过程法、传统蒙特卡罗法的计算精度和计算效率,结果显示该方法具有理想的精度和相当高的效率.      

Meshfree modeling of dynamic response of mechanical structures

Transient nature of the loading conditions applied to the structural components makes dynamic analysis one of the important components in the design-analysis cycle. Time-varying forces and accelerations can substantially change stress distributions and cause a premature failure of the mechanical structures. In addition, it is also important to determine dynamic response of the structural elements to the frequency of the applied loads. In this paper we describe the first application of the meshfree Solution Structure Method (SSM) to the structural dynamics problems. SSM is a meshfree method which enables construction of the solutions to the engineering problems that satisfy exactly all prescribed boundary conditions. This method is capable of using spatial meshes that do not conform to the shape of a geometric model. Instead of using the grid nodes to enforce boundary conditions, it employs distance fields to the geometric boundaries and combines them with the basis functions and prescribed boundary conditions at run time. This defines unprecedented geometric flexibility of the SSM as well as the complete automation of the solution procedure. In the proposed approach we will use SSM to enforce initial and boundary conditions, while transient behavior is enforced by time marching schemes used to solve systems of ordinary differential equations. In the paper we will explain the key points of the SSM as well as investigate the accuracy and convergence of the proposed approach by comparing our results with the ones obtained using traditional finite element analysis. Despite in this paper we are dealing with 2D in-plane vibrations, the proposed approach has a straightforward application to model vibrations of 3D structures.     

DH-36钢的塑性流动统一本构关系研究

通过对DH-36钢动态应变时效的规律和试验数据进行系统分析, 发展和建立了描写第3种动态应变时效的本构模型. 然后基于热激活物理概念本构模型和塑性流动应力组合原理, 加入对第3种动态应变时效的描述, 获得了统一本构模型. 该模型不仅可以描写第3种动态应变时效, 还可以预测DH-36钢在温度77K~1000K, 应变率0.001s^{-1}~3000s^{-1}范围内的塑性流动应力,通过比较发现统一本构模型预测结果与试验结果吻合很好.      

基于某型航空发动机飞行参数的涡轮转子叶片疲劳/持久寿命分析

在对某型发动机飞行参数记录仪(简称"飞参")记录的数据进行分析的基础上统计了此发动机的实际工作循环载荷谱、高压涡轮转速与排气温度时间相关矩阵;并指出了理论载荷谱与基于飞参数据的实际使用载荷谱的区别;根据温度场和应力场的有限元计算结果,确定叶身中部温度最高点、伸根处应力最大点、叶身根部应力和温度均较高的点为寿命分析考核点...     

An extension of Neumann’s method for shape control of force-induced elastic vibrations by eigenstrains

This paper is concerned with the force-induced vibrations of linear elastic solids and structures. We seek a transient distribution of actuating stresses produced by additional eigenstrain, such that the vibrations produced by a given set of imposed forces are exactly compensated. This problem, known as dynamic shape control problem in structural engineering, or as dynamic displacement compensation problem in automatic control, is inverse to the usual direct problem of determining displacements due to imposed forces and actuation stresses. In the present paper, we extend a method, which was introduced by F.E. Neumann for demonstrating the uniqueness of direct elastodynamic problems. We use this extended Neumann method in order to show that the distribution of the actuating stresses for shape control must be equal to any statically admissible stress distribution that is in temporal equilibrium with the imposed forces. We furthermore discuss the role of stresses corresponding to this class of solutions in some detail, emphasizing the non-unique nature of a statically admissible stress. As an analytical justification of our formulations, we show that our method reveals some static results by J.M.C. Duhamel and by W. Voigt and D.E. Carlson. Particularly, our method can be interpreted as a dynamic extension of the Duhamel body-force analogy. We moreover present numerical results for a dynamically loaded, irregularly shaped domain in a state of plane strain. These finite element computations give excellent evidence for the validity of the presented method of shape control for both, the case of a step-input and the case of a harmonic excitation.     

大型上翻式拱形钢闸门流固耦合静动力特性分析研究

论文通过三维空间有限元数值计算模型研究大型上翻式拱形钢闸门的流固耦合动力特性,取得闸门结构流固耦合条件下的振动模态参数,为闸门结构共振分析和采取合理的控振措施提供了科学依据.此外对控制结构强度和刚度的门顶溢流工况进行了闸门位移和应力分布分析,指出了存在问题和修改方向.论文成果可供类似工程设计时参考.