Na促进的CuCoMn催化剂催化生物质合成气合成高醇

研究钠促进的CuCoMn催化剂的特性及其在生物质气化合成气合成高醇中的应用. 研究了催化剂中Na含量及合成条件(温度、压力和空速)对生物质基合成气合成高醇性能的影响. 发现CuCoMnNa_0.1催化剂较适合高醇合成, 在300 °C以下, 随着温度的上升, 碳转化率增大, 而醇选择性降低. 压力的增加有利于醇的合成, 增大空速会明显降低碳转化率, 但醇时空产率则因转换频率的增加而增大. 在所考察的范围内, 醇产率最高达到304.6 g·kg^-1·h^-1, 其中C₂₊高醇(C₂-C₆醇)占64.4% (w, 质量分数). 醇产物和烃产物均符合ASF (Anderson- Schulz-Flory)分布关系. 根据催化剂性能与表征分析, Na的加入有利于提高生物质气化合成气合成高醇的选择性和活性元素Cu、Co的分散性. X射线光电子谱(XPS)测试结果显示反应后的催化剂表面上, Cu以Cu⁺和Cu⁰的混合形式存在, 而Co则是Co²⁺/Co³⁺和Co⁰的混合物. 增加Na的含量, Cu⁰/Cu⁺比率和Co⁰的强度均随之减小.     

沉淀方法对FeMnCu/ZnO合成低碳醇催化剂性能的影响

以分步连续沉淀法和共沉淀法制备了一系列FeMnCu/ZnO复合氧化物合成低碳醇催化剂，对其CO加氢合成低碳混合醇的反应性能进行了考察，并用ICP、XRD、BET、H2-TPR对其结构进行了表征。结果表明，沉淀方法不同对催化剂的催化性能有较大的影响。在T503K、P=8.0MPa，GHSV=8000h－1，H2/CO＝2(体积比)的条件下, 分步沉淀法制备的FeMnCu/ZnO催化剂醇的收率和C2+OH的质量分数均高于共沉淀法制备的催化剂。其中“Fe atop Cu”催化剂醇的收率最高，达到0.26g/mLcat·h，同时“Fe atop Cu”催化剂C2+OH的质量分数也最高，可达31.72%。XRD研究表明，分步沉淀法制备的催化剂促进了CuO和ZnO的分散，提高了催化剂的催化性能。BET测试结果表明，分步沉淀法有扩孔的作用，有利于长链醇的生成。TPR研究发现，共沉淀法制备的催化剂Cu物种较难还原，这是共沉淀催化剂合成醇性能较低的原因之一。     

Comparative Study of Reduced and Sulfide Catalysts Based on Transition Metals in Conversion of CO and H<Subscript>2</Subscript>

Metallic (reduced) and sulfide heterogeneous catalysts based on Co and Mo and modified with alkali metals (K and Na) are comparatively studied in the synthesis of hydrocarbons and alcohols from syngas (CO + H₂). A significant amount of hydrocarbons is formed, when syngas is converted on cobalt and molybdenum metal catalysts. Modification of these catalysts with an alkali metal leads to suppression of the hydrogenation reaction and a decrease in the hydrocarbon yield; the yield of alcohol is low. A significantly higher amount of alcohol is obtained on molybdenum disulfide modified with potassium and cobalt in comparison with metal systems. The differences in catalytic activity are probably due to the structure of the active phase and different mechanisms of the reaction.     

助剂和原料气中CO2浓度对CuFeZr催化剂用于合成气制混合醇的影响

考察了不同助剂（Mn、Zn、Co）对CuFeZr催化剂用于合成气制混合醇的影响。借助BET、XRD、H₂-TPR等对其物化性质进行了表征,结果表明,加入助剂可减小颗粒粒径并且增强对CO的吸附能力以及催化剂表面碱性,其中,加入Zn可以增强CuFe间的相互作用,改善CuFeZr催化剂的还原性质,提高对CO的吸附能力,以及提供最强的表面碱性。用固定床反应器对催化剂的反应性能进行了评价,反应结果表明,加入Zn可以显著提高CuFeZr催化剂用于合成气制混合醇的反应活性及醇选择性,使醇时空收率从0.026 g/（g_cat·h）提高至0.071 g/（g_cat·h）。由于循环条件下,反应产物CO₂同时也是原料气的组成成分,进一步地探究了原料气中CO₂浓度对催化剂反应性能的影响。结果表明,加入CO₂可提高CO转化率和醇以及烃的收率,但阻碍链增长反应并使得产物烯烷比降低。其中,在所考察浓度范围内,原料气中含有2.5%的CO₂最有利于醇和烃的生成尤其是低碳醇和低碳烃的生成。     

K改性β-Mo2C催化剂CO加氢合成低碳混合醇的研究

制备系列K改性的β-Mo2C催化剂并对其CO加氢合成低碳混合醇性能进行了考察。结果表明，K改性使β-Mo2C催化剂的CO加氢选择性发生显著变化。β-Mo2C催化剂CO加氢的产物主要为C1～C4烷烃,经K改性后β-Mo2C催化剂上产物主要为C1～C5低碳醇，其中高级醇(C2+OH)选择性可达到33.78%。通过对碱金属质量分数的考察发现，当K/Mo（原子比）为0.2时，总醇选择性达到最大值，低碳醇的时空收率达到0.12 g/（mL·h－１）。β-Mo2C催化剂上醇烃产物均符合线性Anderson-Schultz-Flory（A-S-F）分布曲线，而K改性β-Mo2C催化剂上醇产物为独特的甲醇负偏离A-S-F分布。可见，K助剂的加入有效促进了低碳醇的形成，尤其是促进了C1OH到C2OH的链增长步骤。     

Synthesis of Higher Alcohols via Syngas on Cu/Zn/Si Catalysts. Effect of Polyethylene Glycol Content

Cu/Zn/Si catalysts with different polyethylene glycol (PEG) content were prepared by a complete liquid-phase method, and characterized by XRD, H₂-TPR, N₂-adsorption, and XPS. The influence of PEG content on the higher alcohols synthesis from syngas was investigated. The results showed that addition of PEG can influence the texture and surface properties of the catalysts, and therefore affect their activity and product distribution. With an increase in PEG content, BET surface area, Cu crystallite size and surface active ingredient content of the catalysts first increased and then decreased, the CO conversion had similar variation tendency. However, the pore volume and pore diameter of the catalyst increased, and the binding energy of the active component and the content of Cu₂O decreased, which resulted in higher catalyst selectivity towards higher alcohols. The highest C²⁺OH selectivity in total alcohols was 60.6 wt %.     

氮掺杂碳纳米管担载CuCoCe对合成气制低碳醇的催化性能

以三聚氰胺为氮源,控制其与碳纳米管混合比例,经过高温焙烧得到不同氮含量的氮掺杂碳纳米管(xN-CNTs)载体;通过浸渍法制备x N-CNTs担载的CuCoCe催化剂,研究了氮掺杂对其催化合成气制低碳醇性能的影响。采用X射线衍射(XRD)、N_2吸附-脱附、H_2程序升温还原(H_2-TPR)、NH_3程序升温脱附(NH_3-TPD)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等表征手段,分析催化剂结构特性,关联了构效关系。结果表明,氮的掺杂量会影响催化剂活性组分Cu的存在状态及分散情况,减少可还原Co物种的数量,降低催化剂表面酸强度及酸量,使得长链烃类的生成受到抑制,总醇选择性明显提高。分析认为,掺杂在碳管上N的形态分布及掺杂量是影响上述因素的关键。     

Studies on the synthesis of higher alcohol over modified Cu/ZnO/Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript> catalyst

Higher alcohol has been considered as a potential fuel additive. Higher alcohol, including C₂–C₄ alcohol was synthesized by catalytic conversion of syngas (with a ratio of CO/H₂?=?1) derived from natural gas over modified Cu/ZnO/Al₂O₃ catalyst. Modified Cu/ZnO/Al₂O₃ catalysts promoted by alkali metal (Li) for higher alcohol synthesis (HAS) were prepared at different pH (6, 6.5, 7, 8, and 9) by co-precipitation to control Cu surface area and characterized by N₂ physisorption, XRD, SEM, H₂-TPR and TPD. The HAS reaction was carried out under a pressure of 45 bar, GHSV of 4000 h^?1, ratio of H₂/CO?=?1, and temperature ranges of 240 and 280 °C. It was found that the malachite phase of copper causes the size of copper to be small, which is suitable for methanol synthesis. Methanol and HAS share a common catalytic active site and intermediate. It was also found that the productivity to higher alcohol was correlated with Cu surface area.     

Cu-Fe基双孔载体催化剂结构和低碳醇合成反应性能

采用超声浸渍法制备了Cu、Fe 双活性组元改性的双孔载体(M)催化剂, 采用N₂物理吸附、H₂程序升温 还原/脱附(H₂-TPR/TPD)、X射线衍射(XRD)等表征手段考察了催化剂中Cu-Fe的相互作用, 并在固定床反应器 中评价了Cu/Fe摩尔比的改变对低碳醇合成反应性能的影响. 结果表明: 小孔硅溶胶浸渍在大孔硅凝胶中可形 成具有不同纳米孔径结构的双孔载体, 增加小孔硅溶胶的含量可促使双孔载体中小孔纳米结构尺寸变小. Fe/ Cu摩尔比的增加有利于铜物种在载体表面的分散, 促进了表层CuO和Fe₂O₃的还原, 加强了双孔载体内孔道 与铜铁氧化物之间的相互作用, 促使了单质铜的分散和铁碳化物的生成. CO加氢反应活性和低碳醇时空收率 随着Fe/Cu 摩尔比的逐渐增加呈现增加的变化趋势. 当Fe/Cu 摩尔比增加到30/20 时, Cu-Fe 基双孔载体催化 剂的CO转化率增加到46%, 低碳醇的时空收率增加到0.21 g·mL^-1·h^-1, C₂₊OH/CH₃OH质量比达到1.96.     

Catalytic performance of Fe modified K/MO2C catalyst for CO hydrogenation

Fe modified and un-modified K/Mo2C were prepared and investigated as catalysts for CO hydrogenation reaction. Compared with K/Mo2C catalyst, the addition of Fe increased the production of alcohols, especially the C2+OH. Meanwhile, considerable amounts of C5+ hydrocar- bons and C2= -C4= were formed, whereas methane selectivity greatly decreased. Also, the activity and selectivity of the catalyst were readily affected by the reaction pressure and temperature employed. According to the XPS results, Mo4+ might be responsible for the production of alcohols, whereas the low valence state of Mo species such as Mo0 and/or Mo2+ might be account for the high activity and selectivity toward hydrocarbons.     

CuFe@SiO_2催化剂的制备及其在CO加氢合成低碳醇中的应用

采用共还原-原位包覆法制备一系列SiO_2包覆铜铁双金属纳米颗粒的催化剂(CuFe@SiO_2),借助N_2物理吸附、XRD、TEM、SEM-EDS、XPS和H_2-TPR等手段对不同Cu/Fe物质的量比的CuFe@SiO_2催化剂的物理化学性质进行了表征,并考察了催化剂在CO加氢合成低碳醇中的催化反应性能。结果表明,所制得的催化剂均为孔分布处于介孔范围的SiO_2包覆的铜铁纳米颗粒。随着Cu/Fe物质的量比降低,铜铁以复合氧化物存在的比例、总醇及C_(2+)OH选择性先增大后减小。其中,总醇及C_(2+)OH选择性在Cu/Fe物质的量比为1时达到最大,这是由于此时催化剂存在较多的CuFe_2O_4复合氧化物,铜铁协同作用较强,同时催化剂也呈现较大的比表面积及孔容,有利于所生成的醇更快扩散至催化剂表面而避免二次加氢生产烃类。     

Effect of Mn Promoter on Structure and Performance of K-Co-Mo Catalyst for Synthesis of Higher Alcohols from CO Hydrogenation

A series of Mn-doped K-Co-Mo catalysts were prepared by a sol-gel method. The catalyst structure was well characterized by X-ray diffraction, N₂ physisorption, NH₃ temperatureprogrammed adsorption, in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy, and X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy. The catalytic performance for higher alcohol synthesis from syngas was measured. It was found that the Mn-doped catalysts exhibited a much higher activity as compared to the unpromoted catalyst, and in particular the C₂₊ alcohol selectivity increased significantly. The distribution of alcohol products deviated from the Anderson-Schulz-Flory law. The portion of methanol in total alcohol was suppressed remarkably and the ethanol became the predominant product. Characterization results indicated that the incorporation of Mn enhanced the interaction of Co and Mo and thus led to the formation of Co-Mo-O species, which was regarded as the active site for the alcohol synthesis. Secondly, the presence of Mn reduced the amount of strong acid sites significantly and meanwhile promoted the formation of weak acid sites, which had a positive effect on the synthesis of alcohol. Furthermore, it was found that the incorporation of Mn can enhance the adsorption of linear- and bridge-type CO significantly, which contributed to the formation of alcohol and growth of carbon chain and thus increased the selectivity to C₂₊OH.     

Cu含量对以水滑石为前驱体的Cu/Co/Mn/Al催化剂高级醇合成性能的影响

A series of Cu/Co/Mn/Al catalysts derived from hydrotalcite precursors with different Cu/Co molar ratios (0, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0) were prepared and used for the synthesis of higher alcohols from syngas. N₂ physical adsorption desorption, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), hydrogen temperature-programmed reduction (H₂-TPR), thermogravimetry (TG), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) techniques were employed to investigate the physical and chemical properties of the Cu/Co/Mn/Al catalysts. The results show that the optimum Cu content can increase specific surface area, improve reducibility, and form regular layered structure to provide more uniform distribution of active sites, thereby enhancing catalytic activity and alcohol selectivity. When the Cu/Co molar ratio was 0.5, the yield of alcohol and the alcohol selectivity reached the maximum values of 0.071 g·g^-1·h^-1 and 35.9%, respectively.     

超临界相由合成气合成低碳醇的研究

选择有代表性的Ｃｕ－Ｃｏ,Ｚｎ－Ｃｒ和ＺＲ－Ｍｎ体系为催化剂,研究了超临界条件下由合成气 民低碳醇的规律及提高产物中Ｃ２＋ＯＨ含量的可能性。结果表明,三种催化剂上超临界相合成醇反应的ＣＯ转化率都比气相合成醇反应的高。Ｃｕ－Ｃｏ催化剂上超临界相合成反应的醇选择性低于气相合成者,但合成醇的产物与气相合成的相同,且均符合Ｓｃｈｕｌｚ－Ｆｌｏｒｙ分布。Ｚｎ－Ｃｒ和Ｚｒ－Ｍｎ催化剂上的产物分布不符合Ｓｃｈｕ     

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF FUEL ALCOHOL SYNTHESIS FROM SYNGAS

The research and development of catalyst preparation and catalytic technology for fuel alcohol synthesis from syngas have been conducted. The laboratory research work includes the investigation on the effects of preparation method, the composition and K2O content on the catalyst performance. The influences of reaction temperature, pressure, GHSV and feed composition on higher alcohols synthesis have also been investigated. On the basis of laboratory results, the catalysts have been further tesied in micro-pilot reactor under the industrial condition to investigate the effects of commercial preparation of catalyst, the reactor scaling up and (he use of industrial coal based syngas on the fuel alcohol ( mixture of methanol and higher alcohols ) synthesis. The catalyst stability has been tested by a 1000 h continuous operation. These provide the fundamental for further commercial plant design.     

低温等离子体制备低碳醇合成用KNiMo基催化剂及其结构性能表征

采用低温等离子体法在温和条件下制备了低碳醇合成（HAS）用的高性能KNiMo基催化剂,利用XRD、氮吸附、TEM、H₂-TPD、CO-TPD和原位CO吸附DRIFTS等技术对其进行了表征。结果表明,与传统的热法制备相比,低温等离子体法不仅缩短了制备时间,而且得到的KNiMo基催化剂层数少、粒径小、分散度高,有利于形成更薄和更短的片层,并暴露大量位于边、角位的催化活性位,促进CO转化和醇的形成,表现出优异的低碳醇合成催化性能。其中,采用低温等离子体直接制备的KNiMo-DPS催化剂,在5 MPa、350℃、空速为5000 h^-1的反应条件下,CO转化率达到32.3%,总醇选择性为75.1%,总醇中C₂₊醇的选择性为65.2%。     

焙烧温度对合成低碳醇用Cu/Mn/Ni/ZrO2催化剂性能的影响

 研究了焙烧温度对合成低碳醇用Cu／Mn／Ni／ZrO2催化剂结构及催化性能的影响．随着焙烧温度的升高，催化剂的催化活性和产物分布都发生较大的变化．催化剂在较低的温度下焙烧，低温下反应液相产物的分布符合S－F方程；反应温度升高时，液相产物中主要是甲醇和异丁醇；在高温下焙烧的催化剂，其催化活性较低，但即使在较低的反应温度下，异丁醇在液相高级醇（C2＋OH）中也是主要的产物．结合其他的一些反应结果与XRD，BET，TPR及EXAFS等表征结果，认为焙烧温度使催化剂的结构发生了较大的变化，进而影响催化剂各组分之间的相互作用，从而使催化剂对合成低碳醇反应表现出不同的催化性能．     

Effects of Activation Atmospheres on Structure and Activity of Mo-based Catalyst for Synthesis of Higher Alcohols

Activated carbon supported Mo-based catalysts were prepared and reduced under different activation atmospheres, including pure H₂, syngas (H₂/CO=2/1), and pure CO. The catalysts structures were characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray absorption fine structure, and in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy. The catalytic performance for the higher alcohol synthesis from syngas was tested. The pure H₂ treatment showed a high reduction capacity. The presence of a large amount of metallic Co⁰. and low valence state Mo^φ+ (0<φ<2) on the surface suggested a super activity for the CO dissociation and hydrogenation, which promoted hydrocarbons formation and reduced the alcohol selectivity. In contrast, the pure CO-reduced catalyst had a low reduction degree. The Mo and Co species at the catalyst mainly existed in the form of Mo⁴⁺ and Co²⁺. The syngas-reduced catalyst showed the highest activity and selectivity for the higher alcohols synthesis. We suggest that the syngas treatment had an appropriate reduction capacity that is between those of pure H₂ and pure CO and led to the coexistence of multivalent Co species as well as the enrichment of Mo^δ+ on the catalyst's surface. The synergistic effects between these active species provided a better cooperativity and equilibrium between the CO dissociation, hydrogenation and CO insertion and thus contributed beneficially to the formation of higher alcohols.     

Ce-Cu-Co/CNTs催化剂催化合成气制低碳醇及乙醇的研究

采用共浸渍法制备了不同Ce含量的Ce-Cu-Co/CNTs 催化剂, 考察了其在合成气制低碳醇反应中的催化性能, 借助X射线衍射(XRD)、程序升温还原(H₂-TPR)、N₂吸脱附实验(BET)、透射电镜(TEM)和CO程序升温脱附(CO-TPD)对这些催化剂进行了表征. 结果表明, 当Ce的质量分数为3%时, 低碳醇的时空收率和选择性达到最高, 分别为696.4 mg·g^-1·h^-1和59.7%, 其中乙醇占总醇的46.8%, 适量Ce的添加能提高Cu物种在催化剂上的分散度和催化剂的还原性能, 能显著地增加催化剂吸附CO的能力, 促进合成醇活性位的形成, 进而明显提高催化剂的活性和总醇的选择性. 研究表明, 将具有高活性和高碳链增长能力的CuCo基催化剂与碳纳米管的限域效应结合, 可实现缩窄产物分布、大幅度提高乙醇选择性的目的.     

催化剂表面Cu0含量对二氧化碳加氢合成C2+醇性能的影响

通过在空气气氛下焙烧Cu@Fe-MIL-88B MOF材料制备了CuFe组分均匀分散的催化剂前驱物, 该前驱物经过不同温度下的预还原制得表面具有不同Cu和Fe价态分布的系列催化剂. 将所制备的催化剂用于固定床反应器上CO₂加氢合成C₂₊醇的性能研究, 并结合催化剂的X射线衍射(XRD)、 X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、 氢气程序升温还原(H₂-TPR)、 氮气吸附-脱附、 扫描电子显微镜(SEM) 和高分辨率透射电子显微镜(HRTEM)等表征结果发现, 较高的还原温度增加了催化剂表面低价态的Cu和Fe的含量; 当还原温度为350 ℃时, 催化剂表面Cu⁰/(Cu⁺+Cu⁰)摩尔比为73.9%, 单质Fe摩尔分数为0.40%, 催化效果最好, CO₂转化率达到6.82%, 总醇选择性为39.4%, 其中C₂₊醇的摩尔比达到95.1%.