Simulations of hybrid long-range plasmon modes with application to 90 degree bends

We perform rigorous simulations of hybrid long-range modes guided by a central metal core and a two-dimensional dielectric slab. We show that these modes are subject to fewer limitations than conventional long-range plasmon modes in terms of field confinement and guiding performance. These hybrid modes may offer substantial improvements for integrated plasmonic components, as illustrated here by the consideration of 90 degrees bends.     

Diagnosis of osteoporosis based on multi-scale wavelet parameters of ultrasonic guided waves

Evaluating bone regularly is important to prevent and control the disease of osteoporosis. Impact of osteoporosis on ultrasonic guided waves propagating in human long bones is studied in this paper. Multi-scale wavelet transform is proposed to process the received guided waves, and by analyzing energy changes in detail components of high order wavelet at different propagating distance to assess if osteoporosis happened. The guided waves signals are collected from the tibias of 13 volunteers. Based on the analysis of multi-scale wavelet transform, the high order detail components d6 and d5 changed dramatically with the propagation of ultrasonic guided waves along long bones, which means these 7 volunteers are diagnosed with osteoporosis. Compared with X-ray diagnosis, the effectiveness of this method can reach 92.3% in 13 volunteers. This suggests the multi-scale wavelet transform method is potential in ultrasonic assessment of bone quality.     

Novel fiber design for broadband long period gratings

We report a novel fiber design for obtaining long period gratings (LPGs) having a broad transmission spectrum. These gratings are based on guided to guided mode coupling in a staircase profile fiber. Numerical simulations predict 20 dB bandwidths as high as 100 nm and an estimated insertion loss of less than 1 dB. Such broadband LPGs are expected to find applications in many all fiber components.     

采用超声导波特征参量的骨质疏松识别方法

骨质的定期检测对骨质疏松的防治至关重要。本文研究了骨质疏松对超声导波在人体长骨中传播的影响。提出采用多尺度小波变换方法对接收到的导波信号进行处理,通过分析在不同传播距离下高阶小波细节分量所占信号总能量的变化,来判断是否患有骨质疏松症。在13位志愿者的小腿胫骨上进行超声测量,得到导波信号。经多尺度小波变换方法的分析处理结果显示在13位志愿者中,有7位志愿者的超声导波信号随着传播距离的改变,其主要频率成分发生了明显的变化,显示这7位志愿者患有骨质疏松症。这一诊断结果与X射线技术诊断结果相比,准确率可以达到92.3%,表明本文所提出的利用小波多尺度变换方法对长骨进行超声诊断具有较好的潜力。      

Ultrasonic guided wave focusing by a generalized phased array

Ultrasonic guided wave focusing by a generalized phased array is studied based on dispersion curves in a multi-layered medium. The different phase of the guided waves with different frequency is added on the excitation signal on each element of the transducer array for focusing. This can be realized by designing a proper excitation pulse based on the dispersion curves of the guided waves for each of the transducer array elements. The numerical simulation results show that the guided waves with different modes, different frequency components, and from different elements of the transducer array can all be focused at the target and focusing is achieved.     

Guided ultrasonic waves for non-destructive monitoring of the stress levels in prestressed steel strands

The safety of prestressed civil structures such as bridges, dams, nuclear power plants, etc. directly involves the security of both environment and users. Health monitoring of the tensioning components, such as strands, tendons, bars, anchorage bolts, etc. is an important research topic and a challenging task bringing together the non-destructive evaluation (NDE) and civil engineering communities. This paper deals with a guided ultrasonic wave procedure for monitoring the stress levels in seven-wire steel strands (15.7 mm in diameter). The mechanical and geometrical characteristics of the prestressed strands were taken into account for optimizing the measurement configuration and then the choice of the guided ultrasonic mode at a suitable frequency. Simplified acoustoelastic formulations were derived from the acoustoelasticity theory according to either calibration test or in situ measurement. The results from acoustoelastic measurements on the seven-wire steel strands are presented and discussed in the case of calibration tests and industrially prestressed strands. They show the potential and the suitability of the proposed guided wave method for evaluating the stress levels in the tested seven-wire steel strands.     

Lensing and waveguiding of ultraslow pulses in an atomic Bose-Einstein condensate

We investigate lensing and waveguiding properties of an atomic Bose-Einstein condensate for ultraslow pulse generated by electromagnetically induced transparency method. We show that a significant time delay can be controllably introduced between the lensed and guided components of the ultraslow pulse. In addition, we present how the number of guided modes supported by the condensate and the focal length can be controlled by the trap parameters or temperature.     

单轴各向异性异向介质平板波导中的导模特性

 推导了介电常数张量和磁导率张量中各分量带有不同符号的单轴各向异性异向介质平板波导的导行条件。根据分量符号的正负组合，分情况讨论了导行TE波的偶模特性，画出了平板波导中为实横波数时的布里渊图。结果表明，在特定条件下此平板波导中有无穷多导模，这与传统介质波导及各向同性异向介质平板中只有有限数量模式存在有很大不同。此外，还发现当分量参数满足一定条件时，出现了多个虚横波数的传输模式解，并且该模式存在高频截止。     

Inclusions detection using Lamb waves in flexible printed circuits

The materials used for the manufacture of flexible printed circuits are selected according to various characteristics: thermal and electrical behavior, moisture absorption, flexibility... Those are determined by the basic materials of the three components of the circuit, which are the conducting layer, the adhesive layer and the dielectric film. Such circuits have a typical thickness of about 200 microm and are therefore an interesting solution for a great number of electronic applications. However, these circuits can present various defects like inclusions, delaminations, cracks... In this work, we are interested in the detection of inclusions using guided waves propagation in such structures. These waves also called Lamb waves have the advantage of propagating over long distances while informing us about the totality of the inspected volume. According to the range of frequencies considered and the method used for their generation, it is possible to make profitable use of different propagation modes. To serve this purpose, laser-induced thermoelastic excitation of the first antisymmetric Lamb waves mode is studied. The results obtained are analysed using signal processing methods and then compared in order to clearly highlight the potentialities of these guided waves for the detection of inclusions in such samples.     

Diffraction effects in guided photonic band gap structure

The concept of the photonic band gap (PBG) structures stems from ideas of Yablonovitch. The idea is to design components so that they affect the properties of photons, in much the same way that ordinary semiconductor crystals affect the properties of electrons. In fact, the PBG structures forbid propagation of photons for a particular range of energy. They can be used to realise optical filters with large stop band and sharp transmission resonance. In the guided PBG structures, the existence of diffractive effects in the vertical dimension could limit the quality factor of such filters. In this paper, we have investigated the origin of diffraction losses in one-dimensional guided PGB structures using 2D and 3D numerical tools. We propose an analytical approach based on Bragg diffraction relation to explain these losses phenomenon. From this approach, the influence of some design parameters on the electromagnetic behaviour and the spectral response of PBG resonators will be explained.     

High-frequency guided ultrasonic waves for hidden defect detection in multi-layered aircraft structures

Aerospace structures often contain multi-layered metallic components where hidden defects such as fatigue cracks and localized disbonds can develop, necessitating non-destructive testing. Employing standard wedge transducers, high frequency guided ultrasonic waves that penetrate through the complete thickness were generated in a model structure consisting of two adhesively bonded aluminium plates. Interference occurs between the wave modes during propagation along the structure, resulting in a frequency dependent variation of the energy through the thickness with distance. The wave propagation along the specimen was measured experimentally using a laser interferometer. Good agreement with theoretical predictions and two-dimensional finite element simulations was found. Significant propagation distance with a strong, non-dispersive main wave pulse was achieved. The interaction of the high frequency guided ultrasonic waves with small notches in the aluminium layer facing the sealant and on the bottom surface of the multilayer structure was investigated. Standard pulse-echo measurements were conducted to verify the detection sensitivity and the influence of the stand-off distance predicted from the finite element simulations. The results demonstrated the potential of high frequency guided waves for hidden defect detection at critical and difficult to access locations in aerospace structures from a stand-off distance.     

手征参数对光纤中模式特性的影响

对圆芯和包层都是手征介质的阶跃型手征光纤进行了解析求解，导出了模式特征方程，给出了手征光纤中模式场，光强和光功率分布的表达式。分别研究了纤芯和包层中的手征参数对模式特性的影响．。     

Optical guiding of a radially polarized laser beam for inverseCherenkov acceleration in a plasma channel

In a conventional inverse Cherenkov accelerator (ICA), the background neutral gas provides the necessary dispersion to maintain the synchronism between the drive laser and the accelerated electrons. A laser-driven ICA is susceptible to diffraction, and the acceleration length is limited to approximately a Rayleigh range (for a Gaussian beam). In this paper, an ICA configuration is proposed that avoids the laser diffraction limitation by employing a preformed plasma channel. It is shown that a radially polarized laser beam can be optically guided if the plasma density increases with radius-like r². Expressions for the guided axial and radial components of the laser field are derived, and a numerical example is discussed     

Nonlinear waves guided by a dielectric slab

An exact solution of Maxwell's equations is found for TM-polarized nonlinear guided waves which are guided by a linear dielectric slab embedded between two nonlinear uniaxial media. Additional waves in comparison with the linear case arise. Some of these waves have no counterpart in linear systems. Similarities and differences with respect to TE-polarized nonlinear guided waves are pointed out.     

Detection of fatigue-induced micro-cracks in a pipe by using time-reversed nonlinear guided waves: a three-dimensional model study

Localization of fatigue-related micro-cracks in pipelines is of increasing importance in industrial applications. A three-dimensional (3D) fatigue-crack imaging technique combining nonlinear guided waves with time reversal is proposed in this paper for potential applications in pipeline inspections. By using this method, the non-classical nonlinear guided waves generated from micro-cracks with hysteretic behavior are recorded, and the third harmonic waves are used to reconstruct the fatigue-crack images in a pipe by using a time reversal (TR) process. The feasibility of this method is examined by the imaging simulations for a steel pipe with varied defect areas. A finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) code is programmed to solve the wave equations under cylindrical coordinates, and simulate the experimental process of wave propagation. The results show that: (1) the proposed technique has excellent spatial retrofocusing capability; (2) the accuracy of defect localization and sizing depends on the crack orientation and the adopted guided wave mode; and (3) different displacement/stress components have varied sensitivities to the crack orientation.     

Forward and backward wave propagation in multilayer planar waveguide using metamaterials layer

In this study, an efficient method is discussed to analyze the multilayer planar waveguides with double negative guided (DNG) and double positive material as guiding film. Here, among various lossless multilayer planar waveguide structures, only three layer and five layer structures are discussed. For these structures, guided dispersion characteristic, along with electric field distribution of TM modes are numerically analyzed and compared. This analysis enables an effective comparison of guided modal properties of various modes and results in a better understanding of the multilayer planar waveguide with DNG as guiding film.     

Momentum-space polarization fields in two-dimensional photonic-crystal slabs: Physics and applications

In addition to non-radiative guided modes, two-dimensional photonic-crystal slabs support guided resonant ones which can radiate into free space. From the polarization states of these guided resonances, a polarization field on a photonic band can be constructed in momentum space. Momentum-space polarization fields display complicated configurations and patterns with different types of polarization singularities inside, shedding new light on the manipulations of light flows. In this review, we summarize the recent research progress on momentum-space polarization fields and singularities in two-dimensional photonic-crystal slabs, focusing on their unique optical properties and potential applications as well.     

Characterization of mechanical properties of a hollow cylinder with zero group velocity Lamb modes

Hollow cylinders used in the industry must be regularly inspected. Elastic guided waves, similar to Lamb modes in a plate, can propagate in the axial direction or around the circumference. They are sensitive to geometrical and mechanical parameters of the cylindrical shell. The objective of this paper is to show that zero group velocity (ZGV) Lamb modes can be used to bring out anisotropy and to measure elastic constants of the material. This study provides experimental and numerical investigations on a Zirconium alloy tube extensively used by the nuclear industry in reactor core components. A non-contact method, based on laser ultrasound techniques and ZGV Lamb modes, demonstrates that the difference observed between axial and circumferential guided waves cannot be explained by an isotropic model. Then, a transverse isotropic model is used for the Zircaloy tube. Four of the five elastic constants are directly extracted from ZGV resonance frequencies. The last one is deduced from the measured dispersion spectra. With this complete set of constants, a good agreement is obtained between theoretical and experimental dispersion curves for both axially and circumferentially propagating guided waves.     

Multimode geodesic branching components

Geodesic branching components are investigated for multimode guided wave optics. Geodesic structures with particular properties, e.g. focussing star couplers, are derived by a synthesis technique based on a theorem of Toraldo di Francia. Experimentally, the geodesic surfaces are printed on acrylic glass and are spin-coated with organic film waveguides.