基于静态双重区域分解的两种接触并行算法

CHAP3D是北京应用物理与计算数学研究所自主研发的Lagrange通用弹塑性流体力学分析程序.文章介绍了在CHAP3D程序中使用的、针对多处理器集群的、基于静态双重区域分解的两种接触并行算法.第一种是分配单个完整接触面的接触并行算法，此算法将一对完整的接触面分配到一个处理器上，并建立计算域与接触域的通信关系.此接触并行算法的优点是简单，在具有接触面的处理器上可以直接使用串行的接触搜索算法和接触力耦合计算算法.另一种是主面剖分区域分解的接触并行算法，此算法将所有接触面的主面区域分解到所有处理器上.须建立计算域与接触域以及接触域内各处理器间的两种通信关系.该接触并行算法是一个负载平衡的并行算法，具有很好的并行效率和可扩展性.数值算例显示，这两种接触并行算法都能够很好地模拟多种不同类型的接触问题.      

基于扫描电子显微镜的碳纳米管拾取操作方法研究

碳纳米管场效应管是未来纳米器件的发展方向,而制造纳米器件的前提是拾取碳纳米管,基于扫描电子显微镜(SEM)的微纳机器人操作系统能够实现碳纳米管拾取操作.本文建立拾取操作中碳纳米管与原子力显微镜(AFM)探针间范德瓦耳斯力力学模型,不同接触状态下范德瓦耳斯力越大越有利于拾取碳纳米管.在SEM视觉反馈图像中建立相对坐标系,首先提出倾角变值方法检测碳纳米管与AFM探针的接触状态,然后运用动态差值方法识别碳纳米管与AFM探针空间位姿并校正碳纳米管位姿,最后自下而上拾取碳纳米管.实验结果表明:拟合直线倾角变值较大时碳纳米管与AFM探针发生接触,动态差值变化为零时碳纳米管与AFM探针为空间线接触,在完全线接触模型下选择合适的接触角度、接触长度和拾取速度能够成功拾取碳纳米管.     

Relationship between the real contact area and contact force in pre-sliding regime

The pre-sliding regime is typically neglected in the dynamic modelling of mechanical systems. However, the change in contact state caused by static friction may decrease positional accuracy and control precision. To investigate the relationship between contact status and contact force in pre-sliding friction, an optical experimental method is presented in this paper.With this method, the real contact state at the interface of a transparent material can be observed based on the total reflection principle of light by using an image processing technique. A novel setup, which includes a pair of rectangular trapezoidal blocks, is proposed to solve the challenging issue of accurately applying different tangential and normal forces to the contact interface. The improved Otsu's method is used for measurement. Through an experimental study performed on polymethyl methacrylate(PMMA), the quantity of contact asperities is proven to be the dominant factor that affects the real contact area. The relationship between the real contact area and the contact force in the pre-sliding regime is studied, and the distribution of static friction at the contact interface is qualitatively discussed. New phenomena in which the real contact area expands along with increasing static friction are identified. The aforementioned relationship is approximately linear at the contact interface under a constant normal pressure, and the distribution of friction stress decreases from the leading edge to the trailing edge.     

接触角与液固界面热阻关系的分子动力学模拟

本文利用分子动力学方法模拟了液体在固体表面的 接触角及液固界面热阻, 并探讨了二者之间的关系. 通过分别改变液固结合强度和固体的原子性质来分析接触角和界面热阻的关系及变化趋势. 模拟结果显示增强液固间相互作用时, 接触角减小的同时界面热阻也随之单调减小; 而改变固体原子间结合强度和原子质量时, 接触角几乎保持不变, 但界面热阻显著改变. 固体原子间结合强度和原子质量影响界面热阻的原因是其改变了固体的振动频率分布, 导致液固原子间的振动耦合程度发生变化. 本文的结果表明界面热阻不仅与由接触角所表征的液固结合强度有关, 还与液固原子间的振动耦合程度有关. 接触角与界面热阻间不存在单值的对应关系, 不能单一地将接触角作为液固界面热阻的评价标准. 关键词： 液固界面 接触角 界面热阻 分子动力学模拟     

Importance of tread inertia and damping on the tyre/road contact stiffness

Predicting tyre/road interaction processes like roughness excitation, stick-slip, stick-snap, wear and traction requires detailed information about the road surface, the tyre dynamics and the local deformation of the tread at the interface. Aspects of inertia and damping when the tread is locally deformed are often neglected in many existing tyre/road interaction models. The objective of this paper is to study how the dynamic features of the tread affect contact forces and contact stiffness during local deformation. This is done by simulating the detailed contact between an elastic layer and a rough road surface using a previously developed numerical time domain contact model. Road roughness on length scales smaller than the discretisation scale is included by the addition of nonlinear contact springs between each pair of contact elements. The dynamic case, with an elastic layer impulse response extending in time, is compared with the case where the corresponding quasi-static response is used. Results highlight the difficulty of estimating a constant contact stiffness as it increases during the indentation process between the elastic layer and the rough road surface. The stiffness–indentation relation additionally depends on how rapidly the contact develops; a faster process gives a stiffer contact. Material properties like loss factor and density also alter the contact development. This work implies that dynamic properties of the local tread deformation may be of importance when simulating contact details during normal tyre/road interaction conditions. There are however indications that the significant effect of damping could approximately be included as an increased stiffness in a quasi-static tread model.     

Probing the different stages in contacting a single molecular wire

A crucial problem in molecular electronics is the control of the electronic contact between a molecule and its electrodes. As a model system, we investigated the contact between the molecular wire group of a C90H98 (Lander) molecule and the edge of a Cu(111) monatomic step. The reproducible contact and decontact of the wire was obtained by manipulating the Lander with a low temperature scanning tunneling microscope. The electronic standing wave patterns on the Cu(111) surface serve to monitor the local electronic perturbation caused by the interaction of the wire end with the step edge, giving information on the quality of the contact.     

Numerical simulation of the dynamic responses of railway overhead contact lines to a moving pantograph, considering a nonlinear dropper

Both the formulation of a nonlinear dropper and the proper implementation of a time-integration method are proposed for the finite element method (FEM) of pantograph-overhead contact line dynamics. The FEM models for a pantograph, overhead contact lines and dynamic interaction between a pantograph and overhead contact lines are validated step by step, by comparing simulated results with measured results. The dynamic responses of overhead contact lines to a moving pantograph, relevant to geometrically nonlinear droppers, are presented.     

A multiscale molecular dynamics approach to contact mechanics

The friction and adhesion between elastic bodies are strongly influenced by the roughness of the surfaces in contact. Here we develop a multiscale molecular dynamics approach to contact mechanics, which can be used also when the surfaces have roughness on many different length-scales, e.g., for self affine fractal surfaces. As an illustration we consider the contact between randomly rough surfaces, and show that the contact area varies linearly with the load for small load. We also analyze the contact morphology and the pressure distribution at different magnification, both with and without adhesion. The calculations are compared with analytical contact mechanics models based on continuum mechanics.     

Collision dynamics of two adjacent oscillators

A linear analysis is made of a single collision between two single-degree-of-freedom systems separated by a gap. The contact is modelled by a spring and a viscous damper. The approach is to describe the motion of the pair as being composed of sum and difference displacements. The equation of motion during contact is found and the solution is obtained from the conditions at initial contact. The main parameters are the ratio of strain energy to kinetic energy at initial contact, and the damping of the contact. The contact time and the energy loss are calculated, which gives an expression for the coefficient of restitution for the collision. This coefficient is found to be dependent on the collision velocity, but becomes constant for strong collisions.     

An electric contact method to measure contact state between stator and rotor in a traveling wave ultrasonic motor

Performances of ultrasonic motor (USM) depend considerably on contact state between stator and rotor. To measure the contact state in a traveling wave ultrasonic motor (TWUSM), a special test method is necessary. This paper develops a new method named electric contact method to measure contact state of stator and rotor in traveling wave type USM. The effects of pre-load and exciting voltage (amplitude) of stator on contact state between stator and rotor are studied with this method. By a simulating tester of friction properties of TWUSM, the variations of stalling torque and no-load speed against the pre-load and the exciting voltage have been measured. The relative contact length that describes the contact characteristic of stator and rotor is proposed. The relation between the properties of TWUSM and the contact state of stator and rotor are presented. Additionally, according to a theoretical contact model of stator and rotor in TWUSM, the contact lengths at given conditions are calculated and compared with the experimental results.     

Contact resistance asymmetry of amorphous indium–gallium–zinc–oxide thin-film transistors by scanning Kelvin probe microscopy

In this work, a method based on scanning Kelvin probe microscopy is proposed to separately extract source/drain(S/D) series resistance in operating amorphous indium–gallium–zinc–oxide(a-IGZO) thin-film transistors. The asymmetry behavior of S/D contact resistance is deduced and the underlying physics is discussed. The present results suggest that the asymmetry of S/D contact resistance is caused by the difference in bias conditions of the Schottky-like junction at the contact interface induced by the parasitic reaction between contact metal and a-IGZO. The overall contact resistance should be determined by both the bulk channel resistance of the contact region and the interface properties of the metalsemiconductor junction.     

Pressure-mediated contact quality improvement between monolayer MoS_2 and graphite

Two-dimensional(2D) materials and their heterostructures have attracted a lot of attention due to their unique electronic and optical properties. MoS_2 as the most typical 2D semiconductors has great application potential in thin film transistors, photodetector, hydrogen evolution reaction, memory device, etc. However, the performance of MoS_2 devices is limited by the contact resistance and the improvement of its contact quality is important. In this work, we report the experimental investigation of pressure-enhanced contact quality between monolayer MoS_2 and graphite by conductive atom force microscope(C-AFM). It was found that at high pressure, the contact quality between graphite and MoS_2 is significantly improved. This pressure-mediated contact quality improvement between MoS_2 and graphite comes from the enhanced charge transfer between MoS_2 and graphite when MoS_2 is stretched. Our results provide a new way to enhance the contact quality between MoS_2 and graphite for further applications.     

Nonlinear resonances of contact photoionization in heterogeneous nanostructures

A theory of nonlinear interference effects is constructed for a heterogeneous charge transfer between atoms in polycrystalline films or heterogeneous nanostructures of the semiconductor-insulator type, which interact with resonance radiation, and a metallic contact surface. The probability of resonance contact photoionization in heterogeneous solid nanostructures is determined, which makes it possible to use this process in nanotechnologies and nonlinear information systems. Nonlinear resonances of contact photoionization are asymmetric due to interference of a radiative transition to an excited state and a transition to the continuum induced by the metal surface. The probability of resonance contact photoionization abruptly decreases with increasing distance between an atom in the semiconductor and the metal.     

Effect of alloying conditions on the structure of ohmic contacts to gallium arsenide

The distribution of elements in the area of a contact to gallium arsenide has been studied for various alloying conditions by the secondary ion-ion emission method. The phase and structural state of the contact before and after alloying has been investigated by x-ray structural and electron-microscopic methods. The relation between the distribution of elements in the layer and the electrical resistance of the contact is demonstrated.     

纳米接触过程中黏着规律的变化

本文应用大规模分子动力学方法, 模拟了两种具有不同粗糙形貌的、刚性球形探头与弹性平面基体之间的纳米尺度接触, 计算了探头与基体之间的拉离力和黏着功, 研究了接触过程中界面黏着力随载荷的变化规律, 分析了接触界面原子的法向应力分布. 研究发现, 原子级光滑接触的黏着力随着载荷的增大而线性增大, 而原子级粗糙接触的黏着力-载荷曲线分为以不同斜率增长的两个阶段. 相比于原子级光滑探头, 原子级粗糙探头与基体之间具有较小的拉离力和黏着功, 却在接触过程中形成了较大的黏着力. 因此, 拉离力和黏着功不能表征出纳米接触过程中原子吸引作用对界面法向力的贡献大小.     

A study of contact interface and wear diagnosis for hand taps using ultrasonic method

This work was to study the contact interface between a set of used hand taps and another new one based on the regional scanning of ultrasound. The contact image was a novel disclosure for hand taps contact. The objective of this work was to provide a wear diagnosis by making a comparison of contact area between the used and the new hand taps. The 2D maps showed an apparent change not only in area sizes but also in contact shapes between the used and the new hand taps. The 3D contact images also provided useful information to show the degree of contact.The contact area between the tap and the workpiece was calculated using an image analysis software package. The range of contact areas varied from 2.49 mm² to 35.31 mm² for the used hand taps and from 1.19 mm² to 28.55 mm² for the new taps, depending on the definition of the contrast ratio. The result provided another scientific data for users to decide a correct timing for the tool replacement. In addition, maps of reflection coefficient and pressure contour distribution were presented. The range of contact pressure varied from 2.5 Mpa to 4.2 Mpa.     

表面黏附导致的接触行为转变

应用大规模分子动力学方法, 模拟了具有不同原子级粗糙形貌的两种刚性球形探头与弹性平面基体的黏附接触行为. 研究了载荷与真实接触面积、接触界面排斥力与真实接触面积, 以及黏附力与真实接触面积之间的关系. 分子模拟得到的载荷与真实接触面积的关系, 与连续力学接触理论预测很好地定性一致. 无论是原子级光滑探头还是粗糙探头, 黏附接触下的排斥力与真实接触面积的关系, 都与无黏附接触时的规律相一致, 即黏附力对接触行为的影响作用, 可以等效为附加在真实外载荷基础上的虚拟载荷, 将对黏附接触行为的分析转变为无黏附接触分析. 两种探头的黏附力随真实接触面积都呈幂函数形式的增长, 但是, 原子级光滑探头的幂指数大于1, 而原子级粗糙探头的幂指数小于1. 关键词： 接触行为 表面黏附 分子动力学模拟     

基于电接触法的行波超声电机接触特性研究

电接触法是测试超声电机定转子接触状态的有效方法,但目前该方法主要用来研究电机堵转时的定转子接触状态,没有进行电机旋转时的接触状态的测试。针对该问题,对电接触法进行改进,使之可以测试电机旋转时的接触状态。基于改进后的电接触法分别对超声电机堵转和空载情况下定转子相对接触长度进行测试。结果表明,空载时定转子相对接触长度要小的多,与堵转时的最大差值约为36%。说明负载对超声电机接触状态有不可忽视的影响。最后,基于黏弹性接触模型对电机空载时定转子接触状态进行仿真计算,结果与实验值有很好的一致性,表明改进后的电接触法可有效的测试电机动态接触状态。      

Heterogeneity of surface potential in contact electrification under ambient conditions: A comparison of pre- and post-contact states

We measured the pattern of charging by contact electrification, following contact between a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) stamp and a glass substrate with gold electrodes. We used scanning Kelvin probe microscopy to map the surface potential at the same regions before and after contact, allowing a point-by-point comparison. After contact, the mean surface potential of the glass shifted by 360 mV and micron-scale heterogeneity appeared with a magnitude of ∼100 mV. The gold electrodes showed charge transfer but no discernible heterogeneity. These results show that contact electrification causes heterogeneity of surface potential even on non-polymer surfaces such as glass under ambient conditions.