Catalytic Determination of Vanadium in Blood and Urine

Abstract

Trace amounts of vanadium catalyze the oxidation of phenylhydrazine-p-sulfonic acid by sodium chlorate. The diazonium salt produced is coupled with 1-naphthylamine to form an azodyestuff whose absorbance is read at 530 nm. Interferences ate eliminated by separating the vanadium by solvent extraction. Physiological concentrations of vanadium are determined in 10 ml. of ashed human blood or plasma and 25 ml. of ashed human urine. Recovery studies are reported along with results for the analysis of blood and urine samples.     

Aromatic Sulfonium Polyoxomolybdates: Solid‐State Photochromic Materials with Tunable Properties

A new aromatic sulfonium counter‐ion motif for polyoxometalate (POM) clusters with potential for structural and electronic fine‐tuning has been designed. Its two derivatives 4‐hydroxyphenyl dimethylsulfonium triflate (HPDST) and 4‐(allyloxy)phenyl dimethylsulfonium triflate (APDST) exhibit ionic liquid behaviors under ambient conditions. HPDST and APDST are used to develop a series of aromatic sulfonium POM hybrids (HPDS/APDS)_n[XMo₁₂O₄₀] (HPDS and APDS are the cations of HPDST and APDST, respectively; X=P or Si; n=3 or 4), which are tested for photochromic behavior. On exposure to UV light, these POM hybrids undergo color change from yellow to green/blue. The coloration kinetics half lives (t_1/2) are less for APDS‐based hybrids than for HPDS‐based hybrids, suggesting that alkyl substitution on the phenolic group helps to fine‐tune the electron availability on the sulfonium moiety and hence to control the photochromic behavior of the POM hybrids. The t_1/2 values of these hybrids are considerably lower than those of the reported aliphatic sulfonium POM hybrids. We have also demonstrated the application of photoreduced POM hybrids as catalysts for the reduction of 4‐nitrophenol to 4‐aminophenol.     

磺酸功能化三维有序大孔材料的制备与催化性能研究

采用模板法, 用正硅酸乙酯和3-巯丙基-三甲氧基硅烷的混合溶胶, 在聚苯乙烯胶晶间隙中原位转化, 除去模板后用双氧水将巯基氧化成磺酸基, 首次成功地制备了大孔规整排列的3DOM SiO₂-SO₃H材料. 样品用SEM, EDS, FT-IR等方法进行了测试表征. 结果表明, 所得到材料的三维大孔结构规整性十分好, 大孔孔径大约250 nm, 并由大约80 nm的小孔相连; 磺酸基很好地嵌入孔壁基质中, 吡啶吸附测定显示了典型的质子酸特征, 而且酸中心随硫含量增加而增多. 对乙酸与正丁醇的酯化反应显示了良好的催化性能, 磺酸含量越大, 催化活性越高. 这一研究为开发新型高效的固体酸催化剂提供了很有意义的结果.     

钒钨酸盐-CdS纳米粒子复合膜的制备与电致变色性能

通过层-层自组装方法制备了由Dawson结构三钒取代型钨酸盐1-K₉P₂W₁₅V₃O₆₂·18H₂O(P₂W₁₅V₃)与CdS纳米粒子构筑的复合膜材料, 研究了CdS纳米粒子添加和复合膜层数对P₂W₁₅V₃多酸复合膜材料电致变色性能的影响. 采用UV, XRD, SEM和循环伏安等测试手段对复合材料的结构和性能进行了表征; 将电化学工作站和紫外-可见吸收光谱联用, 在-1.0~+1.0 V的电压范围内, 对不同层数、 有无CdS纳米粒子复合的的膜材料的电致变色性能进行研究. 研究结果表明, 20层的复合膜材料性能最佳, 光反差为38.05%, 着色时间为3.57 s, 褪色时间为6.94 s, 最大着色效率达到94.04 cm²/C, 实现了从无色、 蓝色到蓝紫色, 再到无色的可逆颜色变化, 相对于单独P₂W₁₅V₃膜, 光反差提高46.07%, 着色效率提高96.53%, 电致变色性能显著提高.     

Catalytic and Mechanistic Insights of the Low‐Temperature Selective Oxidation of Methane over Cu‐Promoted Fe‐ZSM‐5

The partial oxidation of methane to methanol presents one of the most challenging targets in catalysis. Although this is the focus of much research, until recently, approaches had proceeded at low catalytic rates (<10 h^?1), not resulted in a closed catalytic cycle, or were unable to produce methanol with a reasonable selectivity. Recent research has demonstrated, however, that a system composed of an iron‐ and copper‐containing zeolite is able to catalytically convert methane to methanol with turnover frequencies (TOFs) of over 14 000 h^?1 by using H₂O₂ as terminal oxidant. However, the precise roles of the catalyst and the full mechanistic cycle remain unclear. We hereby report a systematic study of the kinetic parameters and mechanistic features of the process, and present a reaction network consisting of the activation of methane, the formation of an activated hydroperoxy species, and the by‐production of hydroxyl radicals. The catalytic system in question results in a low‐energy methane activation route, and allows selective C₁‐oxidation to proceed under intrinsically mild reaction conditions.     

碳纳米管/杂多酸/聚吡咯复合催化剂的制备及催化烯烃环氧化性能

以磷钼酸(PMo)、吡咯(Py)和碳纳米管(CNTs)为原料,通过原位聚合方法制备了PPy-PMo@CNTs复合材料.采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)等手段对材料进行了结构表征.结果表明,磷钼酸和聚吡咯被引入到碳纳米管载体上,且聚吡咯在碳纳米管表面形成了一层薄层.N2吸附-脱附测试结果表明,PPy-PMo@CNTs为介孔材料.将以乙腈为溶剂,过氧化氢为氧化剂的烯烃环氧化反应作为模型反应,考察了催化剂PPy-PMo@CNTs的催化活性.结果表明,在60℃,反应底物为1 mmol,催化剂投量为10 mg的条件下,该催化剂表现出较好的催化活性.中断和循环实验结果表明,催化剂具有较好的稳定性,在相同的反应条件下经过5次循环后,环辛烯的转化率依然保持在约65%.     

Catalytic Enantioselective Flow Processes with Solid‐Supported Chiral Catalysts

Sustainability concerns are the wind in the sails for the development of novel, more selective catalytic processes. Hence, chiral catalysts play a crucial role in the green production of enantioenriched compounds. To further increase the green profile of this approach, the use of solid‐supported catalytic species is appealing due to the reduced generation of waste, as well as the possibility of reusing the precious catalyst. Even more attractive is the implementation of flow processes based on these immobilized catalysts, a flexible strategy that allows to generate from milli‐ to multi‐gram amounts of chiral product with a reduced footprint set‐up. Herein, we will present the efforts devoted in our laboratory towards the immobilization of chiral catalysts and their use in single‐pass, highly enantioselective, flow processes. Proline, diarylprolinols, other aminocatalysts, squaramides, thioureas, phosphoric acids and even chiral ligands and metal‐based catalysts constitute our current toolkit of supported species for enantioselective catalysis.     

Catalytic Properties of Nanoscale Iron‐Doped Zirconia Solid‐Solution Aerogels

Nanoscale iron‐doped zirconia solid‐solution aerogels are prepared via a simple ethanol thermal route using zirconyl nitrate and iron nitrate as starting materials, followed by a supercritical fluid drying process. Structural characteristics are investigated by means of powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD), thermal analyses (TG/DTA), N₂ adsorption measurements and diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS). The results show that the resulting iron‐doped solid solutions are metastable tetragonal zirconia which exhibit excellent dispersibility and high solubility of iron oxide. Further, when the Fe:(Fe+Zr) ratio x is lower than 0.10, all of the Fe³⁺ ions can be incorporated into ZrO₂ by substituting Zr⁴⁺ to form Zr_1?xFe_xO_y solid solutions. Moreover, for the first time, an additional hydroxyl group band that is not present in pure ZrO₂ is observed by DRIFTS for the Zr(Fe)O₂ solid solution. This is direct evidence of Fe³⁺ ions incorporated into ZrO₂. These Zr_1?xFe_xO_y solid solutions are excellent catalysts for the solvent‐free aerobic oxidation of n‐hexadecane using air as the oxidant under ambient conditions. The Zr_0.8Fe_0.2O_y solid‐solution catalyst demonstrates the best catalytic properties, with the conversion of n‐hexadecane reaching 36.2 % with 48 % selectivity for ketones and 24 % selectivity for alcohols and it can be recycled five times without significant loss of activity.     

Solvent‐free Chemoselective Synthesis of 1,1‐diacetates Catalyzed by Iron Zirconium Phosphate

In the present study, a mild, rapid, and efficient method for the protection of aldehydes with acetic anhydride (AA) in the presence of iron zirconium phosphate (ZPFe), at room temperature is reported. Selective conversion of aldehydes was observed in the presence of ketones. Under these conditions, different aldehydes bearing electron‐withdrawing and electron‐donating substituents were reacted with AA and the corresponding 1,1‐diacetates (acylals) were obtained in high to excellent yields. The steric and electronic properties of the different substrates had a significant influence on the reaction conditions. Also, the deprotection of 1,1‐diacetates has been achieved using this catalyst in water. The catalyst was characterized by several physico‐chemical techniques. It was recovered easily from the reaction mixture, regenerated, and reused at least 7 times without significant loss in catalytic activity. This protocol has the advantages of easy availability, stability, reusability of the eco‐friendly catalyst, chemoselectivity, simple experimental and work‐up procedure, solvent‐free conditions and only a stoichiometric amount of AA is needed.     

有序介孔碳基金属复合材料的制备及催化应用

有序介孔碳基金属复合材料具有较大的比表面积、规整的孔道结构、良好的热稳定性及化学稳定性、活性金属组分分散度高以及粒径尺寸小等特点,广泛应用于非均相催化领域。常用的合成方法包括浸渍法、“一锅”法以及金属组分转移法等。本文综述了近年来有序介孔碳基金属复合材料的制备及其在非均相催化领域中的应用研究进展,重点阐述了介孔碳载体的介观结构调控、表面性质控制及限域效应等对所负载的活性金属组分的分散性、粒径大小,以及对反应物和产物扩散的影响,探讨了其在气相反应、液相反应和光电催化等领域的应用,并对有序介孔碳基复合材料的发展方向和应用前景进行了展望。     

钒氧阴离子团簇与小分子碳氢化合物反应的实验和理论研究(英文)

为了在分子层次上揭示相关催化反应的机理,人们对过渡金属氧化物团簇与碳氢化合物分子反应进行了大量研究.相比于过渡金属氧化物团簇阳离子,阴离子对一些碳氢化合物的活性弱得多,因此研究还很少.在本工作中,我们通过激光溅射产生钒氧团簇阴离子VxOy-,产生的团簇在接近热碰撞条件下与烷烃(C2H6和C4H10)以及烯烃(C2H4和C3H6)在一个快速流动反应管中进行反应,飞行时间质谱用来检测反应前后的团簇分布.在VxOy-与烷烃的反应中,生成了产物V2O6H-和V4O11H-;在与烯烃的反应中,产生了相应的吸附产物V4O11X-(X=C2H4或C3H6).密度泛函理论计算表明:V2O6-和V4O1-1可以活化烷烃(C2H6和C4H10)的C-H键,也可以与烯烃(C2H4和C3H6)发生3+2环化加成反应形成一个五元环结构(-V-O-C-C-O-),C-H键活化与环加成反应都需经历可以克服的反应能垒.理论计算与实验观测结果相符合.V2O6-和V4O1-1团簇都具有氧原子自由基(O·或O-)的成键特征,活性O-物种也经常出现在钒氧催化剂表面,因而本研究在分子水平上,揭示了表面活性氧物种与碳氢化合物反应的机理.     

Preparation,Characterization and Catalytic Performance of Carbon Nanotubes Promoted Ni‐B Amorphous Alloy

Ni‐B and Ni‐B/CNTs amorphous alloy catalysts were prepared by chemical reduction and impregnation‐chemical reduction methods, respectively, and characterized by TEM, ICP, XPS, XRD, BET and CO chemisorption techniques. Their catalytic activities were evaluated in acetylene selective hydrogenation reaction. Based on characterizations, the effects of carbon nanotubes on Ni‐B amorphous alloy were attributed to both its structure effect, dispersing Ni‐B particles, leading to bigger surface area of active nickel and enhancing the thermal stability, and the electronic effect, resulting in electron‐rich nickel centers. Therefore, the superior thermal stability and acetylene selective hydrogenation activities of Ni‐B/CNTs to Ni‐B amorphous catalyst were obtained in the present study.     

SBA‐15‐Oxynitrides as a Solid‐Base Catalyst: Effect of Nitridation Temperature on Catalytic Activity

Solid bases, such as SBA‐15‐oxynitrides, have attracted considerable interest for potential applications as catalysts in important industrial processes. Reported herein is that by simply tuning the temperature of nitridation (ammonolysis), the catalytic activity of these solid bases can be enhanced. Solid‐state NMR spectroscopy and XPS studies provided the reasoning behind this change in activity.     

nV-MCM-41 催化剂的制备及其催化 CO2氧化丙烷脱氢反应性能

丙烯是一种重要的化工原料, 其下游产品丰富, 用途广泛, 主要用于生产聚丙烯、丙烯腈、丙烯酸和丁醇等化工产品.丙烯的需求正在不断增长, 而传统的丙烯生产方法如蒸汽裂解和石油催化裂化, 存在反应温度高、积碳严重且丙烯收率较低等问题. 因此研制丙烷脱氢制取丙烯的高效催化剂尤为重要. 研究发现, 以 CO2作为温和氧化剂进行逆水气变换反应可有效促进丙烷脱氢. 催化剂主要由活性组分与载体构成, 本文选择可用于活化丙烷的钒作为主要活性组分. 钒氧化物在载体上的高度分散是提高丙烷脱氢反应活性的关键. MCM-41 拥有较大的比表面积和高度有序的介孔结构, 可更有效地分散活性位点. 本文采用一步法合成了不同钒含量的 nV-MCM-41 催化剂 (1.9-10.6 wt%), 并研究了其在以下条件下催化丙烷氧化脱氢制丙烯反应性能: 600 °C, 催化剂质量 0.2 g, 进料气体组成 C3H8/CO2/Ar (摩尔比) = 1/4/4, 进料气体总流量 15 mL/min. 其中 6.8V-MCM-41 催化剂具有最高的活性, 其初始丙烷转化率达 58%, 丙烯选择性达 92%, 远高于相似反应条件下早期研究的 nV-SBA-15 催化剂. 并在四次反应-再生循环中始终保持其原来的高反应活性. 本文借助于 N2吸附-脱附、拉曼光谱 (Raman)、X 射线光电子能谱 (XPS)和热重 (TG) 等手段探究了不同钒含量的 nV-MCM-41 催化剂在丙烷脱氢反应中催化性能差异的原因.氮气吸附-脱附结果表明, 所有催化剂都存在典型的高度有序的介孔结构, 并没有因为钒组分的掺杂而破坏. nV-MCM-41催化剂拥有较大比表面积,并随钒掺杂量的增加而减小. 其中,10.8V-MCM-41催化剂的比表面积急剧下降,可能是由于产生了结晶的 V2O5阻塞了孔道. Raman 结果表明, 当钒负载量超过 6.8 wt% 时, 出现了 V2O5的结晶峰. 另外根据单分散的四面体钒氧化物的特征峰面积发现, 6.8V-MCM-41 催化剂中钒物种分散度最高, 与其具有最高催化活性结果一致. XPS 结果也进一步证明 6.8V-MCM-41 钒物种的分散度最高. 在连续反应过程中 6.8V-MCM-41 催化剂失活较快,可归结于活性钒位点的还原与催化剂表面的积碳. 通过氧化再生, 可恢复催化剂活性, 并且在 4 次再生循环中始终保持其良好稳定的活性.     

Continuous‐Flow Suzuki‐Miyaura and Mizoroki‐Heck Reactions under Microwave Heating Conditions

Microwave‐assisted continuous‐flow reactions have attracted significant interest from synthetic organic chemists, especially process chemists from practical points of view, due to a less complicated shift to large‐scale synthesis based on simple and continuous access to products with low energy requirements. In this personal account, we focused on the Suzuki‐Miyaura and Mizoroki‐Heck reactions, both of which are significantly important cross‐coupling reactions for the synthesis of various functional materials. Microwave power is effective for heating. Typical homogeneous palladium catalysts, such as PdCl₂(PPh₃)₂, Pd(PPh₃)₄, and Pd(OAc)₂, as well as heterogeneous palladium catalysts, such as Pd‐film, Pd/Al₂O₃, Pd/SiO₂, and Pd supported on polymers, can be used for these reactions.     

Synthese,Kristallstruktur und Eigenschaften von Vanadium(II)‐tetrachloroaluminat

Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Properties of Vanadium(II) Tetrachloroaluminate The reaction of vanadium dichloride and aluminium trichloride yields vanadium(II) tetrachloroaluminate. Amber cuboid crystals can be obtained by slow cooling of the melt. V(AlCl₄)₂ crystallizes in the monoclinic space group I2/c (a = 1284.6(3), b = 776.3(2), c = 1163.5(2) pm, β = 92.376(10)°) and is therefore isotypic to Co(AlCl₄)₂. The structure contains chains build of VCl₆ octahedra and AlCl₄ tetrahedra sharing corners and edges with each other. The temperature dependence of the magnetic susceptibility follows Curie‐Weiss behaviour (μ = 3.88(2) μ_B, Θ = ?9(1) K) complying with the spin‐only paramagnetism expected of d³ ions.     

The First Neutral Dinuclear Vanadium Complex Comprising VO and VO2 Cores: Synthesis,Structure, Electrochemical Properties,and Catalytic Activity

A neutral dinuclear vanadium complex containing both oxido and dioxidovanadium cores with hydrazone based ligand, [VO(OCH₃)(CH₃OH)(HL)VO₂] ( 1 ) {H₄L = bis[(E)‐N′‐(5‐bromo‐2‐hydroxybenzylidene)]‐carbohydrazide}, was synthesized and fully characterized by X‐ray crystallography and spectroscopic methods (IR, UV/Vis, NMR). The ligand acts as a trinegative hexadentate N₃O₃ donor ligand to form a dinuclear complex and during the reaction V⁴⁺ is oxidized to V⁵⁺. The coordination polyhedra are a VO₅N distorted octahedron for the mono‐oxidovanadium core and a VO₃N₂ trigonal bipyramid for the dioxidovanadium core. The results of catalytic reactions indicate that 1 is a highly active catalyst in the clean epoxidation reaction of cis‐cyclooctene using aqueous hydrogen peroxide in acetonitrile. Cyclic voltammetric experiments of 1 in DMSO reveal two quasi‐reversible peaks due to the VO³⁺–VO²⁺ and VO₂⁺–VO₂ couples.