通过在线~7Li-NMR谱对负离子聚合见解的进一步验证

通过对正丁基锂(n-BuLi)/四氢呋喃(THF)引发α-甲基苯乙烯(mSt)负离子本体聚合,验证了n-BuLi缔合体可以引发聚合,形成超分子团聚体,然后在进一步聚合过程中超分子解离.证实了先前提出的负离子聚合的引发机理.通过7Li-NMR对聚合过程的在线检测,进一步证实了mSt在氘代苯为溶剂,THF为调节剂下的负离子聚合以及异戊二烯在非极性条件下的溶液聚合都存在引发剂多元缔合体向二元缔合体转变.研究还发现,少量THF可能使n-BuLi的六元缔合结构2～3个进一步串联起来,但先于六元缔合结构解离.此外,THF与n-BuLi作用,随着n-BuLi/THF的摩尔比从1∶1到1∶5的变化,可以使n-BuLi的巨大缔合体解离并向六元缔合体转变.     

苯乙烯阴离子本体聚合引发剂缔合及其机理的研究

分别以正丁基锂和叔丁基锂为引发剂,采用自制管式流动反应装置,对较高温度下苯乙烯阴离子本体聚合动力学进行了研究.证实了正丁基锂主要以六元缔合结构形式引发聚合,并导致超分子团聚体的形成,从而使进一步的聚合因单体扩散受阻而受到限制,并伴随聚合转化率停滞平台（SCP）的产生.随后由于前期聚合累积的能量,使超分子结构完全解离.聚合温度越高,SCP持续时间越短.结果还表明,在正丁基锂引发剂中,存在一个以六元缔合结构为基础形成的更大的缔合体结构.原子力显微镜照片显示,超分子结构的直径分别为20～30nm和50～60nm.此外,在阴离子聚合过程中活性种的缔合结构只决定于初始引发剂的分子结构,而不同活性种缔合结构对阴离子聚合的链增长存在很大影响,从而解释了采用不同结构的锂系引发剂引发苯乙烯单体聚合时聚合速率存在巨大差异的原因.     

苯乙烯阴离子高温本体聚合引发机理的新发现(二)

采用创建的一种研究方法,以正丁基锂(n-BuLi)为引发剂,研究了苯乙烯(St)在60℃至140℃下的阴离子本体聚合.结果表明,低温下(＜20℃)以六元缔合结构形式存在的非活性正丁基锂在高温下(≥60℃)会转化为活性种.随机分布在该六元结构上的平均1.3个离子对可以引发St的阴离子聚合.然而从六元缔合结构上增长出的超分...     

ε-己内酯负离子聚合过程烷氧基锂活性种的缔合

本文以粘度法研究在苯溶剂中,ε-己内酯负离子开环聚合过程,增长链活性种烷氧基锂(—O~-Li~+)的缔合,发现己内酯活性种的缔合和一般非极性单体不同,前者在聚合过程中(单体消耗完以前)并不发生缔合。在单体消耗完以后,聚己内酯活性种才确实以缔合体的形式存在。这是由于内酯本身贡献了强的溶剂化作用。     

聚苯乙烯-聚甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯嵌段共聚物的合成与表征

在常压、惰性气体保护下,以正丁基锂引发苯乙烯进行阴离子聚合,并用少量甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯(GMA)进行终端共聚,制得了侧基含有环氧基团的聚苯乙烯-聚甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯嵌段共聚物.用GPC、FT-IR、1H-NMR及盐酸-二氧六环银量法对共聚物进行了分析,并考察了GMA用量、终端共聚的反应温度及时间对环氧侧基数量的影响.结果表明:在少量四氢呋喃和氯化锂的存在下,1,1-二苯基乙烯(DPE)"盖帽"的聚苯乙烯阴离子活性种在甲苯溶剂中可引发GMA单体聚合反应,所得聚合物分子链中环氧侧基数量可根据需要进行调节.适宜的终端共聚反应温度和时间分别为-65℃和0.5 min.     

离子缔合性试剂在萃取分离-定量分析中的应用(续)

5.2 支配离子缔合体萃取性的因素支配离子缔合体萃取性的因素主要是(1)离子周围的水结构;(2)离子以及缔合物的亲油性;(3)离子的形状;(4)在有机相中的缔合体的离解反应、聚集反应等。(1)离子周围的水结构为了使离子缔合体萃取性良好,首先必须使水溶液中的缔合性良好。即有必要用WSP性或WSB性强     

1-(4-二甲基硅氢苯基)-1-苯乙烯/异戊二烯的活性阴离子交替共聚合调控研究

采用活性阴离子聚合方法研究了硅氢基功能化的1,1-二苯基乙烯(DPE)衍生物1-(4-二甲基硅氢苯基)-1-苯乙烯(DPE-SiH)与异戊二烯(Ip)在苯中的共聚反应,采用多种方法对序列分布、竞聚率和表观速率常数等进行测定.结果表明无调节剂下共聚物链中异戊二烯的插入量远多于DPE-SiH,DPE-SiH主要分布在聚合物...     

活性阴离子聚合定量“开-关”聚合机理研究

在链增长聚合过程中,有效控制聚合活性中心的"开"、"关"能够对特定结构和功能的聚合物合成实现"定制裁剪"。当活性中心能够进行"锁闭(Locked)"和"解锁(Unlocked)"状态便捷可控的转换,即可在特定位置实现特定单元的插入。近期,大连理工大学马红卫等在活性阴离子聚合领域开展了活性中心定量"开-关"聚合机理研究。基于烷氧硅基DPE(DPE-Si(O-iPr)_3,DPE:1,1-二苯基乙烯)以及醇钠(NaODP)来实现活性阴离子聚合体系活性中心的定量"开-关",在活性阴离子聚合机理方面取得的这一进展能够为阴离子聚合理论研究带来新的发展,同时也为高分子链结构的精密调控提供了更广阔的前景。     

结构明确的梳形支化聚合物的合成与表征

通过活性聚苯乙烯(PS)和聚异戊二烯(PI)负离子与含1,1-二苯基乙烯(DPE)侧基的聚苯乙烯(PSe)的偶联反应合成了结构明确的每个重复单元含一条侧链的梳形支化聚合物,其中,PSe是通过Sc单体的原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)和Wittig反应制得的.用IR1、H-NMR、GPC和SLS等测试方法对所得梳形支化聚合物进行了详细表征,讨论了活性负离子链与PSe的DPE基团的配比对接枝率的影响.结果表明,活性负离子链与DPE基团的偶联反应是高效的,可以通过调节活性负离子链与DPE基团的加料比来控制接枝率.另外,还讨论了PSe和活性负离子链的分子量对接枝率的影响.结果表明,在实验范围内当活性负离子链过量时可获得几乎定量的接枝率.     

二苯基苷脲衍生物缔合体的晶体结构及量子化学计算

本文以二苯基苷脲为原料,通过两步反应制得二苯基苷脲衍生物的缔合体H,用X-单晶衍射仪对H的晶体结构进行表征,晶体结构表明H是由两个单体(下文称单体M1和M2)组成的缔合体,该晶体属于三斜晶系,空间群为P-1,a=8.3318(5),b=15.4294(9),c=15.8378(9),α=66.147(2)°,β=77.057(2)°,γ=77.504(2)°,V=1796.64~3,Z=2,R(1)=0.0876。量子化学计算结果表明H总能量为-7.18×106k J/mol,两个单体结合能为-113.094 k J/mol,没有虚频,说明H是稳定的。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Thermodynamics of the formation of oxosulfides of rare-earth elements

The enthalpies of solution of several oxosulfides of rare-earth elements and the high-temperature enthalpies of oxosulfides and oxosulfates of lanthanum and yttrium were measured using solution calorimetry and high-temperature microcalorimetry techniques. Standard enthalpies of formation and some thermodynamic properties of oxosulfides and oxosulfates were calculated. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2 pp. 294–297, February, 1997.     

恶臭嗅辨实验室建设探讨

针对恶臭测试的环境影响问题,提出了解决的实例方案,并对方案的要点及优缺点进行讨论,此方案在实际操作中具有较好的效果。