菌类多糖链构象及其表征方法研究进展 （专题报道）

 概述了菌类多糖在溶液中链构象及其表征方法的研究进展.主要报道从各种真菌（香菇、茯苓、灵芝、木耳、黄单胞菌、裂褶菌等）中提取的多糖在溶液中的分子量、分子形态和尺寸,即链构象.同时介绍多糖链构象对生物活性的影响,并且指出多糖刚性链带电基团及适量分子量有利于促进它与免疫细胞上受体结合,从而抑制肿瘤细胞增殖.由此表明,多糖链构象的研究对弄清其生物功能和推动生命科学发展十分重要.多糖在溶液中主要以无规线团、双螺旋、三螺旋、蠕虫状、棒状链以及聚集体构象存在,它取决于单糖组成、糖苷键、支链结构以及分子内和分子间作用力.测定链构象的方法主要包括光散射、黏度、显微技术（透射电镜,扫描电镜以及原子力显微镜）、微量热法和小角X-射线散射等.此外,介绍了多糖溶液理论以及计算链构象参数的表达式.     

菌类多糖链构象及其表征方法研究进展

概述了菌类多糖在溶液中链构象及其表征方法的研究进展.主要报道从各种真菌(香菇、茯苓、灵芝、木耳、黄单胞菌、裂褶菌等)中提取的多糖在溶液中的分子量、分子形态和尺寸,即链构象.同时介绍多糖链构象对生物活性的影响,并且指出多糖刚性链带电基团及适量分子量有利于促进它与免疫细胞上受体结合,从而抑制肿瘤细胞增殖.由此表明,多糖链构象的研究对弄清其生物功能和推动生命科学发展十分重要.多糖在溶液中主要以无规线团、双螺旋、三螺旋、蠕虫状、棒状链以及聚集体构象存在,它取决于单糖组成、糖苷键、支链结构以及分子内和分子间作用力.测定链构象的方法主要包括光散射、黏度、显微技术(透射电镜,扫描电镜以及原子力显微镜)、微量热法和小角X-射线散射等.此外,介绍了多糖溶液理论以及计算链构象参数的表达式.     

三螺旋多糖的链结构与功能研究进展

三螺旋多糖是自然界中存在的具有特殊链结构的一类生物大分子,它不仅具有较高的生物活性,而且具有特殊的分子识别能力以及其他多糖无法比拟的功能特性。本文主要概述三螺旋多糖的链结构及其构象转变,分析其变性和复性过程中分子链间的相互作用,阐明三螺旋结构形成和形态变化的科学规律。同时,综述了三螺旋多糖的链构象与其生物活性之间的构效关系,以及基于螺旋构象转变构建的多糖基功能材料的最新研究进展。     

天然聚多糖的溶解机理及溶液性质

21世纪"绿色"化学已成为各国科学界和工业界研究与开发的方向.天然高分子中纤维素、甲壳素等聚多糖来源丰富,是重要的可再生资源,也是未来主要的化工原料之一.由于大量的分子内和分子间氢键,它们的溶解长期以来都是非常棘手的问题.另一方面,聚多糖的结构非常复杂,只有弄清楚其链构象和溶液性质,才可能进行合理的分子设计,实现其更好的应用.本文简要介绍了本课题组用碱/尿素水体系低温溶解纤维素和甲壳素等天然高分子的机理和溶液中分子链构象,以及活性多糖在水溶液中的链构象和溶液性质的研究进展.     

柚皮素、柚皮苷与溶菌酶相互作用的荧光光谱法研究

应用荧光光谱法研究了50%甲醇/水体系中柚皮素、柚皮苷与溶菌酶分子间的结合反应. 以Lineweaver-Burk双倒数方程和能量传递原理分别计算了两者与溶菌酶反应的结合常数(K)和结合距离(r): K_柚皮素^{25 ℃}＝4.00×10⁴, K_柚皮苷^{25 ℃}＝3.48×10⁴; r_柚皮素＝3.21 nm, r_柚皮苷＝3.30 nm, 以及由热力学参数的计算判断了两种分子与溶菌酶之间的作用力类型. 结果表明: 柚皮素、柚皮苷均能与溶菌酶以疏水作用相结合形成非共价化合物, 从而导致溶菌酶内在荧光的静态猝灭; 相对柚皮素, 柚皮苷与溶菌酶的结合距离增大, 作用强度减弱, 表明黄酮分子上多糖的取代不利于黄酮分子与蛋白之间的亲和作用. 根据Haslam等提出的多酚-蛋白质反应模型, 从分子水平初步探讨了糖取代对黄酮分子与蛋白相互作用减弱的原因.     

新型手性不对称脲石胆酸分子裂缝的设计合成

以刚性的石胆酸甲酯为骨架, 手性不对称脲为侧链, 通过三光气桥连, 设计合成了一类新型的手性分子裂缝. 7个分子裂缝均为新化合物, 其结构均经¹H NMR, IR, MS和元素分析确证, 并且考察了其对卤素阴离子Cl^－, Br^－, I^－的识别性能. 初步的实验结果表明, 这类分子裂缝不仅可与所考察的卤素阴离子形成1∶1型超分子配合物, 而且对卤素阴离子具有良好的识别选择性.     

人体端粒中(3+1)混合结构G-四链体稳定性的分子动力学模拟

利用分子动力学模拟方法, 考察了人体端粒中(3+1)混合结构G-四链体的结构及稳定性问题. 讨论了配位K+离子、药物分子(端粒抑素)和溶剂水分子对G-四链体的Hoogsteen氢键结构、π-π堆积作用的影响. 研究表明, K+离子与鸟嘌呤碱基上O6原子的配位作用减弱了对角鸟嘌呤间O6-O6的静电排斥作用, 使得相邻的四个鸟嘌呤能够以Hoogsteen氢键结合的方式形成具有近平面结构的稳定G-四平面. 另一方面, G-四平面间、G-四平面与药物分子间的π-π堆积作用降低了G-四链体复合物的总能, 有利于其稳定存在. 此外, 溶剂水分子主要分布在G-四链体的TTA环、骨架和糖环的周围, 使其位移涨落增大; 然而, 在3 ns动力学模拟中, 由于水分子没有进入到G-四链体的空腔中, 溶剂水对G-四平面的结构影响不明显.     

肉苁蓉多糖锌的制备、表征及抗氧化活性

采用超声酶法辅助提取肉苁蓉粗多糖,并用季铵盐沉淀法对肉苁蓉粗多糖进行精制,获得肉苁蓉精制多糖(UCEP1);以UCEP1和硫酸锌为原料,制备了肉苁蓉多糖锌配合物(UCEP1-Zn),对其结构进行了表征,并研究其抗氧化活性.结果表明,肉苁蓉粗多糖收率及含量分别为22.31%和48.50%,UCEP1中多糖含量为70.13%;UCEP1-Zn中-OH和-COO~-和Zn~(2+)发生了配位,其中锌含量为7.57%,且多糖链构象及多糖分子表面形貌发生变化;UCEP1-Zn的抗氧化能力显著高于UCEP1,且对ABTS~+自由基清除活性最好.该研究可为肉苁蓉多糖、新型锌营养素补充剂以及锌功能配合物的研究和利用提供参考.     

密度泛函理论研究间硝基苯基吡咯酰胺识别卤素阴离子

采用混合密度泛函B3LYP方法, 在LANL2DZ水平上优化间硝基苯基吡咯酰胺(NPC)及其卤素阴离子复合物的几何构型, 从几何结构参数、电荷布居、前线轨道、结合能以及热力学参数等角度探讨复合物形成过程中主体分子的构象变化以及主客体间的超分子作用. 研究结果表明, 吡咯酰胺主体分子识别卤素阴离子是一个自发过程. 识别过程包括阴离子诱导下主体分子构象转变和“活性”构象与阴离子形成氢键两个步骤. 计算表明主体分子复合阴离子过程中, 两者的前线轨道发生作用, 电子容易从卤素阴离子的HOMO向主体分子的LUMO转移. 在所形成的四种复合物NPC-X^－ (X^－＝F^－, Cl^－, Br^－, I^－)中, 以NPC-F^－最稳定, 与文献报道吡咯酰胺主体分子识别卤素阴离子能力的实验结果相一致.     

羟丙基甲基纤维素与魔芋葡甘聚糖复配体系相互作用的研究

采用黏度测试、振荡测试以及动态力学分析方法,以结构典型的羟烷基烷基纤维素醚———羟丙基甲基纤维素(HPMC)与魔芋葡甘聚糖(KGM)混合体系为研究对象,通过对两种天然多糖混合水溶液表观黏度、流变性及溶液动态力学参数的变化,分析了结构差异性天然多糖大分子间相互作用的机理并建立分子模型.实验表明,HPMC-KGM复配后,KGM分子链上未被取代的甘露糖单元与HPMC分子链上憎水性基团通过疏水作用形成弱交联的疏水缔合区域,而形成以HPMC分子为骨架并与KGM分子相联结的结构.HPMC与KGM按质量比3∶1到1∶1比例范围内复配效应最为明显.通过疏水缔合作用,缓解KGM分子在高温条件下的降解,还对HPMC的热凝胶化作用起到延缓效果.     

Amylose‐grafted Curdlan: A New Class of Semi‐artificial Branched Polysaccharides for Hierarchical Polymeric Superstructures Created by the Action of “Orthogonal” Binding Sites

The semi‐artificial branched‐polysaccharides, amylose‐grafted curdlans, were synthesized utilizing an enzymatic polymerization. Both a curdlan main chain and amylose side chains on the polysaccharides maintain the original helical structure as well as the molecular binding ability. Thanks to the difference in their molecular recognition properties between β‐1,3‐glucan chain and α‐1,4‐glucan chain, the amylose‐grafted curdlans can provide two different orthogonal binding sites within one polymeric system. When a water‐soluble polythiophene was mixed with the amylose‐grafted curdlan, the polythiophene was twisted in two different modes and therein, fluorescence energy of the polythiophene wrapped by the amylose side chains was successfully transferred to the polythiophene wrapped by the curdlan main chain. We thus concluded that in the dendritic superstructure of this polysaccharide, a self‐organized “Janus‐type FRET system” was successfully constructed.     

Secondary and Tertiary Structure of Polysaccharides in Solutions and Gels

Many polysaccharide chains can adopt ordered helical and ribbon-like secondary structures. It seems however that these chains are often so stiff and extended that the cooperative interactions necessary for stability in the solvent environment can only be achieved when inter-chain as well as intra-chain interactions are favorable. Hence we commonly find two-or more-stranded associations of helices, of ribbons, or of helices with ribbons. These can be regarded as tertiary and higher levels of structure. The ordered secondary structure characteristically requires a regular repeating sequence of sugar residues, and the termination of this sequence by insertion of a residue of different type may also terminate the secondary structure and hence the association in which it is involved. This is the mechanism by which native polysaccharides may link up to form three dimensional networks, or gels, in which state they perform their natural roles in maintaining the hydration and integrity of biological tissues. For several polysaccharides there is evidence that the mechanism of biological control over the fine topology and properties of the gel network is mediated by enzymes which modify sugar residues at the polymer level to change the pattern of “interrupting” sugar residues.     

聚苯乙烯微球表面的聚集态结构和苯基堆砌

用扫描隧道显微镜(STM)研究微乳液聚合法制备的聚苯乙烯微球.STM图像显示这种聚苯乙烯微球的表面具有不同的聚集态结构.在表面的某些区域,聚合物链没有相互缠结现象,而是有序地堆积在一起.在适当的情况下,同一条链上的苯基还会堆砌起来,形成一种平行移位的结构,其类似于苯双分子的最稳定结构.还用STM研究了用苯溶胀过的聚苯乙烯粒子,并观察到了类似螺旋结构的聚合物链以及扭曲的聚合物链.在聚苯乙烯微球中,聚合物链段和苯基的有序堆砌状态的存在,是因为苯乙烯单体已经在微乳液内的某些区域堆砌成有序的状态.     

类蛋白质分子的二级结构对力学行为的影响

采用Kolinski等建立的类蛋白质分子的格点模型,研究了由典型的(HHPPHPP)x重复单元构成、含有α螺旋结构的类蛋白质分子链在拉伸过程中的构象性质和力学行为.发现不同强度的α螺旋相互作用会直接影响其拉伸过程.α螺旋相互作用强的类蛋白质分子链,具有更低的内能,更小的应力,在拉伸过程中更容易失去紧密接触对,同时也更容易被拉成“棒状”结构,但在整个拉伸过程中,α螺旋结构且能保持稳定;还发现类蛋白质分子的链长对拉伸也有影响,对较长的类蛋白质分子链,其内能更低,弹性力更小,自由能更大,紧密接触对的含量比例也更高,而“棒状化”程度较小.这些研究能够帮助我们加深对蛋白质分子的构象和弹性力学行为的理解.     

Electrochemical Scanning Tunneling Microscopy──An Ex－situ Study of the Growth of Polypyrrole Films on Electrodes

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Inclusion of cut and as-grown single-walled carbon nanotubes in the helical superstructure of schizophyllan and curdlan (beta-1,3-glucans)

We have found that single-chain schizophyllan and curdlan (s-SPG and s-curdlan, respectively) can dissolve as-grown and cut single-walled carbon nanotubes (ag-SWNTs and c-SWNTs, respectively) in aqueous solution. The vis-NIR spectra of the composites suggest that c-SWNTs are dissolved as a bundle, whereas ag-SWNTs exist as one or only a few pieces in the tubular hollow constructed by the helical structure inherent to these beta-1,3-glucans. EDX and CLSM measurements and TEM observation established that the distribution map of these polysaccharides overlaps well with the image of SWNTs, indicating that these two components form a composite. Very interestingly, when c-SWNTs were dissolved with the aid of s-SPG or s-curdlan in water, a clear periodical structure with inclined stripes, as detected by AFM, appeared on the fibrous composite surface. Because this periodical structure has never been recognized for the composites with other water-soluble polymers, one can regard that s-SPG or s-curdlan wraps c-SWNTs constructing a helically twined structure. High-resolution TEM observation of an ag-SWNTs/s-SPG composite gave a clearer image in that two s-SPG chains twine one ag-SWNT and the helical motif is right-handed. When this sample was subjected to the AFM measurement, the composite showed the 2-3 nm height. This height implies that one piece of ag-SWNT is included in the s-SPGs helical structure. As a summary, it has been established that beta-1,3-glucans such as s-SPG and s-curdlan not only dissolve SWNTs but also create a novel superstructure on the surface.     

Unravelling Secondary Structure Changes on Individual Anionic Polysaccharide Chains by Atomic Force Microscopy

The structural conformations of the anionic carrageenan polysaccharides in the presence of monovalent salt close to physiological conditions are studied by atomic force microscopy. Iota‐carrageenan undergoes a coil–helix transition at high ionic strength, whereas lambda‐carrageenan remains in the coiled state. Polymer statistical analysis reveals an increase in persistence length from 22.6±0.2 nm in the random coil, to 26.4±0.2 nm in the ordered helical conformation, indicating an increased rigidity of the helical iota‐carrageenan chains. The many decades‐long debated issue on whether the ordered state can exist as single or double helix, is conclusively resolved by demonstrating the existence of a unimeric helix formed intramolecularly by a single polymer chain.     

Helical Folding of Conjugated Oligo(phenyleneethynylene): Chain‐Length Dependence,Solvent Effects,and Intermolecular Assembly

As a representative folding system that features a conjugated backbone, a series of monodispersed (o‐phenyleneethynylene)‐alt‐(p‐phenyleneethynylene) (PE) oligomers of varied chain length and different side chains were studied. Molecules with the same backbone but different side‐chain structures were shown to exhibit similar helical conformations in respectively suitable solvents. Specifically, oligomers with dodecyloxy side chains folded into the helical structure in apolar aliphatic solvents, whereas an analogous oligomer with tri(ethylene glycol) (Tg) side chains adopted the same conformation in polar solvents. The fact that the oligomers with the same backbone manifested a similar folded conformation independent of side chains and the nature of the solvent confirmed the concept that the driving force for folding was the intramolecular aromatic stacking and solvophobic interactions. Although all were capable of inducing folding, different solvents were shown to bestow slightly varied folding stability. The chain‐length dependence study revealed a nonlinear correlation between the folding stability with backbone chain length. A critical size of approximately 10 PE units was identified for the system, beyond which folding occurred. This observation corroborated the helical nature of the folded structure. Remarkably, based on the absorption and emission spectra, the effective conjugation length of the system extended more effectively under the folded state than under random conformations. Moreover, as evidenced by the optical spectra and dynamic light‐scattering studies, intermolecular association took place among the helical oligomers with Tg side chains in aqueous solution. The demonstrated ability of such a conjugated foldamer in self‐assembling into hierarchical supramolecular structures promises application potential for the system.     

Alpha- and beta-polypeptides show a different stability of helical secondary structure

β-Polypeptides are known to adopt helical secondary structure in organic solvents, even for rather short chain lengths. It is investigated whether a short α-polypeptide with amino-acid side chains that enable β-peptides to adopt helical structures, can maintain or adopt stable helical structure in methanol or in water. The molecular dynamics simulations do not predict a particular fold, which indicates an essential role for the additional methylene moiety in the backbone of β-peptides regarding helix stability.     

全同立构聚丙烯晶体结构的对称性研究

本文利用对称理论,研究了全同立构聚丙烯的α(型)晶及β(型)晶的可能的晶体结构.1.推导了与C2/c空间群有关的有色空间群,研究了聚丙烯分子链在它们中的排布,得出其中5种是聚丙烯α(型)晶晶体结构可能存在的空间群;2.从晶畴理论出发,得出具有Cc空间群与P2_(1/c)空间群的两种晶畴共存于一个体系中,3.聚丙烯β(型)晶的晶体结构的可能排列方式是聚丙烯分子链按R型晶胞的半无规排列。