分子电子器件的电性能测试方法

介绍了用于两端分子电子器件电性能测试的纳米孔技术、交叉线接触技术、导电原子力显微镜技术、扫描隧道显微镜技术、纳米间距电极技术以及机械可控断裂结技术．结合分子器件的电性能测试要求，对各类测试方法进行了分析评价，并简要指出了分子器件电性能测试研究的发展趋势。     

单分子尺度的光量子态调控与单分子电致发光研究

分子尺度上的光电相互作用研究可以为发展未来信息和能源技术提供科学基础.扫描隧道显微镜不仅可以用来观察和操纵纳米世界中的原子和分子,而且其高度局域化的隧穿电流还可以被用来激发隧道结中的分子,使之发光,以研究局域场下的分子光电特性.本文综述了中国科学技术大学单分子光电研究组近期在锌酞菁分子电致发光方面取得的科学进展,包括：1）利用有效的电子脱耦合与纳腔等离激元调控技术,实现了隧穿电子激发下的单个锌酞菁分子的电致荧光,并通过发展相关的光子发射统计测量方法,表征了单个分子在隧穿电子激发下的电致荧光具有单光子发射特性;2）发展了具有亚纳米空间分辨的荧光光谱成像技术,实现了对酞菁分子间相干偶极相互作用特征的实空间观察;3）对分子与纳腔等离激元之间的相干耦合作用进行了亚纳米精度的操控,在单分子水平上观察到了法诺共振和兰姆位移效应.这些研究结果不仅为研发基于有机分子的电泵纳米光源与单光子光源等分子光电器件提供了新的思路,而且为在单分子尺度上研究分子光电特性、分子间能量转移以及场与物质之间的相互作用规律等提供了新的表征方法.     

单分子器件与电极间耦合界面对电子传输的影响

利用自恰tight-binding 理论，对由phenalenyl分子构成的全对称三电极纳米单分子器件的电子传导特性进行了理论研究. 通过改变电极与分子界面上的耦合，得出了分子与原子线电极间耦合强度变化对电子传输的影响. 结果显示电子通过phenalenyl分子器件的概率随着分子与电极的耦合强度变弱而减小. 当耦合强度变大时，不仅电子通过phenalenyl分子器件的概率变大，而且在较宽的能带内电子都可以通过phenalenyl分子. 所得结果还揭示出在特定的能区，对称三电极phenalenyl分子可以构成一个无源正负能量开关器件的新特性.     

分子包埋纳米粒子薄膜阻变特性研究进展

有机分子包埋纳米粒子阻变薄膜是信息存储领域的研究热点之一,本文从器件电极、介质层结构、纳米粒子种类、阻变机理和柔性弯折等方面,综述了其近年来的研究进展.电极/分子及分子/纳米粒子界面性质对器件阻变特性影响较大,但影响规律及界面调控机理仍待探究;分子结构与纳米粒子的种类、尺度及分布可改变膜内界面性质进而影响阻变特性;器件阻变机理主要包括导电细丝、电荷俘获与释放和电荷转移三种,其中导电细丝又分金属、氧空位和碳细丝.分子包埋纳米粒子薄膜阻变研究现多停留在小规模和静态器件方面,下一步应从连续卷绕制备、纳米粒子分布精确控制和耐弯扭特性等方面深入研究,为实现大面积、低成本、高柔性阻变存储器奠定基础.     

基于原子操纵技术的人工量子结构研究

扫描隧道显微镜原子操纵技术是指利用扫描探针在特定材料表面以晶格为步长搬运单个原子或分子的技术.它是纳米尺度量子物理与器件研究领域一种独特而有力的研究手段.利用这种手段,人们能够以原子或分子为单元构筑某些常规生长或微加工方法难以制备的人工量子结构,通过对格点原子、晶格尺寸、对称性、周期性的高度控制,实现对局域电子态、自旋序、以及能带拓扑特性等量子效应的设计与调控.原子操纵技术与超快测量及自动控制技术的结合,使得人们能够进一步研究原子级精准的量子器件,因而该技术成为探索未来器件新机理、新工艺的重要工具.本文首先简介原子操纵方法的发展过程和技术要点,然后分别介绍人工电子晶格、半导体表面人工量子点、磁性人工量子结构、人工结构中的信息存储与逻辑运算、单原子精度原型器件等方面的最新研究进展,以及单原子刻蚀和自动原子操纵等方面的技术进展,最后总结并展望原子操纵技术的应用前景和发展趋势.     

单分子器件电输运中基于量子干涉效应的调控策略

单分子器件电输运中的量子干涉效应是电子在分子独立的轨道能级内传输时因保持量子相干性,从而在不同能级之间发生相互干涉的现象.这种现象导致了电子在单分子器件内透射概率的增加或减小,在实验中体现为单分子器件电导值的升高或降低.近些年,利用量子干涉效应对不同的单分子器件进行调控在实验中被证实是有效的调控手段,如对单分子开关、单分子热电器件、单分子自旋器件等器件性能的调控.本文介绍了量子干涉效应的相关理论与预测、实验观测与证实,以及其在不同单分子器件上的调控作用.     

共轭聚合物单分子构象和能量转移特性研究

利用基于宽场显微光学系统的单分子散焦成像技术测量了不同构象poly[2,7-(9,9-dioctylfluorene)-alt-4,7-bis(thiophen-2-yl)benzo-2,1,3-thiadiazole](PFO-DBT)共轭聚合物单分子的光物理与动力学特性.通过分析共轭聚合物单分子的荧光轨迹和对应的发射偶极取向变化识别共轭聚合物单分子发光单元,发现延伸构象下的单分子呈现多发色团发光特性,而折叠构象下的单分子保持高效链间能量转移,呈现单个发色团发光特性.共轭聚合物单分子构象对能量转移效率的影响可用于研究基于共轭聚合物的光电器件和分子器件.     

单分子物理与化学的新进展

本文对新兴边缘学科-单分子物理与化学的一些研究进展进行简要综述。在对单分子科学中几类基本实验技术如扫描隧道显微术和光镊技术等作了简要介绍之后,重点评述了单分子实验技术和研究方法在物理、化学、生物和分子电子学等学科领域的应用和影响。基于扫描隧道显微术和电子结构计算,列举了最近几个关于单分子高分辨表征、单分子器件和单分子量子调控等方面的研究实例。最后对单分子物理与化学的发展前景进行了展望。     

单分子物理与化学的新进展

本文对新兴边缘学科-单分子物理与化学的一些研究进展进行简要综述。在对单分子科学中几类基本实验技术如扫描隧道显微术和光镊技术等作了简要介绍之后,重点评述了单分子实验技术和研究方法在物理、化学、生物和分子电子学等学科领域的应用和影响。基于扫描隧道显微术和电子结构计算,列举了最近几个关于单分子高分辨表征、单分子器件和单分子量子调控等方面的研究实例。最后对单分子物理与化学的发展前景进行了展望。     

纳米电子学的最新进展

文章介绍了纳米电子学在自组织生长、器件构造和电学／光学器件应用等方面的最新进展，其中包括：利用流体或极性分子实现了纳米线／管的定向排列；用此方法制成了纳米线逻辑电路和新型纳米线／带薄膜晶体管；研制成功可进行高密度信息存储的单分子层面纳米线交叉电路；进行了半导体CdS纳米线电泵激光和碳纳米管电致发光研究．此外，还对自旋电子学的研究进展进行了简要介绍，对纳米电子学的研究与发展方向提出了建议。     

Novel fabrication technologies of planar nano-gap electrodes for single molecule evaluation

Present information technologies use semiconductor devices and magnetic/optical disc. However, they are all foreseen to face fundamental limitations within a decade. Therefore, superseding devices are required for the next paradigm of high performance information technologies. This paper describes prospects for single molecule devices suitable for future information processing technologies, which are expected as the most probable candidate to supersede the present semiconductor devices. The first milestone towards the realization of single molecule devices in future electronics requires quantitative evaluation of single molecule characteristics, which inevitably needs planar nano-gap electrodes between which single molecules are sandwiched, observed their structures and measured their electrical characteristics. Nano-meter electrode pattern fabrication was achieved by electron beam lithography and metal lift-off, while planarization process requires many new technologies including chemical–mechanical polishing (CMP) and wafer bonding. The detailed planarization processing technologies are described in this paper to realize nm-planar nano-scale electrodes.     

Molecular and intramolecular electronics

Starting from the Aviram–Ratner molecular diode design, we follow the progress of molecular electronics from simple discrete molecular devices towards quantum computing at the molecular scale. Discrete molecular devices like the electromechanical C₆₀single-molecule amplifier and the nanotube transistor are described. Then, progresses towards intramolecular electronics where circuits and devices may be integrated in a single molecule are discussed. This requires the mastering of the long-range electron transfer effect (super-tunnelling phenomenon) and introduces new electronic circuit rules to create electronic functionnalities inside a single molecule. At this stage, intramolecular electronics can be viewed as a peculiar branch of quantum computing, using the decoherence effect, instead of avoiding it, to stabilize a computation within a single molecule.     

The Unconventional Influence of a Nearby Molecule onto Transport of Single C_(60) Molecule Transistor

We study the transport property of single C_(60) molecular transistors with special focus on the situation that other molecules are in vicinity. The devices are prepared using electromigration and thermal deposition techniques. Pure single C_(60) molecule transistors show typical coulomb blockade behavior at low temperature. When we increase the coverage of molecules slightly by extending the deposition time, the transport spectrum of devices displays a switching behavior in the general coulomb blockade pattern. We attribute this unconventional phenomenon to the influence from a nearby C_(60) molecule. By analyzing this transport behavior quantitatively based on the parallel-double-quantum-dot model, the interaction from the nearby molecule is proved to be of capacity and tunneling coupling. Thermal stimulation is also applied to the device to investigate the effect of local charging environment variation on intermolecular interaction.     

Slow Light in One-Dimensional Coupled-Resonator Waveguide Controlling by an Electric Field

The photon transport properties in one-dimensional coupled-resonator waveguide embedded with a quantum dot molecule are investigated. The calculations reveal that one can control the photon transport by using a gate electric field. The phase shift and group velocity delay of the transmitted single photon are discussed. This research may be found applications in integrated optoelectronic devices and solid quantum devices.     

Slow Light in One-Dimensional Coupled-Resonator Waveguide Controlling by an Electric Field

The photon transport properties in one-dimensional coupled-resonator waveguide embedded with a quantum dot molecule are investigated. The calculations reveal that one can control the photon transport by using a gate electric field. The phase shift and group velocity delay of the transmitted single photon are discussed. This research may be found applications in integrated optoelectronic devices and solid quantum devices.     

Single Molecule Genotyping by TIRF Microscopy

As part of a programme to develop a metrological framework for single molecule measurements in biology, we have investigated the applications of single molecule imaging to genomics. Specifically, we have developed a technique for measuring the frequencies of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in complex or pooled samples of DNA. We believe that this technique has applications to statistical genotyping—the identification of correlations between SNP frequencies and particular phenotypes—and other areas where it is desirable to track the frequencies of SNPs in complex DNA populations.     

Physical limits on computation by assemblies of allosteric proteins

Assemblies of allosteric proteins are the principle information processing devices in biology. Using the Ca2+-sensitive cardiac regulatory assembly as a paradigm for Brownian computation, I examine how system complexity and system resetting impose physical limits on computation. Nearest-neighbor-limited interactions among assembly components constrain the topology of the system's macrostate free energy landscape and produce degenerate transition probabilities. As a result, signaling fidelity and deactivation kinetics cannot be simultaneously optimized. This imposes an upper limit on the rate of information processing by assemblies of allosteric proteins that couple to a single ligand type.     

全内反射荧光显微术

全内反射荧光显微技术是当今世界上最具前途的新型生物光学显微技术之一，可以用来实现对单个荧光分子的直接探测。它利用全内反射产生的隐失波照明样品，使照明区域限定在样品表面的一薄层范围内，因此具有其它光学成像技术无法比拟的高的信噪比和对比度。近上来，已被生物物理学家们广泛应用于单分子的荧光成像中。本文系统的介绍了全内反射荧光显微技术的原理。国内外的发展和现状及其在生物学上的应用，并对其未来做了展望。     

99% efficiency in collecting photons from a single emitter

In a previous paper [Nat. Photon. 5, 166 (2011)], we reported on a planar dielectric antenna that achieved 96% efficiency in collecting the photons emitted by a single molecule. In that work, the transition dipole moment of the molecule was set perpendicular to the antenna plane. Here, we present a theoretical extension of that scheme that reaches collection efficiencies beyond 99% for emitters with arbitrarily oriented dipole moments. Our work opens important doors in a wide range of contexts including quantum optics, quantum metrology, nanoanalytics, and biophysics. In particular, we provide antenna parameters to realize ultrabright single-photon sources in high-index materials such as semiconductor quantum dots and color centers in diamond, as well as sensitive detection of single molecules in nanofluidic devices.