A_aD_d型氢键流体的统计理论(V):球形微腔中的相平衡

利用密度泛函理论并结合改进的基本度量理论研究了球形微腔中AaDd型氢键流体的相态结构.首先,根据氢键流体在球腔中的吸附-脱附等温线以及相应的巨势等温线获得不同条件下氢键流体的相图.在此基础上,重点讨论了氢键作用、球腔尺寸以及腔壁与流体之间的相互作用等因素对氢键流体相平衡特征的影响.结果表明,流体层化转变和毛细凝聚的临界温度、临界密度和临界相区域等相态特征与这些因素密切相关.研究结果可为进一步揭示几何约束下氢键流体的相平衡及聚集态结构提供可能的理论线索.     

AaDd型氢键流体的统计理论（V）：球形微腔中的相平衡

利用密度泛函理论并结合改进的基本度量理论研究了球形微腔中AaDd型氢键流体的相态结构．首先,根据氢键流体在球腔中的吸附一脱附等温线以及相应的巨势等温线获得不同条件下氢键流体的相图．在此基础上,重点讨论了氢键作用、球腔尺寸以及腔壁与流体之间的相互作用等因素对氢键流体相平衡特征的影响．结果表明,流体层化转变和毛细凝聚的临界温度、临界密度和临界相区域等相态特征与这些因素密切相关．研究结果可为进一步揭示几何约束下氢键流体的相平衡及聚集态结构提供可能的理论线索．     

水介质中氢键吸附与疏水吸附协同作用的研究

研究了丙烯酸型树脂(D152)在水、乙醇和正己烷中对苯胺、N-甲基苯胺和N,N-二甲基苯胺的吸附行为.在水中D152树脂对3种吸附质的吸附亲合性随N上甲基数的增加而增大,说明疏水作用是主要的吸附机理,但其吸附焓己超出范德华力的范围而在氢键的键能范围内,故氢键吸附也同时在起作用.在正己烷中,D152树脂对3种吸附质的吸附亲合性随N上甲基数的增加而减小,与水中呈相反的趋势,说明氢键作用是主要的吸附机理.在乙醇中,D152树脂对3种吸附质均无吸附,因为疏水作用和氢键作用均受到的乙醇抑制.在水中,吸附质与树脂间的氢键作用同样受到水的抑制,但氢键吸附却依然存在,说明水介质中氢键吸附和疏水吸附可能存在一种协同作用.在热力学上对水介质中氢键吸附和疏水吸附的协同作用给于合理的解释.     

氢键流体中Janus粒子的过量熵

Janus粒子在结构和性质上的特殊性使其在不同溶剂中呈现出丰富的聚集态结构和相态结构,这与其在溶液中的过量熵密切相关.本文以Janus粒子与氢键流体的稀溶液体系为例,利用经典流体的密度泛函理论研究了氢键流体中Janus粒子的过量熵.首先在极稀条件下给出Janus粒子外氢键流体中的局域密度分布,由此得到Janus粒子与氢键流体的二体分布函数,进而计算了不同情况下的过量熵.在此基础上,阐明了Janus粒子与氢键流体间的相互作用、氢键流体的体相密度、氢键强度和氢键官能度等因素对过量熵的影响.本研究旨在揭示这些因素对过量熵的调控机制,在定量水平上明确Janus粒子在溶液中组装的驱动力,从而为深入研究其聚集态结构提供可借鉴的理论线索.     

核-壳复合微球的异相凝聚及其表面包覆率调控

提出了一种通过乳化剂复配简便制备表面包覆率可调的核-壳复合微球的方法.高效液相色谱和zeta电位测试结果表明,核粒子和壳粒子在分散混合过程中出现了乳化剂吸附和脱附的再平衡现象,从核粒子表面游离的阳离子乳化剂与壳粒子表面的阴离子乳化剂发生电性中和作用,导致核、壳2种粒子的zeta电位值互相接近,基于静电作用的异相凝聚失效.进一步研究发现,在保持核粒子分散液中乳化剂总量为1 wt%的前提下,添加非离子乳化剂既可以确保分散体系的稳定性,又可以调控阳离子乳化剂的游离量,成功实现核-壳复合微球的异相凝聚.由此可见,通过调节复配乳化剂中阳离子与非离子乳化剂的配比,可简便地调控复合微球的表面包覆率.还探讨了异相凝聚体系中pH值和电解质浓度对核-壳复合微球表面包覆率的影响.     

AaDd型氢键流体的统计理论(Ⅰ): 几何相变

通过两种不同的统计方法研究了A_aD_d型氢键体系中的氢键对体系的一些物理化学特征的影响. 指出获得氢键簇合物数量分布函数的两种新方法, 得到该体系的平衡自由能以及氢键度与外界条件之间关系的解析表达式, 讨论了氢键的成键概率与相关热力学量的关系. 在平均场理论的框架下, 证明了非线性氢键体系中发生的溶胶-凝胶相转变是一类几何相变, 而非热力学相变. 进一步对氢键体系中此类几何相变与液-固热力学相变间的关系进行了初步探讨.     

1,3,5-三硝基苯在高岭石表面吸附的理论研究

构造了高岭石硅氧层和铝氧层的团簇模型(分别为Si₁₃O₃₇H₂₂和Al₆O₂₄H₃₀), 并分别在B3LYP/6-31G(d), MP2/6-31G(d)//B3LYP/6-31G(d)和B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p)//B3LYP/6-31G(d)理论水平上对1,3,5-三硝基苯(TNB)在高岭石表面的吸附性质(如优化的几何构型、 结构参数、 吸附能、 振动频率、 静电势和分子轨道等)进行了研究. 结果表明, TNB和硅氧层表面间的相互作用以静电和范德华相互作用为主; TNB与铝氧层间的相互作用以氢键为主, 且TNB和铝氧层间相互作用的能量更低, 结构更稳定.     

AaDd型氢键流体的统计理论(Ⅲ):状态方程和涨落效应

应用统计力学原理对A_{aDd型氢键流体的状态方程进行研究, 讨论了氢键的形成对于体系体积的影响, 指出氢键数量对于状态方程的修正. 然后将整个体系分成多个子系统, 并研究了子系统内分子数密度和氢键数密度的涨落以及涨落的空间关联性. 进一步给出体系中“分子-氢键”数密度相关函数与分子数密度相关函数和氢键数密度相关函数三者之间的约束方程. 作为应用, 以 van der Waals 氢键流体为例, 讨论了氢键对此类流体状态方程的影响.}     

反相高效液相色谱中溶质保留过程的热力学研究Ⅲ: 熵变及其分量,吸附及解吸附熵变

从理论上推导出了用柱相比和不用柱相比时溶质在反相高效液相色谱保留过程中的总熵变△S(Pa)的两个表达式,后者亦为计量置换保留模型中线性参数与该过程热力学函数间的定量表达式.△S(Pa)也能够被分成两个独立的分量,吸附墒变面△S(I,a)和解吸附熵变△S(Z,D).依据液相色谱中溶质计量置换保留模型中容量因子与流动相中置换剂活度a_D间的定量关系,对在不同a_D条件下溶质的总熵变、吸附及解吸附熵变进行了估算,并用实验测定的总熵变△S(Pa,e)与估算总熵变△S(Pa,c)进行了比较,获得了结果的一致性.本文对传统的“吸附伴随着熵减小,相反,解吸伴随着熵增大”的定性规律予以定量的说明.     

Phase Equilibria of Hydrogen Bonding Fluid in a Slit Pore with Broken Symmetry

Phase equilibria of hydrogen bonding (HB) fluid confined in a slit pore with broken symmetry were investigated by the density functional theory incorporated with modified fundamental measure theory, where the symmetry breaking originated from the distinct interactions between fluid molecules and two walls of the slit pore. In terms of adsorption-desorption isotherms and the corresponding grand potentials, phase diagrams of HB fluid under various conditions are presented. Furthermore, through phase coexistences of laying transition and capillary condensation, the effects of HB interaction, pore width, fluid-pore interaction and the broken symmetry on the phase equilibrium properties are addressed. It is shown that these factors can give rise to apparent influences on the phase equilibria of confined HB fluid because of the competition between intermolecular interaction and fluid-pore interaction. Interestingly, a significant influence of broken symmetry of the slit pore is found, and thus the symmetry breaking can provide a new way to regulate the phase behavior of various confined fluids.     

Modeling the vapor–liquid equilibria of polymer–solvent mixtures: Systems with complex hydrogen bonding behavior

The vapor–liquid equilibria of binary polymer–solvent systems was modeled using the Non-Random Hydrogen Bonding (NRHB) model. Mixtures of poly(ethylene glycol), poly(propylene glycol), poly(vinyl alcohol) and poly(vinyl acetate) with various solvents were investigated, while emphasis was put on hydrogen bonding systems, in which functional groups of the polymer chain can self-associate or cross-associate with the solvent molecules. Effort has been made to explicitly account for all hydrogen bonding interactions. The results reveal that the NRHB model offers a flexible approach to account for various self- or cross-associating interactions. In most cases model's predictions (using no binary interaction parameter k_ij = 0) and model's correlations (using one temperature independent binary interaction parameter, k_ij ≠ 0) are in satisfactory agreement with the experimental data, despite the complexity of the examined systems.     

Computational Study of Hydrogen Bonding in Substituted Phenol‐Acetonitrile‐Water Clusters

The calculations for a water‐acetonitrile‐substituted phenols system and the comparison with the experimental parameters will be given. Here we study change in the nature of the interactions into the system with donor and acceptor electron substituents on the phenolic ring, the structures, relative energies and harmonic frequencies. The conformers showed a significant difference in the OH and CN band shift depending on the type of the hydrogen bond formed and the position of the substituent on the phenolic ring. The cyclical hydrogen bonds between water‐acetonitrile and substituted phenol OH are important evidence of the relative stability in the system under study.     

Strong Hydrogen Bonding to the Amide Nitrogen Atom in an “Amide Proton Sponge”: Consequences for Structure and Reactivity

N-Protonated amides have been proposed as intermediates in several biologically important reactions, but they have yet to be identified spectroscopically. The first step toward this goal is now reported in the form of spectroscopic and crystallographic proof of a strong intramolecular hydrogen bond between a charged proton donor and an amide nitrogen atom in the “proton sponge” derivative 1 ; novel reactivity results from this interaction. TfO⁻⁼trifluoromethanesulfonate.     

Excited‐State Hydrogen Bonding Strengthening and Weakening with Intramolecular Charge Transfer in Resorufin‐Water Complexes: A TD‐DFT Study

The geometric structures, infrared spectra and hydrogen bond binding energies of the various hydrogen‐bonded Res^?‐water complexes in states S0 and S1 have been calculated using the density functional theory (DFT) and time‐dependent density functional theory (TD‐DFT) methods, respectively. Based on the changes of the hydrogen bond lengths and binding energies as well as the spectral shifts of the vibrational mode of the hydroxyl groups, it is demonstrated that hydrogen bonds HB‐II, HB‐III and HB‐IV are strengthened while hydrogen bond HB‐I is weakened in the four singly hydrogen‐bonded Res^?‐Water complexes upon photoexcitation. When the four hydrogen bonds are formed simultaneously between one resorufin anion and four water molecules in the Res^?‐4Water complex, all the hydrogen bonds are weakened in both the ground and excited states compared with those in the corresponding singly hydrogen‐bonded Res^?‐Water complexes. Furthermore, in complex Res^?‐4Water, hydrogen bonds HB‐II and HB‐IV are strengthened while hydrogen bonds HB‐I and HB‐III are weakened after the electronic excitation. The hydrogen bond strengthening and weakening in the various hydrogen‐bonded Res^?‐water complexes should be due to the redistribution of the charges among the four heteroatoms (O_1‐3 and N₁) within the resorufin molecule upon the optical excitation.     

电场极化对碱基对质子转移和电子传递的影响

在B3LYP/6-31+G**//HF/6-31+G**水平上研究了在不同电场极化环境下碱基对A-T的几何构型和电子结构. 通过碱基对的氢键和结合能的变化讨论了碱基对间的质子转移, 进一步利用密度泛函理论结合非平衡态格林函数方法研究了通过碱基对的电子输运行为. 结果表明, 在0.6～2.0 V的偏压下, 由T向A方向的电子传递更易进行, 表现了微弱的整流行为.     

Theoretical Study on Hydrogen Bonding of Mono‐ and Dihydrated Complexes of 7‐(3′‐Pyridyl)indole in Excited States

The intermolecular hydrogen bonds of mono‐ and dihydrated complexes of 7‐(3′‐Pyridyl)indole (7‐3′PI) have been investigated using the time‐dependent density functional theory (TD‐DFT) method. The electrostatic potential analysis of monomer 7‐3′PI and 7‐(3′‐Pyridyl)indole‐water (7‐3′PI‐W) indicates that an intermolecular hydrogen bond between two waters can be formed for 7‐(3′‐Pyridyl)indole‐2water (7‐3′PI‐2W) complex. The calculated bond lengths of the intermolecular hydrogen bonds of 7‐3′PI‐W and 7‐3′PI‐2W in the S₁ state (the first excited singlet state) are all shortened compared to the ground state. By the analysis of bond length, charge population and infrared spectra, it is demonstrated that the intermolecular hydrogen bonds of 7‐3′PI‐W and 7‐3′PI‐2W are all strengthened upon electronic excitation to the S1 state. Moreover, the fluorescence of 7‐3′PI‐W and 7‐3′PI‐2W are all red‐shifted to larger wavelength compared to monomer 7‐3′PI. The red‐shift of fluorescence peak of 7‐3′PI‐W and 7‐3′PI‐2W should be attributed to the change of hydrogen bond interaction before and after photoexcitation. Therefore, it can be concluded that the intermolecular hydrogen bonding strengthening in the excited S₁ state induces the fluorescence weakening of 7‐3′PI.     

Tetrameric O–HO hydrogen-bond systems accompanied by C–HO hydrogen-bonds in the crystal of 1,4-bis(hydroxymethyl)triptycene: an X-ray study

The crystal structure of the title compound was determined (crystal data at 143 K: triclinic, space group P−1, Z=4, a=9.538(2) Å, b=11.638(2) Å, c=14.473(2) Å, α=88.647(3)°, β=89.875(3)°, γ=83.835(3)°, V=1596.9(4) ų). In the crystal there exist two kinds of tetrameric O–HO hydrogen-bond (H-bond) systems that are quite similar to each other. The oxygen atoms accept also intermolecular C–HO H-bonds. The two types of the H-bonds connect the molecules to an infinite two-dimensional supramolecular unit, the stacking of which is aided by an intermolecular C–Hπ H-bond. A phase transition with ΔH_t=4.4±0.1 kJ/mol was found at around 420 K.     

Aa1Dd1-Aa2Dd2型氢键体系的网络结构参数

利用溶胶-凝胶分配理论对氢键溶液的模型体系进行研究, 给出了体系的凝胶化条件以及凝胶点后氢键网络中各类结构参数的计算方案, 并进行了相应的数值计算. 结果表明, 当两类质子受体基团的活性不同时, 质子受体基团的竞争作用对网络结构有一定影响. 这为控制氢键网络结构特征提供了可能的理论线索.     

The Effect of a Hydrogen Bonding Environment (Dimethyl Sulfoxide) on the Ionisation and Redox Properties of the Thiol Group in Cysteine and a Protein Disulfide Isomerase Mimic (Vectrase)

Increasing enrichment of dimethyl sulfoxide, DMSO, in DMSO-water mixtures causes a reversal in the thermodynamic dissociation constants, pK _as, and has a marked effect on the redox potentails of the thiolic and amino groups in cysteine and the protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) mimic BMC, Vectrase. This paper illustrates the effect of a hydrogen-bonding environment on the ionisation and redox properties of thiol groups in amino acids. A combination of potentiometry and Raman spectroscopy was applied to rationalise the observations. Intracellular environments are full of hydrophobic, hydrogen-bonding environments. The results illustrate the profound effects of the local environment on the thiol group.