原子荧光光谱法测定土壤样品中痕量锌

土壤样品经硝酸-盐酸(3+1)溶液、氢氟酸和高氯酸消化处理后,在酸性条件下,以硼氢化钾为还原剂,用氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定样品溶液中痕量锌的含量。锌的质量浓度在250μg.L-1以内与荧光强度呈线性关系,检出限(3s)为0.55μg.L-1。方法用于土壤样品分析,锌的测定值的相对标准偏差(n=11)在3.4%～6.3%之间,加标回收率在87.5%～102%之间。     

铋膜电极溶出伏安法测定食品中痕量重金属

以铋膜电极为工作电极,采用微分脉冲阳极溶出伏安法直接测定食品样品中痕量铅、镉和锌。在富集电位-1.4V,富集时间180s,铋膜质量浓度150μg·L-1的条件下,铋膜电极对铅、镉和锌的氧化溶出具有良好的电化学响应。铅(Ⅱ)、镉(Ⅱ)和锌(Ⅱ)的质量浓度在5.0~40μg·L-1的范围内与其阳极溶出峰电流呈线性关系,铅(Ⅱ)、镉(Ⅱ)和锌(Ⅱ)的检出限(3S/N)分别为0.80,0.65,0.58μg·L-1。对25μg·L-1铅(Ⅱ)、镉(Ⅱ)和锌(Ⅱ)溶液用铋膜电极连续测定15次,相对标准偏差分别为6.2%,5.1%,7.1%。方法应用于食品中痕量重金属的测定,测定结果与石墨炉原子吸收光谱法的测定值相符。     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定纯棉纺织品中锌和锰的可提取态与总量

采用酸性汗液提取纯棉纺织品中锌和锰,火焰原子吸收光谱法(FAAS)测定可提取态含量;同时建立了微波辅助消解溶样,FAAS测定纯棉纺织品中锌和锰总量的方法。锌和锰的检出限分别为2.0和3.0μg·L-1,可提取态和总量测定结果的相对标准偏差在1.8%～6.6%之间,加标回收率在91.2%～104.8%范围。对5种北京市市售纯棉纺织品测定,锌的可提取态含量在0.31～3.26μg·g-1之间,总量为3.43～37.93μg·g-1;锰的可提取态含量在0.19～1.39μg·g-1之间,总量为0.56～3.17μg·g-1。     

加速溶剂萃取分离-气相色谱-质谱法测定土壤中多溴二苯醚和六溴联苯的含量

称取经风干和剔除砂、石等杂质并研磨通过0.18 mm孔径筛的土壤样品2.000g与2.0g硅藻土混合,加入2 000μg·L-1同位素内标溶液(MBDE-MXFS)50μL和5 000μg·L-113C12-BDE-209标准溶液40μL,用正己烷-二氯甲烷(1+1)混合液进行加速溶剂萃取(ASE)。将所得萃取液浓缩至1~2mL,通过多层复合酸碱硅胶层析柱净化,用正己烷100mL洗脱,收集洗脱液,使其浓缩至1~2mL,再经氮吹浓缩至0.1mL,加入2 000μg·L-1 13C12-BDE-138进样内标溶液50μL,定容至1.0mL,进样进行气相色谱-质谱分析。测定三溴至七溴代二苯醚(BDEs)和六溴联苯(BB-153)时,按气相色谱-电子轰击离子源-低分辨质谱工作条件并选用Rtx-1614色谱柱(30m×250μm,0.10μm);测定BDE-209时,按气相色谱-负化学电离源-低分辨质谱工作条件并选用Rtx-1614色谱柱(15m×250μm,0.10μm)。测得BDE-209的线性范围为50.0~1 000μg·L-1,其余7种PBDEs和BB-153的线性范围均为5.00~500μg·L-1;检出限(3s)在0.04~0.51μg·L-1。用标准加入法进行回收试验,测得回收率为82.6%~112%;测定值的相对标准偏差(n=5)为1.8%~8.6%。     

粤航一号稻米及其亲本抗性淀粉含量的测定与比较

为确定航天品种功能稻米——粤航一号抗性淀粉含量,给临床观察膳食干预后果判断提供实验参考数据,并了解航天育种对该品种大米抗性淀粉含量的影响,用Goni测定方法测定了粤航一号、富硒粤航一号、长丝占、粳籼89 4种稻米的抗性淀粉含量。结果表明,粤航一号、富硒粤航一号、长丝占、粳籼89 4种稻米的抗性淀粉含量分别是(0.30±0.11)%、(0.47±0.37)%、(0.31±0.66)%、(0.36±0.62)%。可见粤航一号与亲本长丝占,及与富硒品种富硒粤航一号,和非航天品种优质大米粳籼89在抗性淀粉含量上无差异,航天育种对该品种稻米抗性淀粉生成遗传特征无影响。     

3,5-diBr-DMPAP直接光度法测定葡萄糖酸锌含量

为建立一种快速、简便、灵敏测定葡萄糖酸锌含量的方法,在非离子型表面活性剂聚氧乙烯异辛基苯基醚(TritonX-100)存在下,用2-(3,5-二溴-2-吡啶偶氮)-5-二甲氨基酚(3,5-diBr-DM-PAP)作显色剂,直接光度法测定了葡萄糖酸锌。结果表明,该法显色络合物最大吸收波长为560 nm,线性范围为0~1.5μg.mL-1,表观摩尔吸光系数为1.10×105L.mol-1.cm-1,回收率为98.7%~102.2%,具有操作快速、简便,结果灵敏可靠等优点,应用该法直接测定补锌口服液葡萄糖酸锌含量,结果满意。     

双硫腙-离子液体萃取-原子吸收光谱法测定复杂体系样品中锌

将离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐和双硫腙螯合剂用于复杂体系样品中锌的萃取。用原子吸收光谱法测定复杂体系样品中的锌含量。选择测定波长为516nm。锌的质量浓度在0.1~2.0mg·L-1范围内与其吸光度呈线性关系,检出限(3s/k)为0.69μg·L-1。方法应用于硫酸锌口服液样品中锌的测定,测定结果与药典法测定值相符。用标准加入法对方法的回收率进行试验,测得回收率在98.5%~101%之间,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=5)在1.9%~2.8%之间。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定铅锌矿尾矿渣中铜、铅、锌和镉

采用硝酸-氢氟酸-高氯酸溶解样品,用电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定了铅锌矿尾矿渣中的铜、铅、锌和镉。以铑为内标元素,选择63 Cu,66Zn,208 Pb,114 Cd作为测量同位素。铜、铅、锌的线性范围为200μg·L-1,镉的线性范围为1.0μg·L-1,检出限(3s)分别为0.04,0.10,0.03,0.003μg·g-1。测定值的相对标准偏差(n=11)在0.39%~2.2%之间。用此方法分析标准物质,测定值与认定值相符。     

原子荧光光谱法测定新疆薰衣草中的铅、砷和汞

采用原子荧光光谱法对新疆不同产地薰衣草样品中的铅、砷和汞3种重金属元素的含量进行了测定。结果表明,测定薰衣草中的铅、砷和汞元素的线性范围分别在0.1~20μg·L-1、0.5~50μg·L-1和0.1~10μg·L-1之间,检出限分别为0.05μg·L-1、0.03μg·L-1和0.05μg·L-1,相对标准偏差(RSD)≤3.03%(n=6),各元素的加标回收率在97.0%~103.0%之间。该方法快速、简便、数据准确可靠。     

微柱高效液相色谱法测定烟草样品中铁钴镍铜锌锰

研究了用2(2喹啉偶氮)5二甲氨基酚(QADMAP)为柱前衍生试剂,以Waters XterraTMRP18(1.0mm×50mm,2.5μm)微柱为固定相,72%的甲醇(内含0.5%的乙酸)为流动相,高效液相色谱法分离,二极管矩阵检测器检测测定铁、钴、镍、铜、锌和锰的方法。根据信噪比(S/N=3)得各金属离子的检出限分别为:铁3μg·L-1、钴和铜4μg·L-1、镍2μg·L-1、锌5μg·L-1、锰8μg·L-1,方法用于烟草中痕量铁、钴、镍、铜、锌和锰的测定,相对标准偏差在1.6%～3.8%之间,回收率在93%～107%之间,结果满意。     

Standardisation of cooking and conditioning methods for preparation of quick cooking germinated brown rice

Quick cooking germinated brown rice (QCGBR) is a novel convenient food product with valuable health benefits. Different cooking and conditioning methods were studied for standardisation of its preparation process. Freshly harvested paddy of Prativa variety was milled in rubber roll sheller to get brown rice which was soaked in demineralised water at 30 ​± ​2 ​°C for 12 ​h followed by 24 ​h of germination in an incubator maintained at 27 ​± ​1 ​°C temperature and 85–90% relative humidity to obtain germinated brown rice. The germinated brown rice was immediately cooked using three different cooking methods such as atmospheric cooking at normal ambient pressure, pressure cooking with water in a domestic pressure cooker at 1 ​bar gauge pressure and pressure steaming (without water) with steam at 1 ​bar gauge pressure to predetermined cooking time. The cooked samples after washing were then conditioned by keeping them at 4 ​°C for 24 ​h (refrigerated storage) or −10 ​°C for 24 ​h (frozen storage) in a house hold refrigerator. The stored samples were taken out after 24 ​h and tempered for 1 ​h followed by drying in a tray dryer at 90 ​°C to obtain the quick cooking germinated brown rice. The samples obtained from different cooking and conditioning methods were analysed for cooking quality, physico-chemical parameters, damaged grain percentage, GABA content and sensory attributes to standardise the cooking and conditioning methods. Cooking time, water uptake ratio, solid loss and volume expansion ratio of quick cooking germinated brown rice varied significantly with cooking and conditioning methods of its preparation (p ​< ​0.05). Though frozen conditioning resulted in lowest cooking time, it was not accepted by the sensory panel due to high damaged grain percentage, distorted shape and softness after cooking. The QCGBR obtained by pressure cooking method followed by refrigerated conditioning resulted in highest sensory score.     

Zinc Biofortification in Food Crops Could Alleviate the Zinc Malnutrition in Human Health

Micronutrient malnutrition is a global health issue and needs immediate attention. Over two billion people across the globe suffer from micronutrient malnutrition. The widespread zinc (Zn) deficiency in soils, poor zinc intake by humans in their diet, low bioavailability, and health consequences has led the research community to think of an economic as well as sustainable strategy for the alleviation of zinc deficiency. Strategies like fortification and diet supplements, though effective, are not economical and most people in low-income countries cannot afford them, and they are the most vulnerable to Zn deficiency. In this regard, the biofortification of staple food crops with Zn has been considered a useful strategy. An agronomic biofortification approach that uses crop fertilization with Zn-based fertilizers at the appropriate time to ensure grain Zn enrichment has been found to be cost-effective, easy to practice, and efficient. Genetic biofortification, though time-consuming, is also highly effective. Moreover, a Zn-rich genotype once developed can also be used for many years without any recurring cost. Hence, both agronomic and genetic biofortification can be a very useful tool in alleviating Zn deficiency.     

原子荧光光谱法测定白砂糖和红糖中硒含量

目的：测定白砂糖和红糖中硒含量为研制富硒糖提供科学依据。方法采用微波消解-原子荧光光谱法测定白砂糖和红糖中硒含量。结果在确定的最佳仪器条件下,原子荧光光谱法测定白砂糖和红糖中硒的检出限为0.063μg · L-1;白砂糖硒的RSD为2.28％,红糖的RSD为2.13％;白砂糖回收率为103.4％,红糖回收率为99.7％。结论该法具有方法简便、快捷、准确等优点,适用于白砂糖和红糖中硒含量测定。     

Effect of available phosphorus in paddy soils on phosphorus uptake of rice

Relation between available phosphorus in 6 types of paddy soil in, Human Province and its uptake by rices was studied by³²P tracing. The result indicated that the P uptake by rices varied with available P content in the paddy soils. When the content was high, the rice absorbed more P nutrient from the soil and decreased the P uptake from the P fertilizer, which showed a poor contribution of the P fertilizer to the rice yield increase, and vice versa. The recovery of the P fertilizer varied with the soil types. Ranked the first was in paddy soils derived from lacustrine deposite but little rice yield increased. While in paddy soils derived from limestone, the yield greatly increased although the recovery of P fertilizer was the lowest. Rice absorbed P nutrient during its whole growth duration. No matter the different uptake amount due to the P supply by the different soils, rice plant generally had the greatest P nutrient uptake from tillering stage to elongation stage, and along with the rise of the rices dry matter, amount of P uptake was gradually increased but the P content in unit dry matter was tended to decrease.     

ESTIMATION OF PHOTOPRODUCT FORMATION IN GERMINATING SPORES OF BACILLUS SUBTILIS

Abstract— Changes in UV sensitivity during spore germination of Bacillus subtilis mutants possessing various defects in DNA repair capacities were analysed in order to estimate the yield of the DNA photoproducts at the transient, UV resistant stage which occurs in the process of germination. It was concluded that the yield of the spore-specific photoproduct (5-thyminyl-5,6-dihydrothymine, TDHT) at the transient stage was only about 3% of that in dormant spores and the yield of the cyclobutane-type pyrimidine dimers at this stage was about 10% (or less) of that in germinated spores.     

Quantitative Analysis of Chemical and Phase Composition of Zn−Ni Alloy Coating by Potentiodynamic Stripping

We propose quantitative analysis of chemical and phase composition of Zn−Ni alloy depending on the film thickness, using potentiodynamic stripping in an alkaline ammonia-glycinate electrolyte. The mechanism of dissolution of zinc-enriched Zn−Ni alloy films in this electrolyte comprises sequential stages of dissolution of zinc-phase and zinc from a γ-phase of various structures, followed by dissolution of the nickel-enriched residue, formed by dezincification, and matrix nickel.     

Optimizing conditions to study seed germination by calorimetry using soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) seeds

To establish the best conditions for germination, calorimetric experiments were conducted with individual soybean seeds (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) under different conditions of imbibition at 24.7 °C. The calorimetric curves were analysed for imbibition and metabolic processes and compared with imbibition curves to establish a general methodology that could be used to evaluate inter- and intra-species physical and physiological variability. Measurements of pH were performed during the determination of the imbibition curves. The best experimental method for calorimetric investigations of seed germination is to insert the seed in 1% agar instead of placing the seed over wetted filter paper disks. Correlation of imbibition experiments and pH results with mass specific enthalpy of imbibition (determined in a KCN solution) or mass specific enthalpy of germination when seeds were germinated in 1% agar allowed determination of the water content needed for soybean seeds of the cultivar studied (A7636 RG) to activate their metabolic machinery (74–80% or 2.5–3 h) and the moment in which they are ready for root protrusion (122% or 9 h). The method presented here should be useful for evaluating soybean coat permeability to water and other factors related to seed damage before and during harvest and storage.     

High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of phenolic compounds in rice

A method has been developed for the determination of 6'-O-feruloylsucrose, 6'-O-sinapoylsucrose, ferulic acid, sinapinic acid, p-coumaric acid, chlorogenic (3-caffeoylquinic) acid, caffeic acid, protocatechuic acid, hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, and syringic acid in rice. The rice samples were extracted with 70% ethanol, filtered, and defatted. The defatted aqueous solution was subjected to solid-phase extraction using a C18 silica gel cartridge; no analyte was lost in this procedure. The 70% acidic methanol elution was analyzed directly by HPLC and HPLC-ESI-MS. Phenolic compounds were separated with a C18 reversed-phase column by gradient elution using 0.025% trifluoroacetic acid in purified water (A)--acetonitrile (B) (0 min, 5% B; 5 min, 9% B; 15 min, 9% B; 22 min, 11% B; and 38 min, 18% B) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.8 ml/min. Detection limits ranged from 0.10 to 0.35 ng per injection (5 microl). Relative standard deviations of 0.22-3.95% and recoveries of 99-108% were obtained for simultaneous determination of these phenolic compounds. This method was applied to analysis of phenolic compounds in brown rice and germinated brown rice soaked in 32 degrees C water for varying durations.     

Effect of acid and base catalyzed hydrolysis on the yield of phenolics and antioxidant activity of extracts from germinated brown rice (GBR)

The influence of both acidic and basic hydrolysis on the yield, total phenolic content and antioxidative capacity of methanolic extract of germinated brown rice (GBR) was studied. Total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) radical cation scavenging, and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) tests were used for the measurement of antioxidant ability. There was a significant difference p < 0.05) in the TPC and DPPH radical scavenging assay results when comparing neutral with acidic and basic catalysed hydrolysis. The yield of the crude extract was slightly higher in acidic hydrolysis than in basic hydrolysis p > 0.05). The TPC and TFC were highest in acidic hydrolysis. A significant correlation was observed between ABTS radical cation scavenging and FRAP. The antioxidant activity measured using DPPH radical scavenging assay showed high activity in acidic hydrolysis, while the ABTS radical cationscavenging activity and FRAP showed the highest values in basic hydrolysis. The samples were further evaluated using HPLC to determine the individual phenolic concentrations in different hydrolytic media contributing to the antioxidant effects. This study revealed that acidic and basic hydrolysis can improve the yield, phenolic content, and antioxidant activity of germinated brown rice.     

Valorization of Cladophora glomerata Biomass and Obtained Bioproducts into Biostimulants of Plant Growth and as Sorbents (Biosorbents) of Metal Ions

The aim of this study was to propose a complete approach for macroalgae biomass valorization into products useful for sustainable agriculture and environmental protection. In the first stage, the effects of macroalgal extracts and ZnO NPs (zinc oxide nanoparticles) on the germination and growth of radish were examined. Macroalgal extract was produced from freshwater macroalga, i.e., Cladophora glomerata by ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE). The extract was used to biosynthesize zinc oxide nanoparticles. In germination tests, extracts and solutions of ZnO NPs were applied on paper substrate before sowing. In the second stage, sorption properties of macroalga, post-extraction residue, and ZnO NPs to absorb Cr(III) ions were examined. In the germination tests, the highest values of hypocotyl length (the edible part of radish), i.e., 3.3 and 2.6 cm were obtained for 60 and 80% extract (among the tested concentrations 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100%) and 10 and 50 mg/L NPs, respectively. The highest sorption capacity of Cr(III) ions (344.8 mg/g) was obtained by both macroalga and post-extraction residue at a pH of 5 and initial Cr(III) ions concentration of 200 mg/L. This study proves that macroalgae and products based on them can be applied in both sustainable agriculture and wastewater treatment.