展向喷嘴湍流横向射流大涡模拟及其统计分析

采用大涡模拟方法数值模拟了展向椭圆喷嘴的湍流横向射流,对其大尺度结构的时空演化和湍流脉动速度场的时间序列分析、频谱分析、PDF分析以及时、空截面上的统计平均特性进行分析.结果表明,在射流出口附近的下游核心区中速度脉动剧烈,显现出明显的湍流特征.除了三维涡环脱落、扭曲、变形、摆动所对应频率之外,还存在很宽的湍流基频,它与在喷嘴出口附近产生的三维涡环的时空演化过程密切相关.由于展向椭圆喷嘴的湍流横向射流中的三维涡环快速脱落和强相互作用导致射流尾迹中的强湍流脉动,展向椭圆喷嘴湍流横向射流的PDF空间演化特征结构复杂.在射流核心区的湍流偏应力变化平缓,其统计平均值分布接近左右对称.展向椭圆喷嘴的湍流横向射流脉动速度场具有极为复杂的统计行为,与流向椭圆喷嘴相比具有更好的掺混能力.     

Scalar Mixing and Large-Scale Coherent Structures in a Turbulent Swirling Jet

The paper presents large eddy simulations of co-annular swirling jets into an open domain. In each of the annuli a passive scalar is introduced and its transport is computed. If the exit of the pilot jet is retracted strong coherent flow structures are generated which substantially impact on the transport and mixing of the scalars. Average and instantaneous fields are discussed to address this issue. A conditional averaging technique is devised and applied to velocity and scalars. This allows to quantify the impact of the coherent structures on the mixing process.     

Study of Flow and Mixing in a Generic GT Combustor Using LES

While the basic capability of large eddy simulation (LES) has been amply demonstrated on a number of relatively simple academic configurations, there is still a lack of works applying LES to practical systems also performing detailed quantitative comparisons based on experimental data. In this paper, we tend to approach the simulation of real gas turbine combustor step by step as we first present results of the isothermal LES of a generic gas turbine combustor rig. The available detailed measurements are used to thoroughly validate the LES results. Beyond a pure validation, the LES is used to analyze the influence of the precessing vortex core present in the studied configuration on the mixing of fuel and oxidizer, and possible implications for reacting conditions are discussed.     

横流冲击射流尾迹涡结构的实验研究

本文采用LIF（激光诱导荧光）流动显示和PIV（粒子图像速度场仪）测量对横流冲击射流的尾迹涡结构进行了实验研究。水槽实验是在三种流速比和两种冲击高度实验工况下进行的。由实验结果可得到两种明显的尾迹涡结构、，即射流尾迹涡和横流尾迹涡。横流冲击射流中形成的主要尾迹涡结构主要依赖于流速比。本文还对横流冲击射流近区范围内射流尾迹涡和横流尾迹涡的形成机理和演化特征进行了分析。     

Effect of Streamline Curvature on Intensity of Streamwise Vortices in the Mixing Layer of Supersonic Jets

The structure of supersonic nonisobaric jets with Mach numbers M_a = 1 and 2 is considered experimentally to find the effect of streamline curvature on the evolution of streamwise vortices in the mixing layer. The spatial development of steady streamwise vortices in the mixing layer of supersonic jets is considered. A method for generation of steady streamwise vortices by applying microroughness elements of controlled size onto the inner surface of the nozzle is developed. Radial profiles and azimuthal variations of total pressure are obtained; the mixinglayer thickness and the curvature of streamlines in supersonic jets are determined. A significant effect of microroughness elements of prescribed shape located on the nozzle surface on the behavior of total pressure in the mixing layer of supersonic jets, as compared to natural disturbances, is obtained.     

Hydrodynamics and dilution of an oil jet in crossflow: The role of small-scale motions from laboratory experiment and large eddy simulations

Experimental results were presented for the release of diesel oil from a one-inch (2.5 cm) vertical pipe in a crossflow at 0.27 m/s. The ratio of jet velocity to crossflow speed was 5.0 and the Reynolds number based on jet velocity and pipe diameter was $7.1\times {10}^3$. In the experiments, the plume shape was photographed, and the oil droplets were measured at two vertical locations on the center axis of the plume. Acoustic Doppler velocimetry (ADV) data was also obtained and compared to numerical predictions. The plume was simulated using large eddy simulation (LES), and the mixture multiphase model. The impact of the oil buoyancy was captured by adding a transport term to the volume fraction equation. Using the rise velocity based on d₅₀ (volume-median) droplet size in the lower part of the plume allowed us to capture the lower boundary of the plume, but the estimated upper boundary of the plume penetrated less into the crossflow as compared to the experimental findings. However, using the rise velocity of the d₅₀ at the upper part of the plume allowed one to estimate the upper boundary of the plume. As the droplets are too small to be resolved by the LES, we could not use a systematic approach to allow the multiphase plume to spread to mimic the observations. Based on the simulation results, the interaction between the jet and crossflow yielded small-sized flow structures near the upper boundary of the plume. The wake vortices initiated from the leeward side of the plume showed an alternating vorticity pattern in the wake. The shear layer vortices were induced by Kevin-Helmholtz instabilities mostly on the windward side of the plume. The formation of counter rotating vortex pair (CVP) altered greatly the hydrodynamics of the jet from that of a vertical jet to manifest flow reversals in all directions. The formation of CVP is likely to enhance the mixing of chemicals and droplets within the plume.     

Reacting, Circular Mixing Layers in Transition to Turbulence

The evolution of a reacting, circular mixing layer - a model of round-jet flow - in its transition to turbulence was studied by direct numerical simulation. An economical Fourier pseudospectral method was combined with the third-order Adams-Bashforth scheme to integrate Navier-Stokes and scalar transport equations. The Reynolds number based on initial mixing-layer diameter and velocity difference was 1600. The initially thin mixing layer encloses a cylindrical core of fuel that mixes and reacts with the surrounding oxidizer. Both fast and finite-rate reactions were examined. The stages in transition are characterized by roll-up of the mixing layer into a sequence of vortex rings, pairing of adjacent rings, azimuthal instability, and breakdown to a disordered (turbulent) state. Reaction surfaces in the fast reaction limit become extended, folded and pinched off at various times corresponding to the dynamics of the vortices observed in the simulations. When the equivalence ratio is O(1) or smaller,the progress of reaction is determined by the dynamics of vortex rings. For larger ratios there is a qualitative difference: Initially, the flame is located well outside the rings and is relatively unaffected. Following breakdown to turbulence, there is a steep increase in flame surface area resulting in a noticeable change in fuel consumption rate. At smaller reaction rates (small Damkohler numbers), the reaction zones are diffuse and fill the vortical (mixed) regions. Product accumulates in and its presence raises the temperature of vortex cores, but reaction rates remain low due to low reactant concentrations. Reaction rates are highest in the braids between vortex rings where scalar dissipation rates and compressive strain rates show the highest values. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Numerical and Experimental Investigation of the Influence of the Wake Behind an Injector Frame on Jet Dilution in a Crossflow

In this paper, a mixing of gases through square Jets issuing normally Into a CrossFlow (JICF) is investigated by means of both numerical simulation and experiment. The jets are emitted by two injectors mounted at the top and bottom of an Injector Frame (IF) which is installed at the center of an Eiffel type wind-tunnel. This jet configuration makes it possible to approximate an industrial gas mixer placed at the center of a pipe. Large Eddy Simulation based on the Smagorinsky model is used, enabling characterization of the mean and fluctuating velocities as well as the oscillating flow frequencies. Different diagnostic techniques, such as Laser Doppler Anemometry and Particle Image Velocimetry are employed for validating the numerical models, and a good agreement between prediction and experiment is obtained. In the numerical simulation, introduction of a passive scalar through the jet makes it possible to show three dilution phenomena. They are generated respectively by the wake of the IF, the jet/wake assemblage and the jets alone in function of the momentum flux ratio between jet and crossflow. Influence of the various parameters on the mixing process between the jets and the crossflow is identified. The numerical results show that if the IF wake is suppressed with the presence of a trailing edge behind the IF, classical formation of Counter-rotating Vortex Pair is found.     

Scale resolving simulations of a high-temperature turbulent jet in a cold crossflow: Comparison of two approaches

A high-temperature turbulent jet in a cold crossflow is investigated with the help of two scale-resolving simulation approaches. This work aims at improving the methodologies used to predict the thermal footprint of exhaust gases issuing from helicopter engines onto the fuselage. Specific attention is brought to the capability of scale resolving simulations to correctly reproduce flow dynamics and turbulent mixing. Mean flow features, turbulent quantities and temperature fields are compared and validated against wind tunnel test measurements. In addition, the present work highlights the importance of synthetic turbulence injection at pipe inlet to obtain a fair prediction of both flow dynamics and temperature field.     

Turbulent transport in an inclined jet in crossflow

The present study experimentally investigates a turbulent jet in crossflow relevant to film cooling applications. The jet is inclined at 30°, and its mean velocity is the same as the crossflow. Magnetic resonance imaging is used to obtain the full three-dimensional velocity and concentration fields, whereas Reynolds stresses are obtained along selected planes by Particle Image Velocimetry. The critical role of the counter-rotating vortex pair in the mixing process is apparent from both velocity and concentration fields. The jet entrainment is not significantly higher than in an axisymmetric jet without crossflow, because the proximity of the wall inhibits the turbulent transport. Reynolds shear stresses correlate with velocity and concentration gradients, consistent with the fundamental assumptions of simple turbulence models. However the eddy viscosity is strongly anisotropic and non-homogeneous, being especially low along the leeward side of the jet close to injection. Turbulent diffusion acts to decouple mean velocity and concentration fields, as demonstrated by the drop in concentration flux within the streamtube issued from the hole. Volume-averaged turbulent diffusivity is calculated using a mass–flux balance across the streamtube emanating from the jet hole, and it is found to vary slowly in the streamwise direction. The data are compared with Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes simulations with standard k − ε closure and an optimal turbulent Schmidt number. The computations underestimate the strength of the counter-rotating vortex pair, due to an overestimated eddy viscosity. On the other hand the entrainment is increasingly underpredicted downstream of injection. To capture the correct macroscopic trends, eddy viscosity and eddy diffusivity should vary spatially in different ways. Therefore a constant turbulent Schmidt number formulation is inadequate for this flow.     

Large eddy simulation of flows after a bluff body: Coherent structures and mixing properties

This paper performs large eddy simulations (LES) to investigate coherent structures in the flows after the Sydney bluff-body burner, a circular bluff body with an orifice at its center. The simulations are validated by comparison to existing experimental data. The Q function method is used to visualize the instantaneous vortex structures. Three kinds of structures are found, a cylindrical shell structure in the outer shear layer, a ring structure and some hairpin-like structures in the inner shear layer. An eduction scheme is employed to investigate the coherent structures in this flow. Some large streaks constituted by counter-rotating vortices are found in the outer shear layer and some well-organized strong structures are found in the inner shear layer. Finally, the influences of coherent structures on scalar mixing are studied and it is shown that scalar in the recirculation region is transported outward by coherent structures.     

LES of Jets in Cross Flow and Its Application to a Gas Turbine Burner

LES computations of jets in cross flow (JICF) were performed. Experimental investigations reported in literature are reproduced with good agreement concerning the momentum field and the mixing of a passive scalar. The results validate the ability of the present LES approach to compute fuel injection of the type JICF. LES computations of fuel injection in an industrial gas turbine burner are presented. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Turbulent fuel-air mixing study of jet in crossflow at different velocity ratios using LES

In order to study the mixing mechanism of fuel and air in gas turbine, large eddy simulation has been used to investigate the methane jet-in-crossflow with the velocity ratio (R) of 1.5 and 4. This study aims to explore the formation mechanism of vortices such as the hairpin vortices, hovering vortices and horseshoe vortices, the relationship between the fuel–air mixing and flow characteristics at different velocity ratios. The numerical methods in the present work are firstly validated with the experimental data in terms of mean and root mean square values of velocity. For R = 4, the shear layer vortices, horseshoe vortices, counter-rotating vortices pairs (CVP) and wake vortices can be observed, while the jet shear layer cannot be observed for R = 1.5. The hairpin vortices originating from the vortice-ring are lifted and shed from the downstream of the jet-outlet due to Kutta-Joukowski lift. The hairpin vortices are similar to CVP. The horseshoe vortices in R = 1.5 and 4 are formed due to the blockage of the jet (CH₄) and the crossflow (air) respectively, and its evolution is associated with the hovering vortices which only exist for R = 1.5. The uniform index and pr-obability density function are used for quantitative analysis of the mixing performance. The uniform index at X/D = 0 (fuel-inlet) and at X/D = 25 (outlet) are 0.033 and 0.335 for R = 1.5 and 0.130 and 0.047 for R = 4. For R = 4, the jet penetration is higher and the deflection angle of jet is smaller than that in case of R = 1.5. Higher R will provide more region for mixing, therefore uniform index is higher and the mixing is more uniform in the downstream.     

Coherent structures and wavepackets in subsonic transitional turbulent jets

A large eddy simulation (LES) is performed for two subsonic jets with a Reynolds number of Re = 105, which have different core temperatures, i.e., the cold and hot jet. The far-field overall sound pressure levels (OASPL) and noise spectra are well validated against previous exper-imental results. It is found that the OASPL is raised by heating at shallow angles. The most energetic coherent struc-tures are extracted with specified frequencies using the filter based on the frequency domain variant of the snapshot method of proper orthogonal decomposition (POD). The m = 0, 1 modes have high coherence of near-field pres-sure for both jets, while the coherence of m = 0 modes is enhanced greatly by heating. Based on the coherent struc-tures, spatial wavepackets are educed and the characteristics of growth, saturation and decay are analyzed and compared between the two jets in detail. The results show that heat-ing would enhance the linear growth rate for high frequency components, and nonlinear growth rates for low frequency components in general, which are responsible for higher OASPL in the hot jet. The far-field sound generated by wavepackets is computed using the Kirchhoff extrapolation, which matches well with that of LES at shallow angles. This indicates that the wavepackets associated with coherent structures are dominant sound sources in forced transitional turbulent jets. Additionally, the present POD method is proven to be a robust tool to extract the salient features of the wavepackets in turbulent flows.     

Time evolution of structures in rotating and stratified turbulence

Rotating and stably stratified turbulence exhibit not only significant anisotropies but also dynamics, which are qualitatively different from purely rotating or stratified turbulence. Furthermore, the different time scales due to rotation, stratification and the turbulence one open up a wide field of possibilities for the temporal evolution of rotating and stratified turbulence.We analyze results from DNS with different parameters α = f/N by visualizing iso-enstrophy surfaces, the temporal evolution of velocity correlation length scales and angular energy spectra.We retrieve standard results, such as a large anisotropy for small scales in rotating turbulence and a large anisotropy for intermediate scales in the vortex mode of stratified turbulence. Furthermore, at large times we find qualitatively different phenomena for cases α = 10 and α = 0.1 such as modified cascades due to the existence of potential energy or small scale vorticity production respectively.     

Large-eddy simulations of flow over a jet-impinged wall-mounted cube in a cross stream

We report on large-eddy simulations of flow over a heated, jet-impinged, wall-mounted cube in a cross-flow, representing a simplified case of electronics cooling. The configuration consists of an in-line array of five cubes mounted on the bottom wall of a plane channel. The central heated cube is cooled by two mutually perpendicular streams of air: a channel flow at Re_c = 4800 and a round impinging jet Re_j = 5200 issued from an orifice in the opposite upper channel wall. The study was aimed at investigating flow structures and turbulence statistics, as well as their thermal signature and heat transfer on the cube surface. The comparison with measurement in a similar, though not identical, configuration shows qualitatively good agreement despite some important differences in flow conditions. The paper outlines the method applied and presents a selection of results.     

Shear,dilation, and swap: Mixing in the limit of fast diffusion

Molecules of different species mix by local rearrangement and long-range migration. Under certain conditions, the molecules are partially jammed: they rearrange slowly, but migrate fast. Here we formulate a theory of mixing when the long-range migration of molecules is fast, and the local rearrangement of molecules sets the time needed for mixing. In this limit, the time needed for mixing is independent of the length scale of inhomogeneity. We identify three modes of local rearrangement: shear, dilation, and swap. All three modes break and form intermolecular bonds. We place the three modes on equal footing, as distinct, concurrent, nonequilibrium processes. Our theory thus removes the bias that assumes local chemical equilibrium but allows the nonequilibrium process of shear. We propose a kinetic model of four independent viscosity-like coefficients, and a thermodynamic model of ideal mixing of molecules of unequal sizes and nonzero volume of mixing. We illustrate the theory with several examples, including the development of growth stress, the homogenization of a bilayer, and the disappearance of an inclusion in a matrix.     

Modeling of the Joint PDF of a Scalar and Its Gradient in Turbulent Mixing

A joint probability distribution function of a conservative scalar (mixture fraction) and its gradient is predicted numerically. Statistical moments of this function are compared to their approximations, direct numerical simulation data, and also to the results obtained by simplified models for a conditional rate of scalar dissipation, the surface density function, and the one-point PDF of scalar fluctuation under homogeneous isotropic turbulence. The results allow to evaluate the performance of existing statistical micromixing models.     

Molecular Mixing and Flowfield Measurements in a Recirculating Shear Flow. Part II: Supersonic Flow

Fundamental aspects of mixing between two gaseous streams in a complex geometry are studied and discussed. In the present paper, a supersonic top-stream is expanded over a 30° ramp, through which a secondary lower-stream is injected. The mass flux through the secondary stream is purposely insufficient to provide the entrainment requirements of the resulting shear layer, causing it to attach to the lower guidewall. Part of the shear layer fluid is directed upstream forming a recirculation zone, with enhanced mixing characteristics. The pressure coefficient of the device is quantified as a function of velocity ratio. The effect of heat release on the pressure coefficient is also reported. Molecular mixing was measured employing “flip” experiments based on the hypergolic hydrogen-fluorine chemical reaction. The amount of mixing for the expansion-ramp geometry is found to be higher than in classical free shear layers. However, as in free shear layers, the level of mixing decreases with increasing top-stream velocity. Results for a similar configuration with subsonic/transonic flow in the top stream are reported in Part I of this two-part series.     

Molecular Mixing and Flowfield Measurements in a Recirculating Shear Flow. Part I: Subsonic Flow

The mixing and flowfield of a complex geometry, similar to a rearward-facing step flow but with injection, is studied. A subsonic top-stream is expanded over a perforated ramp at an angle of 30°, through which a secondary stream is injected. The mass flux of the second stream is chosen to be insufficient to provide the entrainment requirements of the shear layer, which, as a consequence, attaches to the lower guidewall. Part of the flow is directed upstream forming a re-entrant jet within the recirculation zone that enhances mixing and flameholding. A control-volume model of the flow is found to be in good agreement with the variation of the overall pressure coefficient of the device with variable mass injection. The flowfield response to changing levels of heat release is also quantified. While increased heat release acts somewhat analogously to increased mass injection, fundamental differences in the flow behaviour are observed. The hypergolic hydrogen-fluorine chemical reaction employed allows the level of molecular mixing in the flow to be inferred. The amount of mixing is found to be higher in the expansion-ramp geometry than in classical free-shear layers. As in free-shear layers, the level of mixing is found to decrease with increasing top-stream velocity. Results for a similar configuration with supersonic flow in the top stream are reported in Part II of this two-part series.