微重力燃烧研究进展

认识燃烧过程是安全、高效、洁净地利用能源的基础. 但是, 常重力条件下的浮力对流和重力沉降使得燃烧现象变得复杂. 而微重力条件下这些影响几乎消失, 这简化了对燃烧的研究. 在加深对地面燃烧过程和载人航天器火灾安全问题的认识的推动下, 经过近半个世纪特别是最近10多年的发展, 微重力燃烧研究已经涵盖了预混气体、气体扩散、液滴、颗粒和粉尘燃烧、燃料表面的火焰传播等燃烧学科的各个领域. 研究中实现了球对称液滴燃烧、不受沉降影响的粉尘燃烧、静止或低速对流环境中的燃烧, 观察到了火球、自熄灭火焰等现象,阐明了碳黑形成中的热泳力效应、可燃极限与火焰稳定性等机理. 加深了对燃烧现象,特别是对辐射效应的理解: 在预混气体、气体扩散、液滴等多种火焰中, 除了停留时间过短引起的吹熄极限外, 还存在辐射热损失过大引起的冷熄极限, 后者只能在微重力条件下观测到. 部分研究成果已经进入教材. 而火焰在微重力下不同于常重力下的现象, 对载人航天器火灾安全具有重要意义. 考虑到我国的现实情况和国内外的研究现状, 建议将煤炭颗粒和粉尘的燃烧、与碳黑相关的机理、辐射效应、化学动力学等作为我国微重力燃烧的主要研究方向.      

碳氢燃料超声速燃烧分区实验研究

高保真度空天发动机数值模拟通常基于快速化学反应火焰面假设,即超声速燃烧反应的特征尺度小于湍流Kolmgorov尺度,该模型方法对于氢气燃料仿真计算结果较好,但对于乙烯等碳氢燃料仍需进一步研究.受限于极端环境特种非接触测量技术,目前尚未见超声速燃烧火焰分区判别的实验研究,导致目前超声速燃烧火焰面模型适用性以及分区燃烧物理模型认识不清,进而也制约了数值发动机技术发展.本工作基于自主研发的MHz发动机内窥光纤传感器,针对单边扩张双模态冲压发动机超声速燃烧火焰分区开展实验研究,通过化学自发光信号的最小香农熵定义超声速燃烧的特征时间τsc,根据理论方法和来流工况估算了超声速燃烧的流动特征时间,结合分区燃烧理论分析了双模态超燃冲压发动机内碳氢燃料燃烧的分区情况.通过燃烧分区情况以及与泰勒尺度的比较结果,验证了碳氢燃料超燃冲压发动机典型飞行条件下燃烧室内超声速燃烧处于旋涡小火焰区域(Re?50 000; Da∈1.80～2.60, B区),多尺度湍流涡结构发挥重要作用,并随着相对于泰勒尺度的不同大小,分别对应了不同尺度的涡结构主导该过程.同时给出了当量比、通量比以及来流马赫数对燃烧特征时间的影响规律...     

颗粒附壁燃烧机理及模拟方法探讨

在燃用固体燃料,如生物质、煤、固体废弃物时,都存在一定程度的附壁燃烧现象,以燃煤液排渣燃烧器为例,探讨了颗粒在熔融面上的沉积、流动以及燃烧机理。并针对现有煤粉燃烧程序在液排渣燃烧器模拟上的局限,开发了一种考虑液渣流动的附壁燃烧模型,给出了总体的计算框架．通过对不同壁面处理方式下计算结果的比较,分析了不同手法的优劣和特点,为液排渣燃烧器的正确模拟提供一种完整的思路,对生物质或固体废弃物燃烧模拟起到一定的参考作用。     

二次燃烧对底排装置尾部流场影响的数值模拟

为研究二次燃烧对底排尾部流场的影响,建立了底排装置尾部流场的化学非平衡流数学物理模型。其中二次燃烧模型采用10组分25步反应的H₂-CO燃烧模型,运用统一算法的思路编程求解二维轴对称方程组。数值模拟结果与实验结果较吻合。在此基础上,对尾部流场以及燃烧特性进行了数值预测, 结果表明:二次燃烧所释放的热能远大于排气本身的热能,对增压减阻的贡献可达78%。二次燃烧改变了尾部的温度分布规律,使温度峰值分布在两个回流区内。排气沿着两回流区间的狭缝流入剪切层发生燃烧。一部分混气回流入底部附近,其中氧气不充足,存在大量CO和少量H₂未直接反应。一部分混气沿着剪切层流入下游以及主回流区内,氧含量逐渐增多,H₂和CO被反应殆尽。结果可为进一步研究底排增压减阻提供参考。     

部分预混超声速燃烧火焰面模式研究综述

采用部分预混火焰面模式建模与仿真已经成为超声速燃烧数值研究的主要趋势之一.系统回顾了超声速燃烧火焰面模式的发展历程,针对其应用的两个基本问题进行总结:一是火焰面模式在超声速燃烧中的物理存在问题,二是超声速燃烧火焰面模式的建模问题.重点分析了火焰面模式应用于超声速燃烧的难点,提出了超声速燃烧火焰面模式建模应兼顾的问题.     

Recent progress and challenges in fundamental combustion research（燃烧基础研究的进展和挑战）

超过80%的世界的能源转换是由燃烧方法来实现的. 发展可利用替代燃料的清洁和高效的新型发动机是解决可持续能源发展的关键之一. 在燃烧研究领域,实现这一目标的挑战是要揭示从燃料分子到发动机的多尺度燃烧过程中化学反应和火焰动力学机理,发展高效,定量的数值模拟方法和开发新的燃烧技术. 本文从7个方面综述最近几年燃烧领域的基础燃烧研究的进展和挑战. 它们包括低温清洁燃烧的发动机技术,极限条件下的燃烧机理和现象,替代燃料和混合燃料模型,多尺度化学反应模拟方法,高压燃烧反应动力学,基础燃烧的实验方法,和先进测量技术. 本文首先介绍均值充量压缩点火（HCCI）,反应控制压缩点火（RCCI）以及增压燃烧等新型发动机的概念,评述燃料特性和低温燃烧反应过程对湍流燃烧和发动机的影响,讨论发展基础燃烧研究的必要性. 第二,综述燃料浓度分层燃烧,稀薄燃烧,冷炎燃烧,以及等离子体助燃等极限燃烧条件下的新的燃烧现象和火焰机制. 第三,以航空煤油和生物柴油为例来讨论建立模拟真实燃料和替代燃料的混合燃料模型的方法. 介绍活性基指数和输运加权的反应焓的概念并用来比较燃料的高温反应特性和评价燃料的分子结构对燃烧特性的影响. 第四,评述详细化学反应机理简化的方法. 介绍多时间尺度（MTS）的化学反应的模拟和动态关联性自适应机理简化（CO-DAC）的方法来提高详细化学反应机理的计算效率. 第五,讨论高压燃烧的火焰传播速度的实验测量结果以及高压燃烧化学反应机理所存在的问题,并分析高压燃烧的关键组分和反应路径. 第六,评述测量火焰速度和组分等基础燃烧实验方法和模型中的问题和误差来源. 介绍一些改进测量方法和提高测量精度的方法. 最后,介绍测量低温燃烧中的关键组分和自由基的测量方法和最新进展.      

微重力燃烧基础研究概述

本文介绍了国外微重力燃烧基础研究的概况。在微重力条件下不存在浮力和由其引起的自然对流,从而影响了燃烧基本过程。理论和实验研究表明,在微重力条件下火焰结构,火焰传播,火焰稳定等一系列燃烧基本过程都明显不同于通常在地球表面上所观察到的现象。      

湍流燃烧数值模拟研究的综述

对湍流燃烧数值模拟的研究进行了综合评述,其中涉及直接数值模拟（ＤＮＳ）、大涡模拟（ＬＥＳ）、随机涡模拟、概率密度函数输运方程模拟、条件矩模型、简化概率密度函数模型、关联矩模型以及基于简单物理概念的一些唯象模型等几个重要方面．对全面了解湍流燃烧数值模拟的研究现状及前景提出了看法．     

振荡燃烧的动态测试及信息处理

作者用随机信息处理方法研究了某型火箭发动机的燃烧状况,不仅发现该型发动机存在有振荡燃烧,而且获得了振荡燃烧信息的功率谱及功率谱阵。针对振荡燃烧信息在时间域和频率域上的随机性特点,作者精心地设计了测试系统,并对系统的性能参数进行了全面标定。经多次实测证明该系统工作可靠,信噪比较高。测试与分析结果表明:该型发动机振荡燃烧的主振测率为800Hz,最大振幅为43dB;并存在有1600Hz和2500Hz两个次级振荡频率;而且该发动机的振荡燃烧是以纵向振荡为主。为研究该型火箭发动机振荡燃烧的产生原因和消除方法提供了科学依据。     

采用详细化学反应机理模拟燃烧污染物生成的研究进展

结合燃烧污染物数值模拟研究的发展和现状,阐述了采用详细化学反应机理进行模拟的方法,重点介绍了详细化学反应机理模型以及机理简化方法,概括综述了湍流燃烧模拟方法,并结合具体实例,展示了这个领域取得的成果,最后通过分析,指出了发展前景和可以取得突破性进展的方向.     

Estimation of radiative properties and temperature distributions in coal-fired boiler furnaces by a portable image processing system

This paper presented an experimental investigation on the estimation of radiative properties and temperature distributions in a 670 t/h coal-fired boiler furnace by a portable imaging processing system. The portable system has been calibrated by a blackbody furnace. Flame temperatures and emissivities were measured by the portable system and equivalent blackbody temperatures were deduced. Comparing the equivalent blackbody temperatures measured by the portable system and the infrared pyrometer, the relative difference is less than 4%. The reconstructed pseudo-instantaneous 2-D temperature distributions in two cross-sections can disclose the combustion status inside the furnace. The measured radiative properties of particles in the furnace proved there is significant scattering in coal-fired boiler furnaces and it can provide useful information for the calculation of radiative heat transfer and numerical simulation of combustion in coal-fired boiler furnaces. The preliminary experimental results show this technology will be helpful for the combustion diagnosis in coal-fired boiler furnaces.     

Modeling of dynamics, heat transfer, and combustion in two-phase turbulent flows: 2. Flows with heat transfer and combustion

The objective of this part of the paper is to summarize the information concerning the authors' works in the field of simulation of two-phase gas-particle turbulent flows with heat transfer and combustion. A kinetic equation had been derived for the probability density function (PDF) of the particle velocity, temperature, and mass distributions in turbulent flows. This PDF equation is used for the construction of the governing conservation equations of mass, momentum, and heat transfer in the dispersed particle phase.The numerical scheme incorporates two-phase fluid dynamics, convective and radiative heat transfer, and combustion. The proposed models have been applied to the calculation of various particle-laden turbulent flows in jets, combustion and gasification chambers, and furnaces.     

Numerical investigation to assess the possibility of utilizing a new type of mechanically thermally dewatered (MTE) coal in existing tangentially-fired furnaces

The mechanical and thermal expression (MTE) process can be used to remove the moisture from high moisture coal such as lignite by applying the thermal energy and mechanical force. The moisture content of lignite at Yallourn, VIC, Australia is around 60–70%. Two-third of the water from the lignite can be removed at 150°C and 5.1 MPa by this process. In the conventional drying process, moisture is driven off by evaporation when the lignite passes through the mill. This process is inefficient from a thermodynamic point of view, because the latent heat of evaporation has to be supplied from the hot flue gas. This paper presents computational fluid dynamics (CFD) investigation of fluid flow and combustion of conventional lignite and MTE lignite in a tangentially fired full-scale industrial furnace. The idea is to investigate the aerodynamics and combustion effect of using MTE lignite in existing furnaces. The furnace investigated was Yallourn stage-2 in Victoria, Australia. CFD software CFX-4 (User Guide, CFX-4–Solver. AEA Technology. Harwell Laboratory, Oxfordshire, 1997) was used in this investigation. The MTE process is under development and has not been used in the real power station for the commercial production of electricity, hence no experimental data is available for comparison with the numerical predictions. To gain confidence in the MTE lignite simulations, the temperature contours and oxygen concentration at different furnace level of the conventional lignite combustion were validated first against the available experimental data. Then the predicted results of MTE lignite combustion were compared with conventional lignite combustion to assess the possibility of burning MTE lignite in existing tangentially fired furnaces.     

Flow behavior of high-temperature flue gas in the heat transfer chamber of a pilot-scale coal-water slurry combustion furnace

The flow characteristics of high-temperature flue gas are important in the heat transfer of coal-water slurry（CWS） combustion furnaces.The flow field of a 250 kg/h vertical-type slag tap cyclone furnace was non-intrusively investigated,using two-dimensional particle-image velocimetry（2D PIV）.The method was verified using traceable fly ash particles in high-temperature flue gas.The flow field of the flue gas was analyzed with a time-averaged method,based on which the effects of excess air ratio and loading were investigated.The flue gas separated by a gas separator maintained good rigidity near the furnace wall,rather than eroding the heating surface.Numerical simulations validated the reliability of PIV under the actual circumstances within the furnace.This study provides guidelines for applying 2D PIV in analyzing flue gas in thermal test boilers.     

Flow behavior of high-temperature flue gas in the heat transfer chamber of a pilot-scale coal-water slurry combustion furnace

The flow characteristics of high-temperature flue gas are important in the heat transfer of coal-water slurry (CWS) combustion furnaces. The flow field of a 250 kg/h vertical-type slag tap cyclone furnace was non-intrusively investigated, using two-dimensional particle-image velocimetry (2D PIV). The method was verified using traceable fly ash particles in high-temperature flue gas. The flow field of the flue gas was analyzed with a time-averaged method, based on which the effects of excess air ratio and loading were investigated. The flue gas separated by a gas separator maintained good rigidity near the furnace wall, rather than eroding the heating surface. Numerical simulations validated the reliability of PIV under the actual circumstances within the furnace. This study provides guidelines for applying 2D PIV in analyzing flue gas in thermal test boilers.     

开区注氮采空区自燃温度场的数值模拟研究

为了研究开区注氮采空区遗煤自燃和被抑制的力学过程,用非均质多孔介质中的渗流连续性方程、气体弥散方程和综合传热方程的联立,建立了采空区注氮非定常数值模型．结合实例,用迎风格式有限元方法求解．给出了采空区的漏风流态、氮气流态,描绘了采空区自燃过程中氧、CO浓度和温度分布的变化过程．计算考虑了瓦斯涌出和工作面推进的影响．得到注氮条件下采空区高温区形状变窄;随着注氮量的提高,使自然发火期逐渐变长,直至不自燃．理论计算与实际情况吻合．     

DNS Analysis of Wall Heat Transfer and Combustion Regimes in a Turbulent Non-premixed Wall-jet Flame

Understanding the heat-release effects on the wall heat transfer in turbulent reacting flows, i.e. heat transfer with or without significant density variation, is essential for a wide variety of industrial flows, especially combustion problems. The present study focuses on the wall heat transfer and the near-wall reaction characteristics. The heat-release effects on the wall heat transfer and skin-friction coefficients are investigated using three-dimensional direct numerical simulations of a turbulent reacting wall-jet flow with and without heat release. Reductions in the skin-friction coefficient are observed in the exothermic case, compared to the isothermal one, and the underlying mechanism is explained. The absolute wall heat flux also increases, while the corresponding Nusselt number decreases with increasing heat release. Furthermore, the wall effects on the near-wall average burning rate are assessed. It is found that the isothermal cold wall results in an appreciable decrease of the burning rate in the exothermic cases. We observed indications that the wall increases the chances for the development of the premixed mode and its occurrence is very fast in the wall-normal direction.     

Heat Transfer Study of the Hencken Burner Flame

The Hencken burner flame is often used in combustion laser diagnostics as a calibration flame because of its near adiabatic condition. For a fast burning H₂ flame, it can tolerate high flow rate and the flame is indeed near adiabatic; however, for a slow burning CH₄ flame, the flow rate is not always high enough to maintain near adiabatic conditions. The heat transfer of the H₂ and CH₄ Hencken burner flames are studied numerically and experimentally. Three heat loss mechanisms are analyzed: the burner surface radiation, the hot gas radiation, and the convection heat transfer between the main flow and the co-flow. The surface radiation produces negligible temperature drop while the gas radiation and the convection heat loss contribute significant temperature drop. Reducing the co-flow rate can decrease the convection heat loss slightly. The temperature drop caused by the heat loss is inversely proportional to the main flow rate. Increasing the burner size and running the flame premixed mode can increase the flow rate and reduce the temperature deviation from the adiabatic equilibrium value. Based on the heat loss and temperature drop analysis, suggestions are given to maintain the flame at near adiabatic conditions.     

Lattice Boltzmann simulation of phase change and heat transfer characteristics in the multi-layer deposition

The metal droplets deposition method(MDDM) is a rapid prototyping technology, implemented via metallurgy bonding within droplets. The anisotropy of heat transfer and re-melting is caused by an asymmetric deposition process. A lattice Boltzmann method(LBM) model is established to predict the heat transfer and phase change in the multi-layer deposition. The prediction model is verified by the experimental temperature profiles in existing literature. The monitoring points are set to compare the tem...