Synthesis of jasminaldehyde using magnesium organo silicate as a solid base catalyst

Synthetic talc (magnesium organo silicates; MOS) was synthesized by sol–gel method under non-hydrothermal conditions and modified by introducing amine/diamine functionalities in the interlayer space. The applicability of amine/diamine functionalized MOS was studied as catalysts for the synthesis of jasminaldehyde or -pentylcinnamaldehyde by condensation of 1-heptanal with benzaldehyde. The effect of amine/diamine functionality, amount of catalyst, benzaldehyde to 1-heptanal molar ratio and temperature on the selectivity of jasminaldehyde was studied in detail. The highest conversion of 1-heptanal (99%) with 82% selectivity of jasminaldehyde was achieved using MOS3 as a catalyst. The rate constant for condensation of 1-heptanal with benzaldehyde was calculated under optimized reaction conditions. This is the first report on application of MOS as a solid base catalyst for the condensation of 1-heptanal with benzaldehyde.     

Rhodium-catalyzed direct aldol condensation of ketones: a facile synthesis of fused aromatic compounds

Cationic rhodium complex [Cp^∗Rh(η⁶-C₆H₆)](BF₄)₂ (1) acts as an efficient catalyst for direct aldol condensation of ketones. The method can be applied to one-pot synthesis of fused aromatic compounds from cyclic ketones via sequential C-C bond formations.     

Eco-friendly synthesis of jasminaldehyde by condensation of 1-heptanal with benzaldehyde using hydrotalcite as a solid base catalyst

The catalytic activity of hydrotalcite ([M(II)_1−xM(III)_x(OH₂)]^x+(CO₃²⁻)_x/n·mH₂O; where M(II) = Mg, Ni, Zn and M(III) = Al) was evaluated for the synthesis of jasminaldehyde by solvent free condensation of 1-heptanal with benzaldehyde. The effect of activation of as-synthesized Mg-Al hydrotalcite samples of varied Mg/Al molar ratio on its catalytic activity was studied and correlated with their basicity as determined from the model test reaction. The effect of reaction parameters such as, amount of catalyst, benzaldehyde to 1-heptanal molar ratio and reaction temperature on conversion of 1-heptanal and selectivity of jasminaldehyde was studied in detail. Maximum selectivity of jasminaldehyde (86%) with 98% conversion of 1-heptanal was observed using as-synthesized Mg-Al hydrotalcite of Mg/Al molar ratio of 3.5 as a catalyst. The kinetics of the reaction was measured and reaction rate and order of reaction were determined under optimum reaction conditions. The catalyst was re-used upto three cycles without significant loss in its activity. The base catalyzed reaction mechanism for condensation of 1-heptanal with benzaldehyde is proposed.     

有机胺修饰稀土金属有机骨架：用于Knoevenagel缩合反应的三种固体碱催化剂

稀土金属有机骨架(Ln-MOFs)是利用有机配体和稀土离子之间配位自组装形成的具有超分子多孔网络结构的类沸石材料,其优点是稳定性好,一般不溶于常规的有机和无机溶剂,并且孔径、孔形及孔表面性质可通过其构建分子的选择或修饰进行灵活设计和制备.稀土离子性能独特,有机配体种类繁多,将稀土离子与有机配体可控组装可获得许多结构多样、性能优异的Ln-MOFs材料.这些功能材料已在气体吸附与分离、发光器件、化学传感以及磁性材料等多方面显示出潜在应用价值.特别是Ln-MOFs材料作为非均相催化剂具有热稳定性高、比表面积大以及稀土离子配位环境多样等优点,近年来受到国内外研究者关注和重视.后合成修饰法(PSM)是利用MOFs骨架中不饱和配位的金属离子或潜在的有机反应基团,通过配位键或共价键方式引入有机或无机分子,制备具有新功能的骨架材料.本文采用PSM策略,将三种不同的有机二胺后合成修饰到具有配位不饱和位点的稀土金属有机骨架[Er(btc)]的孔道中,得到三种固体碱催化剂：Er(btc)(ED)0.75(H2O)0.25(2), Er(btc)(PP)0.55(H2O)0.45(3)和Er(btc)(DABCO)0.15(H2O)0.85(4).其中, btc为1,3,5-均苯三甲酸, ED为乙二胺, PP为哌嗪, DABCO位为三乙烯二胺.单晶结构分析表明,在[Er(btc)(H2O)]·DMF0.7(1)中,铒离子与六个btc配体的六个羧酸氧原子和一个水分子配位,形成变形的五角双锥几何构型.每个btc配体连接六个铒离子构成具有一维开放孔道(0.7 nm′0.7 nm)的三维立体结构.重要的是,孔道中的配位水分子和游离DMF分子可通过真空加热除去而不影响其骨架结构(热稳定性达500 oC),这将有利于对其进行后合成修饰.热重分析(TGA)表明,催化剂2在25–300 oC失去孔道中配位的乙二胺和水分子;催化剂3在250 oC之前失去孔道中的哌嗪和水分子;催化剂4则在100 oC之前失去孔道中配位的三乙烯二胺和水分子.粉末X射线衍射(PXRD)结果显示,后合成修饰过程并没有改变催化剂骨架的稳定性,其稳定性在空气中超过30 d.氮气吸附实验表明, Ln-MOF 1的比表面积和孔体积分别为2000 m2/g和0.75 cm3/g,平均孔尺寸为0.65 nm,与晶体结构分析结果基本一致.相比之下,后合成修饰的催化剂2的比表面积明显降低,为650 m2/g,而催化剂3和4由于后修饰较大体积的二胺分子(哌嗪和三乙烯二胺),表现出可忽略的氮气吸附能力.上述结果表明,催化剂2具有较高的有机胺负载量、较高的热稳定性和多孔性.采用苯甲醛和丙二腈的Knoevenagel缩合反应研究了三种固体碱的非均相催化能力.结果表明,在相同反应条件下,催化剂2具有很好的首次催化能力(99%),优于催化剂3(93%)和4(63%).并且,催化剂2循环使用三次后,催化能力几乎没有改变,而催化剂3和4的催化能力则逐渐降低,催化剂4在第三次使用时已无催化能力.滤出实验显示,催化剂2在反应过程中无活性物种离去进入液相体系中,即无乙二胺分子从催化剂骨架孔道中离去,证明其为非均相催化本质.而催化剂3和4则在反应过程中有二胺分子离去,进入反应液相中,从而导致其循环使用催化能力降低.催化剂2的底物择形催化反应结果显示,先是丙二腈分子进入催化剂孔道中,形成碳负离子,然后亲核进攻醛分子生成产物.因此,体积较大的腈衍生物因不能进入孔道而不能发生反应,而体积较大的醛分子则不受影响,能顺利地发生反应.     

A recyclable fluoroalkylated 1,4-disubstituted [1,2,3]-triazole organocatalyst for aldol condensation of aldehydes and ketones

A new fluoroalkylated 1,4-disubstituted [1,2,3]-triazole was prepared and acted as an organocatalyst for aldol condensation of different ketones with various aldehydes. Aldol condensation proceeded efficiently in the presence of catalytic amount of fluoroalkylated [1,2,3]-triazole. The catalyst could be easily recovered by fluorous solid-phase extraction with excellent purity and reused for three runs with slightly decrease in its activity.     

多相CeO2催化剂上氧化吲哚与醛的选择性C3烯基化反应

本文报道了将市售CeO2作为一种高活性和可重复使用的催化剂用于无溶剂条件下氧化吲哚与醛的C3选择性烷基化反应.这种催化方法一般适用于不同的芳香族和脂肪族醛,得到3-烷基二烯-辛醇,产率高(87%–99%),立体选择性高(79%–93%为E-异构体).这是从氧化吲哚与各种脂肪族醛催化合成3-烯基氧化吲哚的首例.采用原位红外光谱研究了CeO2上Lewis酸位点与苯甲醛之间的Lewis酸-碱相互作用.不同粒径CeO2催化剂的构效关系研究表明,无缺陷CeO2表面是该反应的活性中心.     

Synthesis and characterization of a novel nano-scale magnetic solid base catalyst involving a layered double hydroxide supported on a ferrite core

A nano-scale magnetic solid base catalyst MgAl-OH-LDH/MgFe₂O₄ (where LDH denotes layered double hydroxide) composed of MgAl-OH-LDH Brønsted base catalytic layers coated on MgFe₂O₄ spinel cores has been prepared. A magnetic precursor MgAl-CO₃-LDH/MgFe₂O₄ was prepared by a method involving separate nucleation and aging steps, and subsequently calcined to give a mixed metal oxide composite MgAl(O)/MgFe₂O₄ which was rehydrated to give MgAl-OH-LDH/MgFe₂O₄. The structure and magnetic properties of the nano-scale magnetic solid base MgAl-OH-LDH/MgFe₂O₄, together with those of the magnetic precursor MgAl-CO₃-LDH/MgFe₂O₄ and MgFe₂O₄ were characterized by XRD, XPS, low temperature N₂ adsorption and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM). The MgAl-OH-LDH/MgFe₂O₄ composite possesses a mesoporous structure with pore size ranging from 2 to 20 nm with particle size mainly in the range 35-130 nm. The catalytic properties of MgAl-OH-LDH/MgFe₂O₄ were evaluated using the self-condensation of acetone at 273 K as a probe reaction. The results showed that the conversion of acetone to diacetone alcohol reached the thermodynamic equilibrium value of 23% at 273 K. The catalyst was easily recovered through application of an external magnetic field, and when the reclaimed catalyst was used in a second run for the same reaction, the reactivity remained unchanged.     

Acid-base cooperativity of heterogeneous catalyst containing acidic framework and sterically hindered base for aldol condensation

A bifunctional heterogeneous catalyst containing two mutually incompatible acidic and basic sites,which exhibits cooperative catalytic behavior in the aldol condensation of acetone and various aldehydes,was synthesized by postgrafting of 1,5,7- triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene(TBD,a sterically hindered organic base) onto Al-MCM-41 molecular sieve.     

Fe-Ca磁性固体碱催化剂上菜籽油酯交换反应

采用原位沉淀法合成了双功能磁性固体碱催化剂CaO·γ-Fe₂O₃,用于催化菜籽油酯交换反应制备生物柴油。利用XRD、BET、TG-DTA、SEM和VSM对催化剂进行了表征,用ICP-AES对产物脂肪酸甲酯(FAME)中Ca、Fe残留量进行了测定。结果表明,Fe和Ca两种组分间有较好复合,催化剂显示出较好的磁学性能,饱和磁化率达到45.7emu/g,明显高于文献报道的磁性碱催化剂。在温和的反应条件(常压、64℃、催化剂加入量为油重的2.5%、醇油摩尔比15、转速750r/min)下,反应2h,重复使用前三次酯交换反应转化率都维持在95%左右。     

The Darzens condensation of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes and ketones

The one-pot Darzens condensation of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes and ketones with enolates of an α-bromo ester or ketone is described.     

液-固相体系中以聚(N-乙烯基咪唑)为非均相碱性催化剂在超声波照射和无溶剂条件下催化不同醛和酮羟醛缩合(英文)

An ultrasound‐assisted aldol condensation reaction has been developed for a range of ketones with a variety of aromatic aldehydes using poly(N‐vinylimidazole) as a solid base catalyst in a liquid‐solid system. The catalyst can be recovered by simple filtration and reused at least 10 times without any significant reduction in its activity. The reaction is also amenable to the large scale, making the procedure potentially useful for industrial applications.     

Perfluoroalkylated-pyridine catalyzed Aldol condensations of aldehydes and ketones in a fluorous biphasic system without fluorous solvent

Aldol condensation of different ketones with various aromatic aldehydes proceeds efficiently in the presence of catalytic amount of perfluoroalkylated-pyridine in a fluorous biphasic system without fluorous solvent, which has prompted various concerns involving cost, solvent leaching, and environmental persistence. The catalyst can be recovered by simple cooling and precipitation and used again.     

固体超强碱催化环戊酮的Self-Aldol Condensation反应研究

2-环亚戊基环戊酮是一种重要的香料中间体,本文以环戊酮为原料,固体超强碱为催化剂,分别选用环己烷、苯、石油醚为带水剂,通过Aldol自缩合反应合成了环戊酮的二聚体2-环亚戊基环戊酮.考察了催化剂用量、带水剂种类、反应时间对环戊酮二聚体2-环亚戊基环戊酮收率的影响,最终确定最佳实验方案:环己烷为带水剂,催化剂用量为环戊酮...     

A mild and efficient cyanosilylation of ketones catalyzed by a Lewis acid-Lewis base bifunctional catalyst

A new family of bifunctional catalysts (N-oxides-Ti(OⁱPr)₄ (2:1)) containing a Lewis acid and a Lewis base was developed and applied to the catalytic cyanosilylation of ketones. Utilizing rac((1R,2S) and (1S,2R))-1-(2′-pyridylmethyl)-2-diphenylhydroxymethylpyrrolidine N-oxide-titanium (2:1) complex and N-benzyl-diethanolamine N-oxide-titanium (2:1) complex as catalysts, the cyanosilylation products were obtained in 42-97% yield. Based on experimental phenomena and kinetic studies, a catalytic cycle was proposed to explain the remarkable activities of these catalysts. Investigations indicated that rac((1R,2S) and (1S,2R))-1-(2′-pyridylmethyl)-2-diphenylhydroxymethylpyrrolidine N-oxide-titanium (2:1) complex and N-benzyl-diethanolamine N-oxide-titanium (2:1) complex should promote the reaction via a dual activation of the ketone by the titanium and TMSCN by the N-oxide.     

A ruthenium-catalyzed one-pot method for α-alkylation of ketones with aldehydes

Ketones react with an array of aldehydes in dioxane at 80 °C in the presence of a catalytic amount of RuCl₂(PPh₃)₃ along with KOH to give the corresponding α-alkylated ketones in moderate to good yields. A reaction pathway involving base-catalyzed cross-aldol reaction between ketones and aldehydes to form α,β-unsaturated ketones and regioselective reduction of carbon-carbon double bond of α,β-unsaturated ketones is proposed for this catalytic process.     

Sulfamic acid:An efficient,cost-effective and green catalyst for crossed-aldol condensation of ketones with aromatic aldehydes under solvent-free

Aromatic aldehydes undergo crossed-aldol condensation with ketones in the presence of catalytic amount of sulfamic acid(SA) to afford the correspondingα,β-unsaturated aldol products under solvent-free conditions in good to high yields at 45-80℃.     

Iron phthalocyanine as new efficient catalyst for catalytic transfer hydrogenation of simple aldehydes and ketones

Catalytic transfer hydrogenation (CTH) of various aldehydes and ketones was studied using iron phthalocyanine catalyst, in order to substitute the typically used rare transition metals (Ir, Rh, Ru) with an easily available and less expensive metal. Iron phthalocyanine was found to be an efficient hydrogenation catalyst and its immobilized version was successfully prepared. The immobilized iron phthalocyanine was also active in the CTH reaction of various carbonyl compounds, and it was easy to handle and possible to recycle. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A novel and efficient direct aldol condensation from ketones and aromatic aldehydes catalyzed by proline-TEA through a new pathway

A novel and efficient direct aldol condensation from various ketones and a wide range of aldehydes was catalyzed by l-proline-TEA (triethylamine) in MeOH at room temperature, affording the corresponding (E)-α,β-unsaturated ketones in excellent yields. By using the method, some complicated (E)-α,β-unsaturated ketone C-glycosides were obtained from unmodified ketone C-glycosides and aldehydes. This reaction proceeds through a new pathway, in which the specific intermediate was captured and identified.     

Solid-supported Pd(0): an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for aerobic oxidation of benzyl alcohols into aldehydes and ketones

Solid-supported nano- and microparticles of Pd(0) (SS-Pd) were used as heterogeneous catalysts for aerobic oxidation of benzyl alcohols. Primary and secondary benzyl alcohols gave the corresponding products in good yields. In addition, the catalysts could be reused up to five runs without significant loss of activities.     

Nanosized magnesium oxide as catalyst for the rapid and green synthesis of substituted 2-amino-2-chromenes

A nanosized magnesium oxide catalyzed three-component condensation reaction of aldehyde, malononitrile, and α-naphthol proceeded rapidly in water-PEG to afford corresponding 2-amino-2-chromenes in high yields at room temperature. The greener protocol was found to be fairly general and the catalyst was reused in subsequent reactions with consistent activity.