Covariant Relativistic Statistical Mechanics of Many Particles

In this paper the quantum covariant relativistic dynamics of many bodies is reconsidered. It is emphasized that this is an event dynamics. The events are quantum statistically correlated by the global parameter τ. The derivation of an event Boltzmann equation emphasizes this. It is shown that this Boltzmann equation may be viewed as exact in a dilute event limit ignoring three event correlations. A quantum entropy principle is obtained for the marginal Wigner distribution function. By means of event linking (concatenations) particle properties such as the equation of state may be obtained. We further reconsider the generalized quantum equilibrium ensemble theory and the free event case of the Fermi-Dirac and Bose-Einstein distributions, and some consequences. The ultra-relativistic limit differs from the non-covariant theory and is a test of this point of view.     

Advances in the Spherical Harmonic–Boltzmann–Wigner approach to device simulation

Recent advances in the Spherical Harmonic Boltzmann method of device modeling are presented. A new surface scattering model and improved numerical interpolation schemes have been developed. The method is shown to be capable of calibrating an entire deep submicron process to provide I–V characteristics and substrate current self-consistently. Substrate currents agree with experiment over a complete process without any fitting parameters. Applications to a 50 nm MOSFET predict well-behaved device operation. The method requires approximately ten minutes to self-consistently calculate a MOSFET bias point and provide the device distribution function. The spherical harmonic method has been extended to account for quantum mechanical effects by applying it to the Wigner equation. We treat the Wigner equation as a quantum correction to the Boltzmann equation thereby making the spherical harmonic approach a natural method of solution.     

Linear Boltzmann Equation as the Long Time Dynamics of an Electron Weakly Coupled to a Phonon Field

We consider the long time evolution of a quantum particle weakly interacting with a phonon field. We show that in the weak coupling limit the Wigner distribution of the electron density matrix converges to the solution of the linear Boltzmann equation globally in time. The collision kernel is identified as the sum of an emission and an absorption term that depend on the equilibrium distribution of the free phonon modes.     

量子扩散通道中Wigner算符的演化规律

众所周知,量子态的演化可用与其相应的Wigner函数演化来代替.因为量子态的Wigner函数和量子态的密度矩阵一样,都包含了概率分布和相位等信息,因此对量子态的Wigner函数进行研究,可以更加快速有效地获取量子态在演化过程的重要信息.本文从经典扩散方程出发,利用密度算符的P表示,导出了量子态密度算符的扩散方程.进一步通过引入量子算符的Weyl编序记号,给出了其对应的Weyl量子化方案.另外,借助于密度算符的另一相空间表示-Wigner函数,建立了Wigner算符在扩散通道中演化方程,并给出了其Wigner算符解的形式.本文推导出了Wigner算符在量子扩散通道中的演化规律,即演化过程中任意时刻Wigner算符的形式.在此结论的基础上,讨论了相干态经过量子扩散通道的演化情况.     

Quantum friction in phase space

In this paper we shall study the problem of quantum friction in the Wigner representation. For quadratic Hamiltonians the Wigner equation coincides with the classical Liouville equation although there are distribution functions which depend on the Planck constant. For these distributions the product of the standard deviations of p and q is greater or equal to $\text{,NU>?}\text{2}$ so that the uncertainty principle of Heisenberg holds.     

Spatiotemporal evolution of the distribution function of electrons in sign-changing electric field

A numerical model for solving the Boltzmann unsteady non-local kinetic equation for the distribution function of electrons over energy is constructed. The Boltzmann equation for isotropic part of the distribution function written in natural variables the kinetic energy — the coordinate was solved by the pseudo-unsteady method. The model was applied for describing the spatiotemporal evolution of the distribution function of electrons in a uniform electric field. For a model distribution of the electric field with the “negative” value in the Faraday dark space and the “positive” value in the positive column of the glow discharge, the main macroscopic parameters of electrons are obtained, the diffusion mechanism of the electron current transfer in the negative electric field region is confirmed. The work was financially supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (Grant No. 07-02-00781-a) and by State Contract No. 02.513.11.3242.     

Exact integral operator form of the Wigner distribution-function equation in many-body quantum transport theory

A formal derivation of a generalized equation of a Wigner distribution function including all many-body effects and all scattering mechanisms is given. The result is given in integral operator form suitable for application to the numerical modeling of quantum tunneling and quantum interference solid state devices. In the absence of scattering and many-body effects, the result reduces to the noninteracting-particle Wigner distribution function equation, often used to simulate resonant tunneling devices. The derivation uses a Weyl transform technique which can easily incorporate Bloch electrons. Weyl transforms of self-energies are derived. Various simplifications of a general quantum transport equation for semiconductor device analysis and self-consistent numerical simulation of a quantum distribution function in the phase-space/frequency-time domain are discussed. Recent attempts to include collisions in the Wigner distribution-function approach to the numerical simulation of tunneling devices are clearly shown to be non-self-consistent and inaccurate; more accurate numerical simulation is needed for a deeper understanding of the effects of collision and scattering.     

从离散Wigner函数的角度探讨量子相干性度量

量子相干性是量子信息处理的基本要素,在量子计算中扮演着重要的角色.为了便于讨论量子相干性在量子计算中的作用,本文从离散Wigner函数角度对量子相干性进行了探讨.首先对奇素数维量子系统的离散Wigner函数进行了分析,分离出表征相干性的部分,提出了一种可能的基于离散Wigner函数的量子相干性度量方法,并对其进行了量子相干性度量规范的分析;同时也比较了该度量与l_1范数相干性度量之间的关系.重要的是,这种度量方法能够明确给出量子相干性程度与衡量量子态量子计算加速能力的负性和之间不等式关系,由此可以解析地解释量子相干性仅是量子计算加速的必要条件.     

Transport equation for a gas of bosons

A kinetic equation for the Wigner density function of a Bose gas of quasiparticles (magnons) is derived in the region of linear response. The method uses a simple factorization procedure to transform the Hierarchy equations into a system which can be solved iteratively. The first nontrivial approximation is examined in the limit of slow time and space variation. It gives the linearized Boltzmann equation in the form assumed in the Landau theory. The correction of lowest order in (coupling constant × density) is shown to be a correction to the Born approximation of the scattering cross section.Work supported by the Fonds zur Förderung der wissenschaftlichen Forschung.     

Derivation of quantum mechanics from the Boltzmann equation for the Planck aether

The Planck aether hypothesis assumes that space is densely filled with an equal number of locally interacting positive and negative Planck masses obeying an exactly nonrelativistic law of motion. The Planck masses can be described by a quantum mechanical two-component nonrelativistic operator field equation having the form of a two-component nonlinear Schrödinger equation, with a spectrum of quasiparticles obeying Lorentz invariance as a dynamic symmetry for energies small compared to the Planck energy. We show that quantum mechanics itself can be derived from the Newtonian mechanics of the Planck aether as an approximate solution of Boltzmann's equation for the locally interacting positive and negative Planck masses, and that the validity of the nonrelativistic Schrödinger equation depends on Lorentz invariance as a dynamic symmetry. We also show how the many-body Schrödinger wave function can be factorized into a product of quasiparticles of the Planck aether with separable quantum potentials. Finally, we present a possible explanation of wave function collapse as a kind of enhanced gravitational collapse in the presence of the negative Planck masses.     

Tunneling from a Quantum Black Hole

A quantum black hole has been presented by Kenmoku et al. (1998), and its surface gravity is divergent. We find that its tunneling probability is essentially different from Boltzmann distribution. It is interesting that two peaks appears in the spectrum when the black hole mass decreases close to Planck mass, which is different from black body radiation. PACS: 04.70.Dy     

Newtonian trajectories: A powerful tool for solving quantum dynamics

Since Ehrenfest’s theorem, the role and importance of classical paths in quantum dynamics have been examined by several means. Along this line, we show that the classical equations of motion provide a solution to quantum dynamics, if appropriately incorporated into the Wigner distribution function, exactly reformulated in a type of Boltzmann equation. Also the quantum-mechanical features of the canonical ensemble can be studied in this framework of Newtonian dynamics, if the initial distribution function is appropriately constructed from the statistical operator.     

Fokker–Planck Equations as Scaling Limits of Reversible Quantum Systems

We consider a quantum particle moving in a harmonic exterior potential and linearly coupled to a heat bath of quantum oscillators. Caldeira and Leggett derived the Fokker–Planck equation with friction for the Wigner distribution of the particle in the large-temperature limit; however, their (nonrigorous) derivation was not free of criticism, especially since the limiting equation is not of Lindblad form. In this paper we recover the correct form of their result in a rigorous way. We also point out that the source of the diffusion is physically restrictive under this scaling. We investigate the model at a fixed temperature and in the large-time limit, where the origin of the diffusion is a cumulative effect of many resonant collisions. We obtain a heat equation with a friction term for the radial process in phase space and we prove the Einstein relation in this case.     

The Boltzmann Equation for a One-Dimensional Quantum Lorentz Gas

We study the macroscopic behavior of a quantum particle under the action of randomly distributed scatterers on the real line. Each scatterer generates a δ-potential. We prove that, in the low density limit, the Wigner function of the system converges to a probability distribution satisfying a classical linear Boltzmann equation, with a scattering cross section computed according to the Quantum Mechanical rules. Received: 2 April 1998 / Accepted: 12 February 1999     

相对论带电费密子Liouville方程

作为密度矩阵一种形式的Wigner函数是量子相空间里的分布。用它描述相对论费密子时,它的通常表达形式为4×4矩阵函数。本文得到相对论带电费密子的2×2矩阵形式的Wigner函数以及它所满足的Liouville方程。这一方程与量子电动力学里带电费密子满足的Dirac方程完全等价。在描述中能核碰撞的Walecka模型里,当只有矢量介子(或标量介于取平均场近似)时,核子满足一定形式的Dirac方程。本文的方程也与之等价。还证明了(2×2)Wigner函数与相对论费密子的波函数在描述量子体系上起着同样的作用。量子体系的可观察量的全部知识都可以通过这里的Wigner函数得到。 关键词：     

The Phonon Boltzmann Equation, Properties and Link to Weakly Anharmonic Lattice Dynamics

For low density gases the validity of the Boltzmann transport equation is well established. The central object is the one-particle distribution function, f, which in the Boltzmann-Grad limit satisfies the Boltzmann equation. Grad and, much refined, Cercignani argue for the existence of this limit on the basis of the BBGKY hierarchy for hard spheres. At least for a short kinetic time span, the argument can be made mathematically precise following the seminal work of Lanford. In this article a corresponding program is undertaken for weakly nonlinear, both discrete and continuum, wave equations. Our working example is the harmonic lattice with a weakly nonquadratic on-site potential. We argue that the role of the Boltzmann f-function is taken over by the Wigner function, which is a very convenient device to filter the slow degrees of freedom. The Wigner function, so to speak, labels locally the covariances of dynamically almost stationary measures. One route to the phonon Boltzmann equation is a Gaussian decoupling, which is based on the fact that the purely harmonic dynamics has very good mixing properties. As a further approach the expansion in terms of Feynman diagrams is outlined. Both methods are extended to the quantized version of the weakly nonlinear wave equation.The resulting phonon Boltzmann equation has been hardly studied on a rigorous level. As one novel contribution we establish that the spatially homogeneous stationary solutions are precisely the thermal Wigner functions. For three phonon processes such a result requires extra conditions on the dispersion law. We also outline the reasoning leading to Fourier’s law for heat conduction.     

Quantum corrections to the entropy in a driven quantum Brownian motion model

The quantum Brownian motion model is a typical model in the study of nonequilibrium quantum thermodynamics. Entropy is one of the most fundamental physical concepts in thermodynamics.In this work, by solving the quantum Langevin equation, we study the von Neumann entropy of a particle undergoing quantum Brownian motion. We obtain the analytical expression of the time evolution of the Wigner function in terms of the initial Wigner function. The result is applied to the thermodynamic equilibrium initial state, which reproduces its classical counterpart in the high temperature limit. Based on these results, for those initial states having well-defined classical counterparts, we obtain the explicit expression of the quantum corrections to the entropy in the weak coupling limit. Moreover, we find that for the thermodynamic equilibrium initial state, all terms odd in h are exactly zero. Our results bring important insights to the understanding of entropy in open quantum systems.     

Classical Limit of Quantum Dissipative Systems

We discuss the Lindblad equation for the density matrix where the dissipation is linear in the position operator. We consider a potential which is a bounded perturbation of the harmonic oscillator. We show that the perturbation of the potential leads to an analytic perturbation of the Wigner distribution. Then the Wigner distribution of the quantum dissipative system tends (uniformly in time) to the classical phase space distribution of the classical dissipative system (if the initial distribution converges when 0).     

Quantum coherent versus classical coherent light

The paper shows that the Wigner distribution function of quantum optical coherent states, or of a superposition of such states, can be produced and measured with a classical optical set-up using classical coherent light fields. This measurement cannot be done directly in quantum optics since the quantum phase space variables correspond to non-commuting operators. As an example, the Wigner distribution function of Schrödinger cat states of light has been measured. It is also shown that the possibility of measuring the Wigner distribution function of quantum coherent states with classical coherent fields is unique in the sense that it cannot be extended to other quantum states, not even to the incoherent limit of the superposition of coherent states.     

Quantum statistical hierarchy equation in nonequilibrium systems

An extension is given for the Fourier expansion method with the contraction technique, which was introduced by Balescu for quantum statistical systems. This is attained by introducing a diagrammatic method with a concept of moving contraction. Then the hierarchy equation for the Contracted Fourier coefficient of the Wigner distribution function is obtained. As an application, a generalized master equation involvingn-body collision effects and quantum statistical effects is also derived.