十二烷基苯磺酸钠-吖啶橙体系的共振光散射和二级散射光谱及其分析应用

研究了阴离子表面活性剂(AS)十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)与吖啶橙(AO)作用的共振光散射(RLS)、二级散射(SOS)和反二级散射(ASOS)光谱, 并建立了AO共振光散射法和SOS、ASOS法水相直接测定环境水样中AS的新方法。结果表明: (1) 在pH 1.8~4.0的范围内, 加入SDBS导致AO共振光散射剧烈增强, 在λem=λex=537nm处, 存在一RLS峰, 其强度与SDBS的浓度成线性关系, 据此建立了一种测定水中AS(以SDBS计)的RLS法。在2.5×10-5 mol/L的AO存在下, 方法的线性范围为0.028~8.71 mg/L, 检出限为8.36μg/L。用该法测定了环境水样中的AS, 结果满意。(2) 当λem=321 nm,λex=642 nm时, 在0.014~8.71 mg/L含量范围内,ΔIASOS 与溶液中物质的浓度成正比, 线性相关系数为0.993, 检出限为4.31μg/L; 当λem= 642 nm, λex= 321 nm时, 在0.050~8.71 mg/L范围内,ΔISOS 与溶液中物质的浓度成正比, 线性相关系数为0.993, 检出限为14.9μg/L。     

金橙G二级散射增敏法测定痕量铁(Ⅲ)

研究了Fe3+对金橙G(OG)二级散射光谱的影响,发现Fe3+对OG的二级散射有增敏作用。进一步考察了Fe3+对OG二级散射光谱的增敏情况,并确定λex=331 nm,λem=662 nm为工作波长。二级散射增敏度(ΔISOS)与Fe3+质量浓度呈良好的线性关系,由此建立了测定Fe3+的新方法。Fe3+的线性范围0.010～1.40μg/mL,检出限为0.003μg/mL,加标回收率为95.9%～103.8%。方法已用于自来水和人发中痕量铁的测定。     

蛋白质-SDS-罗丹明B体系的共振光散射光谱及其分析应用

研究了阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS),阳离子染料罗丹明B,与蛋白质相互作用的共振光散射(RLS)光谱及用于蛋白质的测定.实验表明,在pH 4.35的酸性介质中,SDS的共振光散射强度较小,它与蛋白质结合后,共振光散射强度能得到增强,但加入阳离子染料罗丹明B后,共振光散射强度显著增强.在λ=332.0 nm处,ΔIRLS最大,并且增强的共振光散射信号与蛋白质的浓度成正比.据此建立了一种测定蛋白质的新方法,该方法灵敏度高,对HSA的检出限达到1.9 ng/mL,线性范围为0.01～5.0 μg/mL.用于人血清样品中蛋白质的测定,回收率为94.0%～105.5%.     

曙红Y瑞利散射、二级散射及倍频散射法测定痕量铝

试验表明:在pH 5.0的乙酸盐缓冲介质中,铝(Ⅲ)与曙红Y反应体系的瑞利散射(RRS)、二级散射(SOS)和倍频散射(FDS)均有增敏现象。分别选择λex=λem=598nm(RRS),λex=330nm、λem=660nm(SOS)和λex=604nm、λem=302nm(FDS)作为3种散射强度的测定波长。试验时,选择曙红Y溶液的浓度为5.0×10-5 mol·L-1;在室温反应3min。结果表明:上述3种散射光谱法所测得的ΔIRRS,ΔISOS和ΔIFDS均与铝(Ⅲ)的质量浓度在一定范围内呈线性关系,其检出限(3s)依次为7.5,4.0,8.0μg·L-1。二级散射法的线性范围较宽(0.012~1.5mg·L-1),且检出限最低。用此法分析了人发和茶叶样品,所得结果与原子吸收光谱法的结果相符。用标准加入法进行回收试验,回收率在96.3%~105%之间,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=7)均小于5%。     

罗丹明B共振光散射法测定阴离子表面活性剂

在B-R缓冲溶液中,基于罗丹明B与阴离子表面活性剂(ASF)产生强烈共振光散射增强效应,建立了一种测定阴离子表面活性剂(SDS和SDBS)的方法。试验发现对于SDS和SDBS,最大共振光散射峰位于518和373 nm处。方法具有高的灵敏度,检出限分别为0.023 mg.L-1(SDS)和0.038 mg.L-1(SDBS),用于合成样和环境水样中阴离子表面活性剂含量的测定,回收率为94.0%~105.0%之间,并与亚甲蓝光度法相比,结果满意,可用于环境水样中阴离子表面活性剂的测定。     

盐酸氯丙嗪作探针二级散射和倍频散射法测定环境水样中某些阴离子表面活性剂

在pH3.0~5.0的HAc-NaAc缓冲溶液中,盐酸氯丙嗪与十二烷基苯磺酸钠、十二烷基磺酸钠和十二烷基硫酸钠等阴离子表面活性剂反应形成离子缔合物时,仅能引起吸收光谱和荧光光谱的微小变化,但却能导致二级散射(SOS)和倍频散射(FDS)的显著增强。最大SOS峰均在552nm附近,最大FDS峰均在390nm附近。其中SOS法灵敏度更高,它对十二烷基苯磺酸钠、十二烷基硫酸钠和十二烷基磺酸钠的检出限分别为0.047、0.106和0.117mg/L,而其线性范围分别为0.2~12、0.4~15和0.4~20.0mg/L。研究了反应产物的吸收、荧光、SOS和FDS光谱特征、适宜的反应条件及分析化学性质,据此发展了一种用SOS技术灵敏、简便、快速测定阴离子表面活性剂的环境友好型新方法。     

碱性品红共振散射法测定阴离子表面活性剂

在pH 6.0 Walpole缓冲溶液中,碱性品红(FB)与阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)在静电引力作用和疏水作用力共同作用下形成了紫红色离子缔合微粒,其分别在258、316、358和623nm处产生4个共振散射峰,最强峰位于316nm处。于优化实验条件下,在1.0×10-7～5.6×10-5mol/L范围内,体系的共振散射信号与SDBS浓度之间呈良好的线性关系,其检出限为1.86×10-12mol/L。该方法直接用于测定生活废水中的阴离子表面活性剂含量,得到较满意的结果,回收率为96.8%～106.9%。     

Hg(Ⅱ)与法莫替丁和阴离子表面活性剂三元混配物的共振瑞利散射、二级散射和倍频散射光谱及其分析应用

在pH 5.9 NaAc-HAc的缓冲溶液中,法莫替丁(FMTD)与Hg(II)形成五元环螯合阳离子([Hg(FMTD)]2+),再进一步与十二烷基硫酸钠(SLS),十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)和十二烷基磺酸钠(SDS)等阴离子表面活性剂(AS)反应形成1: 1: 2的三元混配物([Hg(FMTD)(AS)2]). 此时,引起体系共振瑞利散射(RRS)、二级散射(SOS)和倍频散射(FDS)的显著增强. 最大的散射波长位于345~352 nm (RRS法)、544 nm (SOS法) 和352 nm (FDS法),3种散射强度(?I)的顺序均为SLS>SDS>SDBS,在一定范围内?I与FMTD的浓度成良好的线性关系,检出限为3.3~3.9 ng/mL (RRS法)、14.6 ~ 16.3 ng/mL (SOS法)和7.0 ~ 8.5 ng/mL (FDS法). 据此提出了灵敏度高、选择性好、快速准确测定FMTD的光散射新方法. 适用于注射液、血清和尿样中FMTD含量的测定. 文中探讨了[Hg(FMTD)(AS)2]的形成对吸收和RRS光谱的影响及引起RRS增强的原因.     

溴甲酚绿-Triton X-100与扑草净作用的共振光散射光谱研究

研究了扑草净-溴甲酚绿-Triton X-100体系的共振光散射光谱。加入经HCl酸化的扑草净后溴甲酚绿的共振光散射光谱有明显增强,表面活性剂TritonX-100的加入使光谱强度显著增加,产生最大散射波长为562 nm的共振散射光信号,且散射光强度与扑草净的质量浓度呈线性关系,线性范围为0.01~0.35μg/mL,检出限为7.8 ng/mL。该方法已用于实际样品中扑草净的测定。     

V(Ⅴ)-4-(2-吡啶偶氮)-间苯二酚-SDS体系的共振散射光谱及分析应用

在pH 3.6的HAc-NaAc缓冲介质中, V(Ⅴ)与4-(2-吡啶)偶氮-间苯二酚(PAR)及阴离子表面活性剂SDS形成稳定缔合物, 在290 nm和570 nm处出现两个较强的共振散射峰, 在一定条件下, 于570 nm处, 共振散射光强度ΔI与钒含量在0～0.06 μg/mL范围内呈良好线性关系, 由此建立了测定微量钒的高灵敏度共振光散射新方法. 考察了适宜的反应条件和影响因素, 研究了共存物质的影响, 方法检出限为0.0023 μg/mL. 用此法测定植物样品中钒含量, 相对标准偏差小于5%, 回收率为96%～104%.     

A laser light scattering study of the interaction between human serum albumin and ampicillin sodium

1 Introduction Studies on the interaction of the complexes formed between proteins and amphiphilic molecules in aque- ous solutions have become a new focus and great pro- gress has been made in recent years[1―5]. An under- standing of these systems is of great importance in many biological processes and clinical use of drugs. The globular anionic protein human serum albumin (HSA) is widely used as a protein model in many studies[1―4,6]. Its principal function is to transport fatty acids an…     

The exponential distribution in small angle X-ray scattering. Theory and practice

Summary From all the theoretical small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) curves of compact (non-particulate) systems elaborated systematically by Porod [2], we give a theoretical analysis of only one scattering curve, the corresponding correlation function of which is an exponential distribution. To obtain a correct as well as an easier determination of the zero-intensityI ₀ and the correlation lengthl _c than with the procedure usual up to now (analysis of the plotI(s)^–1/n vs.s ² withn=2 or 3/2) the classical SAXS-parameters of particle scattering will be involved in the evaluation. In this way the results get also a more useful conception for a practical application.Von den systematisch besprochenen Röntgenkleinwinkelstreukurven der dichtgepackten Systeme von Porod [2] wird nur eine Streukurve, deren Korrelationsfunktion eine exponentielle Verteilung aufweist, theoretisch analysiert und mit den klassischen Auswertungsmethoden der Partikelstreuung in Verbindung gesetzt. Dadurch werden die die Streukurve bestimmenden Parameterl _c (Kohärenzlänge) und die NullintensitätI ₀ besser erfaßt als mit der in der Literatur bisher veröffentlichten Methode (AuftragungI(s)^–1/n gegens ², mitn=2 oder 3/2). Damit erhalten außerdem die Meßergebnisse eine anschaulichere Auslegung.Dedicated to Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. Otto Kratky on the occasion of his 90th birthday     

Study on the interaction between palladium(II)-chlorpromazine hydrochloride and sodium tungstate by the resonance Rayleigh scattering, second-order scattering and frequency doubling scattering spectra and its analytical application

The interaction between palladium(II)-chlorpromazine hydrochloride and sodium tungstate was investigated by ultravioletvisible absorption,resonance Rayleigh scattering(RRS),second-order scattering(SOS)and frequency doubling scattering (FDS)spectroscopy.In pH 5.3 Britton-Robinson(BR)buffer medium,chlorpromazine hydrochloride(CPZ)reacted with Pd(II) to form 2:1 cationic chelate,which further reacted with Na2WO4 to form a 1:1 ternary ion-association complex ([Pd(CPZ)2]·WO4).As a result,the signal intensities o...     

Dynamic light scattering – an all-purpose guide for the supramolecular chemist

ABSTRACT

Dynamic light scattering (DLS) is a useful tool for the study of the solution-based behavior of colloids and molecular assemblies. The aim of this methods paper is to provide perspective on how this technique can be used by supramolecular chemists. As this technique is not extensively used within the field, we also provide a historical background of its development, summarize data interpretation and the strengths and limitations of the technique, and provide a perspective on some of the important features for supramolecular chemists that can be found in an instrument.     

Time-resolved small-angle neutron scattering study of polyethylene crystallization from solution

With time-resolved small-angle neutron scattering (TR-SANS), the crystallization kinetics of polyethylene from deuterated o-xylene solutions upon a temperature jump have been investigated. On the basis of a morphological model of coexisting lamellar stacks and coil chains in solution, experimental data have been quantitatively analyzed to provide structural information, such as the lamellar long period, the lamellar crystal thickness, the thickness of the amorphous layers between lamellae, the degree of crystallinity, and the crystal growth rate at various degrees of undercooling. The viability of TR-SANS for studying polymer crystallization is demonstrated through the consistency of these measurements and well-established knowledge of polyethylene crystallization from xylene solutions. One unique feature of this experimentation is that both the growth of lamellar crystals and the condensation of coil chains from solution are monitored simultaneously. The ratio of the crystal growth to the chain consumption rate decreases rapidly with a decreasing degree of undercooling. The Avrami analysis suggests that the growth mechanism approaches two-dimensional behavior at higher temperatures, and this is consistent with the observation of an increasing ratio of the sharp-surface area to the bulk crystal growth rate with temperature. The limitations, possible remedies, and potentials of TR-SANS for studying polymer crystallization are discussed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 3133–3147, 2004     

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) for probing internal cellular structure and dynamics

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) provides vibrational information about molecules that are located within several nanometers of the surface of a metallic nanoparticle. This review describes the various challenges and successes of applying SERS inside living cells in order to gain information about the internal structure and dynamic processes occurring in the intracellular matrix. In particular, the challenges associated with the introduction of metal nanoparticles into cells are described, as well as the complexity of interpreting SERS spectra from within complex biological environments. Strategies for understanding and improving the specificity of SERS in vivo are also presented.

Dynamic and electrophoretic light scattering of poly(dimethyldiallylammonium chloride) in salt-free solutions

Dynamic and electrophoretic light scattering were used to study the diffusion and electrophoretic mobility of poly(dimethyldiallylammonium chloride) as a function of polymer molecular weight in salt-free solutions. Two relaxation modes characterized as fast diffusion (D_f) and slow diffusion (D_s) were obtained from dynamic light scattering. Although the slow diffusion coefficient D_s strongly depends on molecular weight (M_w), the fast diffusion coefficient D_f was found to be independent of M_w over the range in the study. The fast diffusion was considered as the diffusion of a part of the polymer chain; the slow diffusion was interpreted by multichain diffusion. Electrophoretic light scattering results in the salt-free solution show that the electrophoretic mobility of the polymer is independent of M_w. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Resonance Rayleigh scattering method for the recognition and determination of double-stranded DNA using amikacin

In weakly acidic buffer medium, the interaction of amikacin with calf thymus DNA, yeast RNA and denatured DNA has been investigated by using resonance Rayleigh scattering (RRS) technique. The result shows that calf thymus DNA is capable of enhancing the RRS intensity of the amikacin, while yeast RNA and denatured DNA have very little enhancement effect. Based on the characteristics, a sensitive assay for detecting double-stranded DNA in the presence of denatured DNA and yeast RNA has been developed. The enhancement of the RRS signal is directly proportional to the concentration of double-stranded DNA in the range 0.02-12.0 μg ml⁻¹ for calf thymus DNA and its detection limit (3σ) is 2.5 ng ml⁻¹. The method shows a wide linear range and high sensitivity, and almost no interference can be observed from RNA, denatured DNA, amino acid and most of the metal ions. The trace amounts of nucleic acid in synthetic samples and practical samples are determined with satisfactory results. Therefore, the proposed method is promising for as an effect means for recognition in vivo and determination in situ of double-stranded DNA.     

Immunoassay by detecting enhanced resonance light scattering signals of immunocomplex using a common spectrofluorometer

A sensitive, highly specific immunoassay method has been developed by measuring the enhanced resonance light scattering (RLS) signals of immunoreactions with simultaneously scanning both the excitation and the emission monochromators of a common spectrofluorometer. For a given content of antibody (Ab), the RLS signals of an immunoreaction follow Gaussian distribution with antigen (Ag) concentration. The central position of the Gaussian curve represents the concentration of given Ab, and the half bandwidth has proved to be a characteristic constant of a given Ab-Ag immunoreaction. With the RLS signals, the limit of detection for human immunoglobulin G (HIgG) in serum samples could reach 10 ng ml⁻¹, and the concentration of HIgG in blood serum samples could be detected with the recovery of 90.2-107.7% and R.S.D. of 0.8-2.7%. The results of determination for three human serum samples are identical to those obtained by immunoturbidimetry.     

A highly sensitive and selective resonance Rayleigh scattering method for Hg2+ based on the nanocatalytic amplification

In 0.2 mol/L HCl–0.22 mol/L HNO₃ medium, trace Hg²⁺ catalyzed NaH₂PO₂ reduction of HAuCl₄ to form gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), which exhibited a strong resonance Rayleigh scattering (RRS) effect at 370 nm. With increasing of [Hg²⁺], the RRS effect enhanced due to more AuNP generated from the catalytic reaction. Under the chosen conditions, the enhanced RRS intensity at 370 nm is linear to Hg²⁺ concentration in the range of 5.0–450 × 10⁻⁹ mol/L, with a detection limit of 0.1 nmol/L. This RRS method was applied for the determination of Hg in water samples, with high sensitivity and good selectivity, and its results were agreement with that of atomic fluorescence spectrometry.