巯基硅球石墨烯复合材料的合成与重金属离子吸附

采用一锅法和水热法分别合成了单分散巯基修饰氧化硅球(MFS)及其石墨烯超轻复合材料(MFSGA)。利用X射线衍射、扫描电镜、红外光谱等方法对MFS和MFSGA的材料结构和形貌进行表征。MFSGA表现出良好的结构强度,MFS在复合材料中均匀分散。考察了材料粒径、修饰剂种类等因素对MFS形貌和表面结构的影响。采用X射线荧光法测试了MFS和MFSGA对Hg²⁺等重金属离子的吸附特性,二者对Hg²⁺的饱和吸附量分别为260.19和158.06 mg/g。MFS易于合成且应用经济性良好,MFSGA的结构稳定性好,易于回收与重复利用,具有较大的应用潜力。     

SBA-15负载CeO2纳米晶的溶胶-凝胶一步合成

以P123为模板剂, 正硅酸乙酯和硝酸铈为前驱体, 通过溶胶-凝胶路线在酸性条件下合成了SBA-15负载氧化铈(CeO2与SiO2质量比为28.7%)有序介孔材料. 采用热重/差热分析(TGA/DTA)、X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)和氮气吸附等手段对所合成材料进行了表征. 结果表明, 合成的材料具有类似于SBA-15的结构, 孔径、孔容和比表面积分别为38.7 Å, 0.46 cm3/g和570 m2/g. X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)、X射线能谱(EDS)和选区电子衍射花样联合表征证实了铈物种以高分散的CeO2纳米晶的形式分布在介孔基体中.     

CuMn2O4@GA复合材料的合成与CO转化

催化氧化法在CO消除领域广泛应用,合成了单分散多孔微球催化剂CuMn₂O₄及其石墨烯气凝胶(GA)超轻复合材料CuMn₂O₄@GA。通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)等方法表征了材料结构。结果表明,水热法是理想的石墨烯复合材料合成方法。CuMn₂O₄@GA材料结构强度良好、质地均一,催化剂颗粒在气凝胶结构中充分分散。催化性能测试表明,CuMn₂O₄形貌与CO在其表面的吸附和催化转化行为密切相关。得益于复合材料的低密度网络结构,在60000 mL/(g(cat)·h)的高通量进气和128℃下实现了CO的完全转化。进气湿度对复合材料CO催化活性无明显影响,多次重复活化和使用测试表明复合材料具有良好的结构保持性和优良的应用经济性。     

完美骨架全硅β沸石性质研究Ⅰ.合成全硅β沸石与脱铝β沸石的性质比较

以四乙基氢氧化铵为模板剂,正硅酸乙酯为硅源,静置水热法合成全硅β沸石.用硝酸(13 mol/L)对硅铝比(Si/Al)为20的Na-β沸石回流脱铝.焙烧后的上述两样品经粉末X射线衍射、低温氮吸附、核磁共振、红外光谱、吸附等温线等表征,发现合成的全硅β沸石骨架与孔道结构完美并具有很高的表面疏水/亲有机物的吸附特性.     

Cu-Zn-Al-Zr合成二甲醚浆状催化剂的完全液相制备及表征

利用完全液相法,以不同加料顺序制备了Cu-Zn-Al-Zr浆状催化剂,采用X射线粉末衍射、氮吸附、程序升温还原、X射线光电子能谱和氨程序升温脱附对其进行了表征,考察了Cu-Zn-Al-Zr浆状催化剂在合成气一步法合成二甲醚反应中的催化性能。结果表明,不同加料顺序对催化剂性能有显著的影响; Zr与Al同时加入时,催化剂的活性组份分散均匀,易于还原,表面结构稳定,拥有与CuZnAl催化剂相似的强弱酸中心;当 Al/Zr=10/1时,催化剂的CO转化率和DME选择性与CuZnAl催化剂基本持平,但催化剂的流变性得到明显改善。     

Fe3O4/PEI/GO复合材料的制备及其吸附效果研究

以氧化石墨烯(GO)和聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)为反应物,采用共混法制备PEI/GO,然后将Fe_3O_4纳米颗粒分散沉积到PEI/GO表面,得到了复合材料Fe_3O_4/PEI/GO。利用傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等方法对该材料进行表征,并研究了其对Cu~(2+)的吸附性能。结果表明,PEI与GO的羧基反应生成了酰胺键,Fe_3O_4成功沉积在GO表面,GO层状结构的规整性被破坏。Freundlich等温吸附模型和准二级动力学模型能更好地拟合Cu~(2+)在Fe_3O_4/PEI/GO表面的吸附过程,说明该吸附主要受化学作用控制,可能是Fe_3O_4/PEI/GO表面的胺基、羧基、羟基等活性基团与Cu~(2+)发生了离子交换或络合反应所致。     

完善骨架全硅β沸石性质研究

以四乙基氢氧化铵为模板剂,正硅酸乙酯为硅源,静置水热法合成全硅β沸石 。用硝酸(13 mol/L)对硅铝比(Si/Al)为20的Na-β沸石回流脱铝。焙烧后的上述两 样品经粉末X射线衍射、低温氮吸附、核磁共振、红外光谱、吸附等温线等表征, 发现合成的全硅β沸石骨架与孔道结构完善并具有很高的表面疏水／亲有机物的吸 附特性。     

以金属有机骨架为牺牲模板制备MnOx-CeO2及其催化氧化

以均苯三甲酸合铈-金属有机骨架(CeBTC-MOF)作为模板制备系列不同Mn含量的MnO_x-CeO₂催化剂,用于甲苯催化氧化。应用X射线衍射(XRD)、N₂物理吸附-脱附、热重分析(TG)、元素分析(EA)、电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-OES)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、程序升温还原(H₂-TPR)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、拉曼光谱(Raman)和紫外可见漫反射(UV-vis)等手段对催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,通过MOF模板法制备的复合氧化物具备棒状形貌、高度分散、高比表面积和纳米晶体颗粒等特征。Mn在引入MOF的过程中,一部分进入CeO₂晶格形成固溶体,另一部分则分散在CeO₂表面,且分散的Mn分为单层分散态和晶相态。其中,CeO₂载体表面和Mn分散物之间的强相互作用是影响活性的重要因素。当表面分散的Mn低于单层分散阈值6.2%时,Mn以嵌入模型的形式与表面CeO₂发生强相互作用,有效促进催化剂的还原从而提高活性;当表面分散的Mn超过单层分散阈值6.2%时,载体表面形成Mn₃O₄晶相结构,对活性无明显促进作用。     

完善骨架全硅β沸石性质研究

以四乙基氢氧化铵为模板剂，正硅酸乙酯为硅源，静置水热法合成全硅β沸石 。用硝酸(13 mol/L)对硅铝比(Si/Al)为20的Na-β沸石回流脱铝。焙烧后的上述两 样品经粉末X射线衍射、低温氮吸附、核磁共振、红外光谱、吸附等温线等表征， 发现合成的全硅β沸石骨架与孔道结构完善并具有很高的表面疏水／亲有机物的吸 附特性。     

聚乙二醇/羟基磷灰石纳米杂化材料的制备及表征

以聚乙二醇单甲醚(MPEG)为原料, 采用先磷酰化再水解的方法合成了聚乙二醇单甲醚磷酸酯(P-MPEG). 以P-MPEG为空间位阻剂, 采用共沉淀法合成了内核为纳米羟基磷灰石(nHA)、 壳层为MPEG链的纳米杂化材料. 用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、 X射线衍射(XRD)、 透射电子显微镜(TEM)和激光粒度分析(LPSA)对材料结构进行了表征. 结果表明, 所合成的杂化材料不仅能在水中再分散, 而且可以在甲醇和二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)等有机溶剂中再分散.     

Novel Fe3O4/hydroxyapatite/β‐cyclodextrin nanocomposite adsorbent: Synthesis and application in heavy metal removal from aqueous solution

The increased global concern on environmental protection has made researchers focus their attention on new and more efficient methods of pollutant removal. In this research, novel nanocomposite adsorbents,i.e., magnetic hydroxyapatite (Fe₃O₄@HA) and magnetic hydroxyapatite β‐cyclodextrin (Fe₃O₄@HA‐CD) were synthesized and used for heavy metal removal. The adsorbents were characterized by FTIR, XRD, TGA, VSM, and SEM. In order to investigate the effect of β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD) removal efficiency, adsorption results of nine metal ions were compared for both adsorbents. β‐CD showed the most increasing effect for Cd²⁺ and Cu²⁺ removal, so these two ions were selected for further studies. The effect of diverse parameters including pH, contact time, initial metal ion concentration and adsorbent dosage on the adsorption process was discussed. The optimum pH was 6 and adsorption equilibrium was achieved after 1 hr. Adsorption kinetic data were well fitted by pseudo‐second‐order model proposing that metal ions were adsorbed via chemical reaction. Adsorption isotherm was best described by the Langmuir model, and maximum adsorption capacity for Cd²⁺ and Cu²⁺ was 100.00 and 66.66 (mg/g), respectively. Desorption experiment was also done, and the most efficient eluent used for desorption of metal ions was EDTA (0.001 M) with 91% and 88% of Cd²⁺ and Cu²⁺ release, respectively. Recyclability studies also showed a 19% decrease in the adsorption capacity of the adsorbent after five cycles of regeneration. Therefore, the synthesized adsorbents were recognized as potential candidates for heavy metal adsorption applications.     

Heavy metal ions removal by nano-sized spherical polymer brushes

Nano-sized spherical polymer brushes(SPBs) consisting of both a polystyrene(PS) core and a brush shell of poly(acrylic acid)(PAA), poly(N-acrylcysteamine)(PSH), or poly(N-acrylcysteamine-co-acrylic acid)(P(SH-co-AA)), were prepared by photo-emulsion polymerization. The core-shell structure was observed by dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy. Due to the strengthened Donnan effect, the PAA brush can adsorb heavy metal ions. Effects of the contact time, thickness of PAA brush and pH value on the adsorption results were investigated. Due to the coordination between the mercapto groups and heavy metal ions as well as the electrostatic interactions, SPBs with mercapto groups are capable to remove heavy metal ions selectively from aqueous solutions. The order of adsorption capacity of the heavy metal ions by SPBs with mercapto groups is: Hg2+ ≈ Au3+ Pb2+ Cu2+ Ni2+. The adsorbed heavy metal ions can be eluted from SPB by aqueous HCl solution, and the SPBs can be recovered. After three regenerations the recovered SPBs still maintain their adsorption capacity.     

Preparation of Magnetic MIL-68(Ga) Metal–Organic Framework and Heavy Metal Ion Removal Application

A magnetic metal–organic framework nanocomposite (magnetic MIL-68(Ga)) was synthesized through a “one pot” reaction and used for heavy metal ion removal. The morphology and elemental properties of the nanocomposite were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), as well as zeta potential. Moreover, the factors affecting the adsorption capacity of the nanocomposite, including time, pH, metal ion type and concentration, were studied. It was found that the adsorption capacity of magnetic MIL-68(Ga) for Pb²⁺ and Cu²⁺ was 220 and 130 mg/g, respectively. Notably, the magnetic adsorbents could be separated easily using an external magnetic field, regenerated by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt (EDTA-Na₂) and reused three times, in favor of practical application. This study provides a reference for the rapid separation and purification of heavy metal ions from wastewater.     

Preparation of cross‐linked porous starch and its adsorption for chromium (VI) in tannery wastewater

Various cross‐linked amino starches were used for chromium (VI) adsorption in the environmental protection area. In order to improve chromium (VI) adsorption, the new cross‐linked amino starch with porous structure (CPS) was synthesized by reverse emulsion polymerization, using waxy corn starch after enzyme hydrolysis (ES) as raw material, N,N′‐methylene‐bis‐acrylamide (MBAA) as cross‐linking agent, and ceric ammonium nitrate as initiator. The effects of the volume ratio of oil phase/aqueous phase, the content of emulsifiers, ES, and MBAA on the swelling, solubility property, chromium (VI) adsorption capacity, grafting ratio, and conversion ratio of CPS were investigated. The properties and morphology of CPS have been characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and scanning electron microscopy. The maximum adsorption capacity for chromium (VI) ions of CPS reached 28.83 mg/g when the synthesis condition of CPS was controlled as V_oil: V_H2O 8:1, emulsifier 9%, starch 2%, and MBAA 10%. The new adsorption peaks of CPS at 1641 cm^?1 and 1541 cm^?1 proved the cross‐linking reaction between ES and MBAA. The thermal decomposition temperature of CPS was improved to 250°C, and the gelatinization temperature and enthalpy value of CPS were decreased compared with ES because of the occurrence of the cross‐linking reaction. The CPS was like a sponge with a large amount of pores, and the size of these pores was 5 µm. CPS also exhibited superior adsorption property to other heavy metal ions such as cadmium (II) and lead (II) (17.37 and 35.56 mg/g). Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Study of the adsorption behavior ¶of heavy metal ions on nanometer-size ¶titanium dioxide with ICP-AES

A new method using nanoparticle TiO₂ as solid-phase extractant coupled with ICP-AES was proposed for simultaneous determination of trace elements. The adsorption behavior of nanometer TiO₂ towards Cu, Cr, Mn and Ni was investigated by ICP-AES, and the adsorption pH curves, adsorption isotherms and adsorption capacities were obtained. It was found that the adsorption rates of the metal ions studied were more than 90% in pH 8.0～9.0, and 2.0 mol L^–1 HCl was sufficient for complete elution. Nanometer TiO₂ possesses a significant capacity for the sorption of the metal ions studied which is higher than the capacity of silica, the commonly used extractant. The method has been applied to the analysis of some environmental samples with satisfactory results.     

Magnetite nanoparticles for removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions: synthesis and characterization

Fe₃O₄ magnetic nanoparticles were synthesized by co-precipitation method. The structural characterization showed an average nanoparticle size of 8 nm. The synthesized Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles were tested for the treatment of synthetic aqueous solutions contaminated by metal ions, i.e. Pb(II), Cu(II), Zn(II) and Mn(II). Experimental results show that the adsorption capacity of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles is maximum for Pb(II) and minimum for Mn(II), likely due to a different electrostatic attraction between heavy metal cations and negatively charged adsorption sites, mainly related to the hydrated ionic radii of the investigated heavy metals. Various factors influencing the adsorption of metal ions, e.g., pH, temperature, and contacting time were investigated to optimize the operating condition for the use of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles as adsorbent. The experimental results indicated that the adsorption is strongly influenced by pH and temperature, the effect depending on the different metal ion considered.     

Critical Evaluation of Adsorption–Desorption Hysteresis of Heavy Metal Ions from Carbon Nanotubes: Influence of Wall Number and Surface Functionalization

Single‐, double‐, and multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs, DWCNTs, and MWCNTs), and two oxidized MWCNTs with different oxygen contents (2.51 wt % and 3.5 wt %) were used to study the effect of the wall number and surface functionalization of CNTs on their adsorption capacity and adsorption–desorption hysteresis for heavy metal ions (Ni^II, Cd^II, and Pb^II). Metal ions adsorbed on CNTs could be desorbed by lowering the solution pH. Adsoprtion of heavy metal ions was not completely reversible when the supernatant was replaced with metal ion‐free electrolyte solution. With increasing wall number and amount of surface functional groups, CNTs had more surface defects and exhibited higher adsorption capacity and higher adsorption–desorption hysteresis index (HI) values. The coverage of heavy metal ions on the surface of CNTs, solution pH, and temperature affect the metal ion adsorption–desorption hysteresis. A possible shift in the adsorption mechanism from mainly irreversible to largely reversible processes may take place, as the amount of metal ions adsorbed on CNTs increases. Heavy metal ions may be irreversibly adsorbed on defect sites.     

Preparation of PSSS‐grafted polysulfone microfiltration membrane and its rejection and removal properties towards heavy metal ions

3‐Hydroxy‐N,N‐diethylaniline (HDEA) as a tertiary aromatic amine was introduced onto the surface of chloromethylated polysulfone (CMPSF) microfiltration membrane through modification reaction, resulting in the modified membrane PSF‐DEA. A redox surface‐initiating system (DEA/APS) was constituted by the bonded tertiary aromatic amine group DEA and ammonium persulfate (APS) in aqueous solution, and so, the free radicals formed on the membrane initiated sodium p‐styrenesulfonate (SSS) as an anionic monomer to produce graft polymerization, getting the grafting‐type composite microfiltration membrane, PSF‐g‐PSSS membrane. Subsequently, the adsorption property of PSF‐g‐PSSS membrane for three heavy metal ions, Pb²⁺, Zn²⁺, and Hg²⁺ ions, was fully examined, and the rejection performance of PSF‐g‐PSSS membrane towards the three heavy metal ions was emphatically evaluated via permeation experiments. The experimental results show that by the initiating of the surface‐initiating system of DEA/APS, the graft polymerization can smoothly be carried out under mild conditions. PSF‐g‐PSSS membrane as a functional microfiltration membrane has strong adsorption ability for heavy metal ions by right of strong electrostatic interaction (or ion exchange action) between the anionic sulfonate ions on the membrane and heavy metal ions. The order of adsorption capacity is Pb²⁺ > Zn²⁺ > Hg²⁺, and the adsorption capacity of Pb²⁺ ion gets up to 2.18 μmol/cm². As the volume of permeation solutions, in which the concentrations of the three metal ions are 0.2 mmol/L, are in a range of 50 to 70 mL, the rejection rate of PSF‐g‐PSSS membrane for the three heavy metal ions can reach a level of 95%, displaying a fine rejection and removing performance towards heavy metal ions.     

Preparation of core-shell magnetic Fe3O4@SiO2-dithiocarbamate nanoparticle and its application for the Ni2+, Cu2+ removal

A typical superparamagnetic nanoparticles-based dithiocarbamate absorbent (Fe₃O₄@SiO₂-DTC) with core-shell structure was applied for aqueous solution heavy metal ions Ni²⁺, Cu²⁺ removal.