On the magnetic ordering of the high Tc superconductor GdBa2Cu3O7

The magnetically ordered state of GdBa₂Cu₃O₇ at low temperatures has been investigated using the extended Luttinger-Tisza method. It is found that the observed ordering of this compound can be explained by a purely dipole-dipole interaction. An estimate has been made of the internal magnetic field produced due to magnetic ordering of Gd metal ions at a copper site and it is found that the values are within the range of superconducting quenching field and may permit the coexistence of magnetic ordering and superconductivity.     

Ordered phase of nuclear spins in uniaxial ferromagnets at ultralow temperatures

Paper investigates the onset of nuclear magnetic ordering caused by the indirect Suhl-Nakamura interaction in ferromagnets. The necessary condition for nuclear spin ordering with definite ordering vector is obtained. Particularly, it is shown that ferromagnetically ordered phase of nuclear spins could be observed only in case of disk shaped samples. The spectrum of the nuclear spin excitations is also found. Received 25 January 1999 and Received in final form 5 May 1999     

X-Band ESR and51V NMR study of the Haldane system PbNi2−xMgxV2O8

The temperature and angular dependence of the X-band electron spin resonance (ESR) and⁵¹V nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra have been measured in a recently discovered Haldenegap system, PbNi_2-xMg_xV₂O₈ (0≤x≤0.24). The angular dependence of the ESR signal suggests that both the spin diffusion as well as the magnetic anisotropy determine the electronic spin correlation functions. However, in doped samples the magnetic anisotropy increasingly dominates the spin dynamics on cooling. The huge broadening of the⁵¹V NMR spectra in doped samples at low temperatures provides evidence for localized magnetic moments in the vicinity of the Mg impurities. Locally distorted structure around each Mg impurity may slightly modify the magnetic interactions and be potentially responsible for the antiferromagnetic ordering (belowT _N≈ 3.5K) in doped compositions.     

Spin–Spin Interactions and Nuclear Magnetic Relaxation in Magnetic Solids

The influence of the orientational fluctuations of the electronic magnetization, which modulate nuclear spin–spin interactions (Suhl–Nakamura and dipole–dipole), on the spin-lattice relaxation of magnetic nuclei with spin I = 1/2 in the magnetically ordered solids has been investigated. It has been shown that this mechanism of the spin-lattice relaxation is less effective in comparison with the process of spin-lattice relaxation caused by the direct fluctuations of hyperfine fields, which appear when there are the fluctuations of electronic magnetization direction.     

An investigation of the spin glass behaviour in iron antimonate by iron-57 and antimony-121 Mössbauer spectroscopy

Iron antimonate, which contains a superlattice composed of an ordered array of cations in the rutile-type structure, has been shown to undergo a spin glass transition atca. 20K which is induced by antisite atomic ordering. The iron-57 Mössbauer spectra recorded at 298 and 77K provide information on the relaxation times of short range magnetically ordered clusters identified by magnetic susceptibility measurements. The spectrum of 4K is tentatively interpreted in terms of the existence, at temperatures below the spin glass transition temperature, of a hyperfine magnetic field distribution at Fe³⁺ ions with a mean value of 487 kOe and which contains a supertransferred contribution from the nearest neighbour Fe³⁺ ions. The¹²¹Sb Mössbauer spectra are characteristic of Sb⁵⁺ and the increasing linewidths at lower temperatures are consistent with the presence of a supertransferred hyperfine magnetic field at the Sb⁵⁺ species ofca. 16^kOe.     

Neutron diffraction investigation of the magnetic ordering of TiBe2

A neutron diffraction measurement on a polycrystalline sample of TiBe₂ did not reveal any onset of antiferromagnetic ordering at temperatures as low as 1.4 K. The maximum value of the ordered magnetic moment on titanium which might have gone undetected in the present experiment is shown to be 0.2 Bohr magnetons for a transverse spin density wave of arbitrary periodicity.     

Magnetostrictive and quadrupolar anisotropy in nuclear magnetic fcc systems

The spin hamiltonian for nuclear magnetic order in copper is investigated with respect to magnetoelastic couplings to the lattice. These arise due to the dipolar, Ruderman Kittel and the quadrupolar interaction. While the latter is quenched for the ideal fcc-lattice, it is found that for copper it will dominate the magnetoelastic terms of the nuclear spin hamiltonian. The absolute size of the quadrupole contribution is determined by the effective charge and (anti-) shielding effects. This interaction can give rise to an effective anisotropy in the fcc-system which can be quite large compared to the small stabilisation energies for nuclear order in copper. Consequences for the nuclear ordering in copper are briefly discussed and compared to the available experimental and theoretical data.     

Ordering in Heisenberg spin glasses

For five different Heisenberg spin glass systems, torque experiments were performed in applied magnetic fields up to 4 T. The Dzyaloshinski-Moriya random anisotropy strengths, the in-field torque onset temperatures, and the torque relaxation were measured. Critical exponents were estimated independently using a standard protocol. The data are strong evidence for a true spin glass ordered state which survives under high applied magnetic fields; they can be interpreted consistently in terms of a chiral ordering model with replica symmetry breaking as proposed by Kawamura and co-workers.     

Spin and charge ordering in three-leg ladders in oxyborates

We study the spin ordering within the three-leg ladders present in the oxyborate Fe3O2BO3 consisting of localized classical spins interacting with conduction electrons (one electron per rung). We also consider the competition with antiferromagnetic superexchange interactions to determine the magnetic phase diagram. Besides a ferromagnetic phase we find (i) a phase with ferromagnetic rungs ordered antiferromagnetically and (ii) a zigzag canted spin ordering along the legs. We also determine the induced charge ordering within the different phases and the interplay with lattice instability. Our model is discussed in connection with the lattice dimerization transition observed in this system, emphasizing the role of the magnetic structure.     

Magnetic excitations in sinusoidally modulated spin structures

We show by using a simple model that in incommensurate sinusoidally modulated spin structures, such as those found in Er and Tm just below their magnetic ordering temperatures and in the ordered phase of Cr, the magnon modes are broadened due to the spatial fluctuations of the exchange and anisotropy energies.     

Unconventional magnetism in a nitrogen-containing analog of cupric oxide

We have investigated the magnetic properties of CuNCN, the first nitrogen-based analog of cupric oxide CuO. Our muon-spin relaxation, nuclear magnetic resonance, and electron-spin resonance studies reveal that classical magnetic ordering is absent down to the lowest temperatures. However, a large enhancement of spin correlations and an unexpected inhomogeneous magnetism have been observed below 80 K. We attribute this to a peculiar fragility of the electronic state against weak perturbations due to geometrical frustration, which selects between competing spin-liquid and more conventional frozen states.     

Spin Kinetics of Liquid <Superscript>3</Superscript>He in Contact with a DyF<Subscript>3</Subscript> Micropowder at Ferromagnetic Ordering of Dy<Superscript>3+</Superscript> Ions

The spin kinetics of liquid ³He in contact with a mixture of LaF₃ (99.67%) and DyF₃ (0.33%) micropowders at temperatures of 1.5–3 K has been studied by pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The DyF3 is a dipolar dielectric ferromagnet with the phase transition temperature T_c= 2.55 K, whereas the diamagnetic fluoride LaF₃ is a diluting substance for the optimal observation conditions of ³Не NMR in powder pores. The magnetic phase transition in DyF₃ is accompanied by a considerable change in the character of fluctuations of the magnetic moments of dysprosium ions, which affect the spin kinetics of ³Не in contact with the substrate. Significant changes in the relaxations rates of the longitudinal and transverse magnetizations of 3Не have been discovered in the region of magnetic ordering of the solid matrix. The technique of studying the static and fluctuating magnetic fields of a solid matrix at low temperatures using liquid ³He as a probe has been proposed.     

Magnetic hyperfine interactions and compositional short range order in the Heusler alloys Cu2MnIn1-xSnx

A comprehensive study of the magnetic hyperfine interactions and the processes of crystallographic ordering in the Heusler alloy system Cu₂MnIn_1-xSn_x has been made. We report the results of Mössbauer effect experiments, X-ray diffraction studies, electrical transport, and Curie temperature measurements. By a rapid quenching, low temperature annealing technique we have been able to extend the ordered L2₁ structure to high Sn concentration. Observations of inequivalent Sn sites and nonunique ¹¹⁹Sn hyperfine field values in these alloys are shown to be due to difficulties in ordering the L2₁ structure and a basic instability of this phase for high Sn concentrations. The compositional variation of ¹¹⁹Sn hyperfine fields in the ordered L2₁ phase of the Cu₂MnIn_1-xSn_x system reveals a systematic increase with Sn composition. Calculations of these fields based on a homogeneously spin polarized electron gas model reproduce the observed field systematics quite well. The implications of these results on the nature of magnetic interactions in Heusler alloys are discussed.     

Direct evidence for the magnetic ordering of Nd ions in NdMn2Si2 and NdMn2Ge2 by high resolution inelastic neutron scattering

We have investigated the low energy nuclear spin excitations in NdMn₂Si₂ and NdMn₂Ge₂ by high resolution inelastic neutron scattering. Previous neutron diffraction investigations gave ambiguous results about Nd magnetic ordering at low temperatures. The present element-specific technique gave direct evidence for the magnetic ordering of Nd ions. We found considerable difference in the process of the Nd magnetic ordering at low temperature in NdMn₂Si₂ and NdMn₂Ge₂. Our results are consistent with those of magnetization and recent neutron diffraction measurements.     

Electronic structure and improper electric polarization of samarium orthoferrite

The band structure and distributions of the electron and spin densities of samarium orthoferrite have been calculated within the framework of the first-principles density functional theory in the LSDA + U approximation taking into account the collinear antiferromagnetic ordering of the magnetic moments of iron and samarium cations. The possibility of inducing a ferroelectric state at temperatures below the antiferromagnetic ordering temperature of the magnetic sublattice formed by samarium cations has been considered using the results of the group-theoretical analysis. In the high-temperature range, the formation of regions with a spontaneous electric polarization is possible in the presence of additional factors that reduce the symmetry of the crystal.     

Magnetism of LiMn<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>4</Subscript> manganite in structurally ordered and disordered states

The specific features of the crystal structure and the magnetic state of stoichiometric lithium manganite in the structurally ordered Li[Mn₂]O₄ and disordered Li_{1 − δ}Mn_δ[Mn_{2 − δ}Li_δ]O₄ (δ = 1/6) states have been investigated using neutron diffraction, X-ray diffraction, and magnetic methods. The structurally disordered state of the manganite was achieved under irradiation by fast neutrons (E _eff ≥ 1 MeV) with a fluence of 2 × 10²⁰ cm⁻² at a temperature of 340 K. It has been demonstrated that, in the initial sample, the charge ordering of manganese ions of different valences arises at room temperature, which is accompanied by orthorhombic distortions of the cubic spinel structure, and the long-range antiferromagnetic order with the wave vector k = 2π/c(0, 0, 0.44) is observed at low temperatures. It has been established that the structural disordering leads to radical changes in the structural and magnetic states of the LiMn₂O₄ manganite. The charge ordering is destroyed, and the structure retains the cubic symmetry even at a temperature of 5 K. The antiferromagnetic type of ordering transforms into ferrimagnetic ordering with local spin deviations in the octahedral sublattice due to the appearance of intersublattice exchange interactions.     

Possible electron-phonon interaction-driven microscopic origin of the phase transitions in β-Na 0.33 V 2 O 5 and analogues

The microscopic origin of the various phase transitions which have been observed in g-Na 0.33 V 2 O 5 and its analogues can be explored experimentally by investigating the oxygen isotope effect on the phase transition temperatures. An absent oxygen isotope effect on the sodium-ordering transition would point to an antiferroelectrically driven instability, while a large isotope effect on the charge ordering and spin ordering transition temperatures would suggest the formation of a charge-density wave instability and phonon mediated long-range magnetic ordering. All instabilities can be attributed to strong electron-phonon interaction effects, which dominate the ground-state properties.     

Quantification of entanglement from magnetic susceptibility for a Heisenberg spin 1/2 system

We report temperature and magnetic field dependent magnetization and quantification of entanglement from the experimental data for dichloro (thiazole) copper (II), a Heisenberg spin chain system. The plot of magnetic susceptibility vs. temperature indicates an infinite spin chain. Isothermal magnetization measurements (as functions of magnetic field) were performed at various temperatures below the antiferromagnetic (AFM) ordering, where the AFM correlations persist significantly. These magnetization curves are fitted to the Bonner–Fisher model. Magnetic susceptibility is used as an entanglement witness to quantify the amount of entanglement in the system.     

Magnetic dipolar ordering on geometrically frustrated brick-shaped lattices

The magnetic ordering of frustrated arrays of nanoscale islands can be strongly influenced by the array patterns. We theoretically present three kinds of artificial geometrically frustrated systems with different brick-shaped geometries, defined as brick-shaped lattices, and investigate their magnetic dipolar ordering at the ground state using the Monte Carlo method. The simulated results show that the magnetic ordering of three brick-shaped frustrated lattices depends strongly on the strength of dipolar interactions, depending on the lattice spacing. It is found that the long-range dipolar interactions tend to suppress the long-range ordered state and induce the short-range quasi-ice state at each vertex of the lattices. In addition, the correlations for neighboring spin pairs are closely related to not only the dipolar coupling strength but also the geometry of the lattices.     

Nuclear ordering in lithium and an upper limit on its ambient pressure superconducting transition temperature

We have discovered spontaneous ordering of nuclear spins in lithium metal by NMR measurements at very low temperatures. In low magnetic fields, B<0.2 mT, the NMR spectra show a pronounced low-frequency anomaly. Also, nonadiabatic response to a slowly varying magnetic field was observed. A rich phase diagram with three different nonparamagnetic regions is proposed. We estimate a critical spin temperature T(c) approximately 350 nK at B=0. We also report the absence of superconductivity in lithium at normal pressure down to T(e) approximately 100 microK (B<10 nT).