用同步辐射源建立紫外及真空紫外光谱区光谱辐射度基准的研究

叙述了中国科学技术大学国家同步辐射实验室800 MeV电子储存环同步辐射的特性及作为光谱辐射亮度基准的原理和方法,精确计算出同步辐射光源光谱功率空间分布,并在计量学上将同步辐射“经典”理论与标定氘灯光谱辐射亮度结合起来,对“同步辐射作为标准源进行光谱辐射功率计量”进行深入的研究。介绍了国家同步辐射实验室计量光束线站的装置,该装置利用同步辐射波长范围宽、亮度高、辐射特性可精确计算等特点,可用于标定传递标准氘灯的光谱辐射亮度(115~350 nm),并进行了不确定度分析。并与德国技术物理研究院(PTB)标定的氘灯光谱辐射亮度进行比较,两者符合。     

影响光谱辐亮度标定因素的分析

在利用漫反射板标定光谱辐亮度的实验装置中,标准灯完全可以近似为点光源。通过对进入光谱仪的辐射通量的数值积分,可以对应求出仪器的实测光谱辐亮度的计算公式。计算表明,实测光谱辐亮度并不等于漫反射板表面的光谱辐亮度,而有一个随标定条件变化的微小差值。通过计算,对光谱仪与漫反射板的距离、光谱仪入射挟缝的光轴与漫反射板法线的夹角以及标准灯与漫反射板的距离等影响光谱仪标定的因素进行分析,得到了最佳的标定条件。讨论了理想标定情况、光谱仪视场趋于一点的极限情况和采用实际的双向反射分布函数已知的漫反射板标定时,实测光谱辐亮度的计算情况。     

A spectroscopic database for water vapor adapted to spectral properties at high temperature, and moderate resolution

The prediction of infrared spectral radiance from high temperature media such as combustion gases requires spectroscopic data for triatomic molecules like water vapor and carbone dioxyde. At temperature above 2000 K, water vapor spectrum is composed of hundreds of thousands lines making practical computations uneasy. We have set up a spectroscopic database for water vapor, based on three existing lines compilations. This database is well suited to computation of remote sensing spectra where hot gases emission is seen through atmospheric paths. The database enables efficient computation of water vapor spectra between 600 and 6600 cm⁻¹ at moderate spectral resolution (5 cm⁻¹). It has been used to compute parameters of a statistical narrow band model which are used in practical applications.     

硫酸钡漫反射板在250～400 nm光谱辐射亮度标定中的应用研究

表面喷涂硫酸钡的漫反射板正入射时是最接近朗伯特性的用于标定光谱辐射亮度的实用漫反射板。通过实验测量硫酸钡漫反射板 2 5 0～ 4 0 0nm的半球反射率和双向反射分布函数表明 ,实测的双向反射分布函数与假定漫反射板为朗伯表面根据测量的半球反射率计算的双向反射分布函数的相对差值为 6 7% ,实测的双向反射分布函数随散射角的变化可达 2 8%。为提高光谱辐射亮度标定的准确性 ,考虑双向反射分布函数的微小变化和漫反射板上的光谱辐射照度的不均匀性 ,通过对光谱仪视场内每一小面元积分 ,最后可精确求得所测光谱辐射亮度 ,并标定光谱仪的光谱辐射亮度     

大口径积分球光源绝对辐射定标技术研究

为了实现大口径积分球光源高精度绝对辐射定标,研究了基于钨带灯比对的光谱辐射亮度定标方法,通过同心圆扫描分析了空间光谱辐射均匀性定标方法,研制了绝对辐射定标装置,校准了出光口径为Ф300 mm积分球光源的光谱辐射亮度、亮度、色温值,实验验证光谱辐射亮度绝对定标的不确定度优于4%。     

外场用红外目标模拟器辐射特性测量研究

野外便携式红外目标模拟器作为红外目标辐射源,广泛应用于各军兵种武器装备的效能测试评估中.针对外场模拟辐射源不能精确标定的问题,采用标准面源黑体和红外傅里叶光谱辐射计相结合标定的方法,对红外模拟器特定温度下的光谱辐亮度进行测量,计算出感兴趣波段的积分辐亮度,根据模拟器辐射面积给出用户需要的模拟器各设定温度下的辐射强度.分析计算表明:计算出的感兴趣波段的积分辐亮度值和理论曲线相比较,取得了良好的一致性,间接验证了该方法的正确性.     

近高超声速高温蓝宝石窗口下中波红外成像退化分析仿真与性能测试实验

本文基于高温红外窗口热辐射红外成像探测器干扰机理,开展高温红外窗口成像分析、仿真与实验验证研究工作. 根据流体仿真计算获得的高温窗口温度及实验测得的窗口发射率、吸收率等参数,开展窗口热辐射计算;建立了光学窗口介质内部辐射传输路径和强度计算模型,并给出了窗口辐射出射模型以及相应红外成像模型;基于光学追迹方法,把窗口热辐射成像的计算问题转换成了光学计算问题;设计了一种基于高温蓝宝石红外窗口的加热实验,对红外成像仿真结果进行了检验. 通过仿真结果与窗口加热实验结果对照,将基于模型分析获取图像与实验结果图像作差,得到的平均每个像素误差值为0.45;实验发现在窗口约773 K条件下,设计的中波红外成像系统的信噪比、对比度分别降低到原来三分之一左右,而整个红外成像系统NETD值由原来的约52 mK上升到了954 mK. 本文提出的窗口热辐射分析方法可以有效估计窗口热辐射对中波红外成像的影响,设计的实验对成像系统的指标验证有较好的用途,同时对红外成像系统波段细化优选和成像参数调整,降低图像退化程度,都有着重要的指导意义. 关键词： 近高超声速 高温蓝宝石窗口 气动效应 仿真与实验     

Infrared spectral radiance of hot HF and DF in the Δv = 1 bands region as seen through an atmospheric path

Individual spectral line parameters of the Δv = 1 HF bands at elevated temperatures have been generated. Line by line, layer by layer, spectral radiance and absorptance calculations have been compared with previous experimental results. The HF lines and a recent compilation of infrared atmospheric spectral line parameters have been used to compute the infrared spectral radiance from a hot HF source and a given atmospheric path on a line by line, layer by layer basis.     

Atmospheric modelling using FASCOD to identify CO2 absorption bands and their suitability analysis in variable concentrations for remote sensing applications

Recent climate studies have proven that both temperature and CO₂ content of the earth's atmosphere followed a regular 100,000-year cycle of change and that they are closely correlated. Moreover, the observed increase of CO₂ in the atmosphere exceeds the predicted values extrapolated from historical data. Other than industrialization and rapid urbanization, geo-natural hazards such as leakage from hydrocarbon reservoirs and spontaneous combustion of coal contribute a considerable amount of CO₂ to the atmosphere. Several researchers have studied the possibilities and reliabilities of atmospheric CO₂ retrieval by the point-based method (nearly accurate but much localized) and globally (wider observation but many uncertainties). Radiative transfer codes, such as FASCOD (Fast Atmospheric Signature Code) with the HITRAN (High-Resolution Transmission) spectral database can simulate atmospheric transmission and path radiance with customized gas composition (CO₂, water vapour, CO, etc.) and concentration in order to understand the phenomena in a specific wavelength region. In the present study, a number of atmospheric models were constructed with different CO₂ concentrations (ppmv) with a combination of water vapour and other atmospheric gases such as CO, CH₄, N₂O, SO₂, etc., to find out the interference patterns of these gases over CO₂ absorption bands. The transmission features of these gas combinations were analysed by partial least-squares regression models. These models show that the most suitable CO₂ absorption bands are located around 2 μm, such as 1.998 and 2.001 μm. The spectral information derived from different concentrations of CO₂ can be fitted in multivariate models to predict the CO₂ concentration from spectral information in a controlled environment. Furthermore, the present study explores the sensitivity of some available remote sensing sensors in variable CO₂ concentrations for use in real world.     

双通道红外光谱辐射计的研制及标定

研制了一台双通道(1.40±0.02μm,4.50±0.03μm)光谱辐射亮度计(以下简称辐射计),并进行了光谱辐亮度定标[1]。该辐射计主要由前置光学系统、精密机械调制器、双路单元红外探测器、锁相放大器、A/D转换器和单片机等组成。在短波红外波段,由InGaAs探测器和积分球光源传递国家光谱辐照度标准灯的标准[15],对辐射计进行标定[7];在中波红外波段,用大面积标准黑体辐射源和腔型黑体辐射源,标定辐射计的光谱辐亮度。由数据统计分析,得出辐射计的光谱辐亮度响应度的不确定度[12,14]。     

一种用于UV-A、UV-B波段地基观测的光谱辐射计

研制了一台可以在250 nm~400 nm波段测量绝对光谱辐亮度和绝对光谱辐照度的扫描式光谱辐射计,辐亮度辐照度相对定标准确度2％,可用于UV-A、UV-B紫外波段地基观测.通过在云南丽江地区(26°52＇N,100°13＇E)开展的大气散射光谱辐亮度和地面太阳直射紫外光谱辐照度观测试验,进一步检验了仪器的性能.观测数据与利用MODTRAN模式模拟计算值存在约8％的偏差,分析了产生偏差的相关因素.     

Comparison of an analytical model with approximate models for total band absorptions and their derivatives

The introduction of the total band absorption concept has greatly reduced the mathematical complexity of integrating the spectral function in determining the i.r. radiation by nongrey molecular gases due to vibration-rotation bands.A number of simple but approximate equations for total band absorption have been developed for the investigations of i.r. radiation by nongrey gases. Most of these equations are, however, limited to completely overlapped lines and are not applicable to the strong-line cases. Others, which account for the line effects, have been developed empirically and are not directly related to the spectral narrow-band models. Analytical equations for total band absorption and its derivative were derived directly from a spectral narrow-band model and they are universally applicable to all line strengths.Presented in this paper is the comparison of the analytical model with the approximate wide-band models. Also presented is the comparison of the foregoing models with a spectral function integrated to give total band absorption.     

Measurements of the operating-time variation of the spectral radiance of deuterium lamps

For the calibration of radiometric transfer standards by means of electron synchrotron radiation an apparatus has been developed which is in service at DESY, Hamburg. The equipment is used to calibrate commercial deuterium lamps (165 nm to 340 nm). The uncertainty of the “absolute” spectral radiance is ± 4%, whereas that of the relative spectral radiance is ± 2%.     

Emissivity of the main greenhouse gases

Based on the high-resolution data on the absorption lines of gases from the HITRAN open inter-national database in conjunction with inverse Fourier transform, the autocorrelation function of the total dipole moment of the molecules of the main greenhouse gases, such as H₂O, CO₂, O₃, N₂O, and CH₄, are determined. The spectral absorption coefficient and spectral radiance of these gases in the investigated IR region is calculated. An analysis of the emissivity of each of the gases is performed. An efficiency criterion of IR absorption and emission is introduced, according to which the studies gases are ranked.     

基于三维重建理论的目标光谱散射特性研究

根据三维重建理论,基于目标的多角度视图,重建了目标表面的三维点云。利用德洛奈三角剖分法结合可见性原理,得到了目标的曲面和曲面面元的法线方向。根据粗糙面散射理论和目标表面的双向反射分布函数(BRDF),结合大气传输软件Modtran计算的某时间、地点的背景光谱辐射亮度,数值分析了目标光谱散射亮度分布特性。以覆盖车衣的汽车为例,重建的三维几何模型误差为4.11%,数值计算了目标在三个波段的光谱散射亮度分布。上述方法可以进一步用于卫星和其他空间目标的光谱辐射、散射特性研究。     

高超声速再入试验的辐射光谱定量测量

利用膨胀管对宽度为45 mm和90 mm的半圆柱模型进行了地球再入高超声速流动试验,再入速度为8 km/s。试验利用配有ICCD相机的光谱仪,测量了具有空间分辨的激波后辐射光谱,光谱范围为250~550 nm,得到了沿流体方向的激波辐射轮廓线。分析发现在该光谱范围内辐射主要为CN(B-X)带系分子光谱。利用卤钨灯对该波段光谱进行定标,得到了激波层辐射的绝对辐射亮度。通过采用两种模型辐射亮度对模型宽度归一化后发现,绕流场高温气体辐射存在较强的自吸收现象,同时观测到了绕流场激波的三维效应。通过实验发现,CN(B-X)Δv=0带系的3-3振动带系385.2 nm波长位置和0-0带系388.4 nm波长位置辐亮度之比随着流场靠近模型边缘而逐渐下降,这表明激波层内辐射的动态非平衡特征。     

USING THE MULTIPLE SCATTERING THEORY FOR CALCULATION OF THE RADIATION FLUXES FROM EXPERIMENTAL AEROSOL DATA

The ground-based measurements of the spectral direct solar radiation fluxes and spectral sky radiances were basis for obtaining the aerosol characteristics such as columnar distribution function and effective refractive index, respectively. These characteristics were retrieved by a numerical solution of the inverse problem. The particle columnar size distribution function was chosen in the form of modified gamma distribution. The obtained aerosol parameters were utilized as input data for the multiple radiation scattering model (MRSM) to calculate the radiation fluxes. The dependence of calculation error of individual radiation characteristics (sky radiance, global and diffuse radiation) on a given number of terms NT (scattering orders) in the MRSM is studied. The NT necessary for successful calculation of radiation characteristics (for chosen accuracy) for actual atmospheric conditions is shown (aerosol optical properties were characterized, e.g., by spectral optical thickness). The approximate formulae for calculating the total sky radiances and total radiation fluxes, are find. Applying these formulae the value NT′ smaller than NT can be used for calculating radiation characteristics with the same accuracy. The scattering orders higher than NT′ are calculated on the basis of a known structure of previous scattering orders (1→NT′).     

用合肥800 MeV同步辐射光源标定氘灯的光谱辐射亮度

利用合肥800 MeV电子存储环同步辐射(HESYR)作为紫外真空紫外光谱辐射测量的绝对标准,标定了传递标准氘灯光源的光谱辐亮度。采用德国国家物理技术研究院(PTB)的数据处理及不确定度分析方法,得到了两支氘灯在115~300nm波段的光谱辐亮度数据,其相对定标不确定度为12.1%。详细分析了相关参量对定标不确定度的贡献,指出辐射计量系统偏振特征量的不确定度贡献最大。在164~300 nm波段,德国德国国家物理技术研究院在BESSYⅡ同步辐射装置上标定的绝对光谱辐亮度值与本实验在中国合肥同步辐射装置上标定的绝对光谱辐亮度值之间一致性优于±20%,在给定的不确定度范围内两光谱辐射标准定标结果一致。     

Remote Fourier Transform Infrared Emission Spectroscopy in the Studies of the Solid Propellant Combustions

In this paper infrared emission spectra of the solid propellant combustion using remote Fourier transform spectroscopy have been studied. Both the infrared spectral radiance distributions and gas quantitative method for solid propellant combustions by remote Fourier transform infrared emission spectroscopy have been presented. In the method we utilize estimating temperature measuring models, which are modified by Junde Wang, based on emission fundamental band measurements of HCl or HF. Through measuring the temperature both the infrared spectral radiance distributions of the solid propellant combustions and their emisivities can be obtained. A remote measured gas concentration model based on combustion temperature, spectral radiance and emissivity has been developed. Field single-ended measurements at long distances for solid propellant plumes at temperature 1700—3500K can be extended to measuring fluctuations of instantaneous temperature and combustion reaction products.     

Modeling the infrared radiance of rough sea surface in the infrared windows: 3-5 μm and 8-12 μm

The general formulations for spectral directional emissivity and spectral bi-directional reflectivity are analyzed by using Fresnel's formula and Snell's law in rough sea surface which is simulated by wave facets, whose slopes are changing according to the isotropic Gaussian distribution with respect to surface wind. Then, shadowing effect is taken into account in both emission and reflection of sea surface. On this basis, the mathematic expression is obtained for spectral radiance of rough sea surface, in which the radiance of rough sea surface is considered as a composition of self-emission, reflection of sky and reflection of sun. Finally, calculations for infrared radiance of rough sea surface in bands of 3-5 μm and 8-12 μm are given to illustrate their significant different, which are caused mostly by the dispersion of sun radiation.