落“橙”不是无情物——关于橙皮的那些事

Since the widespread plantation of oranges and the rapid development of the orange juice processing industry, orange peel has been one of the main wastes in today's food industry. Orange peel is rich in high value-added compounds. Recycling of these substances can reduce the environmental pollution and resource waste effectively. It can also bring quantities of products with economic and social value. To help readers deepen their understanding of orange peel further in reading, in this review paper, we introduce the composition, properties, usage and future directions of the essential oil, pectin, pigment, hesperidin and dietary fiber in orange peel.     

Palladium‐catalysed room‐temperature Suzuki–Miyaura coupling in water extract of pomegranate ash,a bio‐derived sustainable and renewable medium

An agro waste‐derived, ‘water extract of pomegranate ash’ (WEPA), has been utilized for the first time as a renewable medium for Pd(OAc)₂‐catalysed Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling at room temperature. This method offers a simple and sustainable synthesis of biaryls from aryl halides and arylboronic acids under ligand‐ and external base‐free aerobic and ambient conditions. This method has been found effective for both activated and unactivated aryl halides in the production of biaryls with moderate to nearly quantitative yields. The protocol shows high chemoselectivity over identical/similar reactive sites in aryl halides (i.e. selectivity over identical halogens or different halogens of aryl halides). This method exhibits high regioselectivity, i.e. the selective reactivity of a halogen over other identical halogens at different positions on the aromatic nucleus. Therefore, we disclose here a clean, benign, substantial chemo‐ and regioselective and highly economic alternative method for the palladium‐assisted synthesis of biaryls using an agro waste‐derived medium.     

Industrial wastes as low-cost potential adsorbents for the treatment of wastewater laden with heavy metals

Industrial wastes, such as, fly ash, blast furnace slag and sludge, black liquor lignin, red mud, and waste slurry, etc. are currently being investigated as potential adsorbents for the removal of the heavy metals from wastewater. It was found that modified industrial wastes showed higher adsorption capacity. The application of low-cost adsorbents obtained from the industrial wastes as a replacement for costly conventional methods of removing heavy metal ions from wastewater has been reviewed. The adsorption mechanism, influencing factors, favorable conditions, and competitive ions etc. on the adsorption of heavy metals have also been discussed in this article. From the review, it is evident that certain industrial waste materials have demonstrated high removal capacities for the heavy metals laden with wastewater. However, it is to be mentioned that adsorption capacities of the adsorbents vary depending on the characteristics of the adsorbents, the extent of chemical modification and the concentration of adsorbates. There are also few issues and drawbacks on the utilization of industrial wastes as low-cost adsorbents that have been addressed. In order to find out the practical utilization of industrial waste as low-cost adsorbents on the commercial scale, more research should be conducted in this direction.     

Valorization and Application of Fruit and Vegetable Wastes and By-Products for Food Packaging Materials

The important roles of food packaging are food protection and preservation during processing, transportation, and storage. Food can be altered biologically, chemically, and physically if the packaging is unsuitable or mechanically damaged. Furthermore, packaging is an important marketing and communication tool to consumers. Due to the worldwide problem of environmental pollution by microplastics and the large amounts of unused food wastes and by-products from the food industry, it is important to find more environmentally friendly alternatives. Edible and functional food packaging may be a suitable alternative to reduce food waste and avoid the use of non-degradable plastics. In the present review, the production and assessment of edible food packaging from food waste as well as fruit and vegetable by-products and their applications are demonstrated. Innovative food packaging made of biopolymers and biocomposites, as well as active packaging, intelligent packaging, edible films, and coatings are covered.     

甲烷氧化菌的高密度培养及其在生物柴油炼制中的应用

天然气是储量最丰富的能源之一,但限于勘探、运输、配置等问题,一直以来人们对它的利用都不是很合理.能源危机和环境问题推动了生物质能源的开发利用,甲烷氧化菌是以甲烷为唯一碳源和能源进行生长的一类细菌,具有炼制生物柴油的潜力.综述了近几年甲烷氧化菌在高密度培养及深加工炼制生物柴油的研究进展,着重分析了高密度培养和生物柴油炼制过程中在传质与反应器设计、菌种培养、脂质提取、加氢脱氧四个过程中面临的技术难点,给出了解决方法并展望了其在未来的发展.     

Valorization of Oceanic Waste Biomass: A Catalytic Perspective

Efficacious waste utilization is vital in context of sustainability. The past decade has witnessed attempts of usage of land biomass and wastes for various applications, contributing towards a sustainable society. Exploitation of the marine biomass, which does not compete with habitation and food production like land biomass has been largely unnoticed and therefore not being utilized judiciously. Researchers have mainly exploited these resources as functional materials having significant potential applications. However, a catalytic perspective for the valorisation of these polymers arising from oceanic waste widens their scope and ameliorates its use. The objective of the present review is to demonstrate the effectiveness of chitin/chitosan as a catalyst and as a feedstock for deriving important fuels and chemicals. It displays all the reactions heterogeneously catalyzed by them along with the strategic methodology. Their important catalytic organic transformations attempted so far, have also been discussed. The future perspectives are also presented which if inculcated would improve the value addition of the waste, paving a way for greener and imperishable world.     

Lignin: Applications and Ways of Utilization (Review)

The main applications and ways of utilization of industrial lignins, which are a large-tonnage waste from pulp and hydrolysis plants, are considered. The first group of methods includes nonthermal methods of lignin processing with preservation of the natural polymeric structure of lignin. The second group of methods includes thermal methods for lignin processing with the formation of low- and high-molecular-mass compounds and combustible gas. The largest-tonnage application fields of lignins are building, mining, metallurgical, oil-extracting, and agro industries, and also water treatment.     

Production of metakaolin from industrial cellulose waste

Research focused on the transformation and utilization of industrial wastes into products of commercial interest plays an increasingly important role. Residual pulp can become useful in the manufacture of different materials, providing high value to this waste and reducing its environmental impact when disposed of improperly in the environment. The main constituents of this waste are kaolin and calcium carbonate (CaCO₃). Starting from kaolin, metakaolin can be produced by calcination of the residue at 630?°C for 2?h in a rotary reactor with air flow, followed by solubilization with hydrochloric acid to remove the CaCO₃. The development of technological alternatives aimed at the reuse of certain wastes can result in applications of real economic interest to the chemical industry and ceramics and glass, which is the case in this study. The raw material and metakaolin obtained were analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis and derivative thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy with promising results. This is because metakaolin was obtained free of contamination by other materials.     

Oils and fats as renewable raw materials in chemistry

Oils and fats of vegetable and animal origin have been the most important renewable feedstock of the chemical industry in the past and in the present. A tremendous geographical and feedstock shift of oleochemical production has taken place from North America and Europe to southeast Asia and from tallow to palm oil. It will be important to introduce and to cultivate more and new oil plants containing fatty acids with interesting and desired properties for chemical utilization while simultaneously increasing the agricultural biodiversity. The problem of the industrial utilization of food plant oils has become more urgent with the development of the global biodiesel production. The remarkable advances made during the last decade in organic synthesis, catalysis, and biotechnology using plant oils and the basic oleochemicals derived from them will be reported, including, for example, ω‐functionalization of fatty acids containing internal double bonds, application of the olefin metathesis reaction, and de novo synthesis of fatty acids from abundantly available renewable carbon sources.     

Bell Peppers (Capsicum annum L.) Losses and Wastes: Source for Food and Pharmaceutical Applications

Currently, the high added-value compounds contained in plant by-products and wastes offer a wide spectrum of opportunities for their reuse and valorization, contributing to the circular economy. The bell pepper (Capsicum annum L.) is an exotic vegetable with high nutritional value that, after processing, leaves wastes (peel, seeds, and leaves) that represent desirable raw material for obtaining phytochemical compounds. This review summarizes and discusses the relevant information on the phytochemical profile of bell peppers and their related biological properties as an alternative to revalorize losses and wastes from bell peppers for their application in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Bell pepper fruits, seeds, and leaves contain bioactive compounds (phenols, flavonoids, carotenoids, tocopherol, and pectic polysaccharides) that exhibit antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, immunosuppressive and immunostimulant properties, and antidiabetic, antitumoral and neuroprotective activities, and have a potential use as functional food additives. In this context, the revalorization of food waste is positioned as a technological and innovative research area with beneficial effects for the population, the economy, and the environment. Further studies are required to guarantee the safety use of these compounds and to understand their mechanisms of action.     

Thermal analysis and X-ray diffraction of untreated coffee’s husk ash reject and its potential use in ceramics

The agro and industrial activities are actually responsible for the production of large amounts of solid wastes in Brazil. The use of industrial wastes as alternative raw materials into ceramic products has been widely developed. The typical materials used in the ceramic formulations present a large diversification of chemical compositions, what allow the incorporation of different types of waste materials in the ceramic mixture. Brazil produces a massive amount of coffee and the lack of adequate landfill areas available to dispose the coffee’s husk ash reject material are causing an ambiental problem for the agro-industry. This work describes research carried out on the thermal characterization and X-ray diffraction of coffee’s husk ash reject and its possible use in the ceramic industry.     

Production of single cell protein (SCP) from food and agricultural waste by using Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Food waste is the single-largest component of the waste stream, in order to protect and safeguard the public health, useful and innovative recycling methods are investigated. The conversion of food wastes in value-added products is becoming a more economically viable and interesting practice. Food waste, collected in the distribution sector and citrus industries, was characterised for its potential as a raw material to use in fermentation processes. In this study, the production of single-cell protein (SCP) using food waste as a substrate was investigated. The purpose of this study has been to produce SCP from mixtures of food waste using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The main fermentation test was carried out using a 25 l bioreactor. The utilisation of food waste can allow us to not only to reduce environmental pollution, but also to obtain value-added products such as protein supply for animal feed.     

Agro-industrial waste enzymes: Perspectives in circular economy

According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, approximately 1.3 billion tons of food is wasted each year, equivalent to approximately one-third of world production. Agri-food wastes are the source of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and other essential minerals that have been exploited for value-added products by the development of biorefineries and sustainable business as important elements of circular economies. The innovation and materialization of these types of processes, including the use of disruptive technologies on microbial bioconversion and enzyme technology, such as nanotechnology, metabolic engineering, and multi-omics platforms, increase the perspectives on the waste valorization process. Lignocellulolytic enzymes, pectinases, and proteases are mainly used as catalyzers on agri-food waste treatment, and their production in house might be the trend in near future for agro-industrial countries. Another way to transform the agri-food wastes is via aerobic or anaerobic microbial process from fungal or bacterial cultures; these processes are the key to produce waste enzymes.     

钢渣与污泥协同资源化研究进展

钢渣和污泥作为传统大宗固体废弃物,始终面临处理成本高、回收利用率低等问题,但其内部含有大量可利用物质,具有较高的资源化利用价值,现已成为国内外的研究热点。为了提高钢渣与污泥绿色、高效、协同资源化利用,综述了近年来国内外钢渣在建筑、道路、水处理、农业等领域资源化利用的研究进展,立足固废无害化、减量化,从钢渣和污泥的资源化进行分析与总结,指出不同研究方法的特点和优劣,为固废资源化利用提供参考。并基于我国发展现状对钢渣与污泥资源化利用的未来发展方向进行了展望,以期为固废处理行业的良性发展提供一定的理论支撑。     

Methylcellulose synthesis from corn cobs

Maize is one of the important cereal crops grown in India and is accompanied by enormous amount of agro wastes generation. About 30 % of this agro waste is corn cobs. In this study, cellulose is extracted from corn cobic agro waste. Three samples of methylcellulose were synthesized employing three different solvent conditions which are (a) solvent free, (b) using toluene, and (c) using acetone. The methylcelluloses, thus produced, were characterized by FT-IR, NMR, DSC, TG, and XRD techniques. The determination of the methoxyl group content was made through the modified procedure of Viebock and Schwappach. The product properties were differentiated by thermal analysis and XRD. The ratio between the absorption intensities of the C–H stretching band at around 2,900 cm^?1 and O–H stretching band at around 3,400 cm^?1 was observed to evaluate the degree of substitution also. The DS values were found in the order of 0.82, 0.95, and 1.14 for solvent free, toluene, and acetone solvent conditions, respectively.     

The removal of pharmaceutical pollutants from aqueous solution by Agro-waste

Pharmaceuticals are a unique class of emerging contaminants owing to their intrinsic ability to induce physiological effects on man and animals at low concentrations. Pharmaceuticals are released into the environment via diverse routes; human and animal wastes are the major sources. The persistence and mode of action of pharmaceuticals in the environment make them a major concern. Among methods available for wastewater treatment, the adsorption technique is found to be effective and easy to operate. The expensive nature of commercial activated carbons, however, created a limitation to the adsorption technique; hence the exploration for low-cost and sustainable adsorbents for the removal of different categories of water contaminants. Agricultural wastes offer such advantages as low-cost, abundance and eco-friendly materials in adsorbent preparation. Herein presented are the category and classes of pharmaceuticals cum the risks associated with pharmaceuticals released into the environment. The chemistry of activated carbon/agro wastes viz-a-viz suitability and potency in adsorption of different pharmaceutical waste removal were reviewed; the benefits associated with agricultural wastes usage in pharmaceutical removal have also been presented. Various challenges, gaps cum research prospects in the current field of discussion are herein presented. This work will serve as a tool for public education and enlightenment, help environmentalists make plans for envisaged threats and serve as a guide for policy makers.     

Effects of filler type and processing apparatus on the properties of the recycled “ light fraction” from municipal post‐consumer plastics

Plastic waste or scraps are generated from two main sources: industrial wastes and post‐consumer wastes. By using the flotation method, generally two fractions are obtained from municipal post‐consumer wastes: a light fraction, floating on water, and a heavy fraction. The former is essentially made of low and high density polyethylene—LDPE, HDPE—and polypropylene—PP; the heavy fraction is formed by poly(vinyl chloride)—PVC—and poly(ethylene terephthalate)—PET. In this work, the recycling of a light fraction from municipal post‐consumer plastics has been studied, considering also the effect of filler type—glass fibres, calcium carbonate and wood fibres—and processing apparatus—discountinous mixer, single and twin screw extruder—on the properties. Although the similar chemical nature of the two main components, polyethylene and polypropylene of the light fraction, the mechanical properties of the recycled mixture are quite scarce, mainly because of the incompatibility and the possible presence of some heterogeneous particles. The recycling of the light fraction can significantly change the properties of the polymer system because of the thermomechanical stress and of the residence time during processing. The adding of the three fillers type leads to an increase of the thermomechanical and of some of the mechanical properties. The elastic modulus increases with the three fillers; in particular, glass fibres show the best results. The effect of the three fillers is quite similar for tensile strength, elongation at break and impact strength. The adding of inert filler strongly improves the rigidity of light fraction from municipal post‐consumer plastics. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Plant Secondary Metabolites: An Opportunity for Circular Economy

Moving toward a more sustainable development, a pivotal role is played by circular economy and a smarter waste management. Industrial wastes from plants offer a wide spectrum of possibilities for their valorization, still being enriched in high added-value molecules, such as secondary metabolites (SMs). The current review provides an overview of the most common SM classes (chemical structures, classification, biological activities) present in different plant waste/by-products and their potential use in various fields. A bibliographic survey was carried out, taking into account 99 research articles (from 2006 to 2020), summarizing all the information about waste type, its plant source, industrial sector of provenience, contained SMs, reported bioactivities, and proposals for its valorization. This survey highlighted that a great deal of the current publications are focused on the exploitation of plant wastes in human healthcare and food (including cosmetic, pharmaceutical, nutraceutical and food additives). However, as summarized in this review, plant SMs also possess an enormous potential for further uses. Accordingly, an increasing number of investigations on neglected plant matrices and their use in areas such as veterinary science or agriculture are expected, considering also the need to implement “greener” practices in the latter sector.     

Analysis of organics in highly radioactive nuclear wastes

Analytical methods are being developed at Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL) for the organic analysis of nuclear wastes. In this study our laboratory analyzed the organic content of two highly radioactive wastes, a neutralized cladding removal waste (NCRW) and a volume reduction, double-shell slurry (DSS) waste. In-house methods were developed and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) methods were modified for isolating and analyzing volatile, semivolatile and hydrophilic organics in the hot cell and radiation hood. The procedures worked well, particularly for the NCRW, in which 94.9% of the waste's total organic carbon (TOC) has been characterized. In contrast, only 1.2% of the DSS waste's TOC has been identified to date. Quite a variety of volatile, semivolatile and hydrophilic organics, e.g., chelating agents, were identified in the wastes, occasionally at relatively high mM, or mg/g, concentrations. Most of the compounds are either source-term organics associated with nuclear operations or their degradation products, indicating that organic diagenesis in nuclear wastes can be quite vigorous and extensive.     

From Fish Waste to Value: An Overview of the Sustainable Recovery of Omega-3 for Food Supplements

The disposal of food waste is a current and pressing issue, urging novel solutions to implement sustainable waste management practices. Fish leftovers and their processing byproducts represent a significant portion of the original fish, and their disposal has a high environmental and economic impact. The utilization of waste as raw materials for the production of different classes of biofuels and high-value chemicals, a concept known as “biorefinery”, is gaining interest in a vision of circular economy and zero waste policies. In this context, an interesting route of valorization is the extraction of omega-3 fatty acids (ω-3 FAs) for nutraceutical application. These fatty acids, such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have received attention over the last decades due to their beneficial effects on human health. Their sustainable production is a key process for matching the increased market demand while reducing the pressure on marine ecosystems and lowering the impact of waste production. The high resale value of the products makes this waste a powerful tool that simultaneously protects the environment and benefits the global economy. This review aims to provide a complete overview of the sustainable exploitation of fish waste to recover ω-3 FAs for food supplement applications, covering composition, storage, and processing of the raw material.