Evaluation of shear and recirculation in centrifugal artificial heart by flow visualization

A centrifugal blood pump for artificial heart has to have low hemolysis and no thrombus formation. For finding and removing the fluid dynamic causes of the above mentioned phenomena, flow visualization was utilized, as flow visualization can identify the high shear and stagnation locations which relate to hemolysis and thrombus formation respectively. In the present paper, general fluid dynamic characteristics of centrifugal blood pumps will be extracted, through analyzing four typical centrifugal pumps with flow visualization technique. Finding shear in the volute and diffuser regions, confirming vortex formation at washout holes, and quantitative analysis of the flow in the inlet regions are the shown examples. The obtained results correspond well to hemolysis tests, which proves that flow visualization is a useful tool in developing and analyzing blood pumps for artificial hearts.     

不同激光参数照射下血管中血栓的演变

目前,激光是治疗葡萄酒色斑(Port Wine Stain,PWS)最有效的疗法。然而,由于选择性光热效应机理研究的欠缺,PWS的临床彻底清除率依然很低(<20%)。本文利用鼠脊视窗模型研究了不同激光参数照射下血管中光凝块和血栓的演变规律,以期为开发新的治疗策略提供依据。实验结果表明,Nd:YAG激光(1064 nm)照射后血管中只出现光凝块。长脉宽532nm激光照射后血管中首先形成光凝块,随着光凝块的流走,血栓产生并粘着血管壁。血栓面积随时间先增大后减小,存在时间长达4 h以上。短脉宽532 nm激光照射后,则形成非粘着血管壁血栓并随血流流走。由于形成完全堵塞血管的血栓是清除血管的前提,长脉宽532 nm激光联合抗血栓药物治疗PWS有望改善激光治疗PWS疗效。     

Aggregation of red blood cells: From rouleaux to clot formation

Red blood cells are known to form aggregates in the form of rouleaux. This aggregation process is believed to be reversible, but there is still no full understanding on the adhesion mechanism. There are at least two competing models, based either on bridging or on depletion. We review recent experimental results on the single cell level and theoretical analyses of the depletion model and of the influence of the cell shape on the adhesion strength. Another important aggregation mechanism is caused by activation of platelets. This leads to clot formation which is life-saving in the case of wound healing, but also a major cause of death in the case of a thrombus induced stroke. We review historical and recent results on the participation of red blood cells in clot formation.     

用晶格玻尔兹曼方法研究血液在分岔管中的栓塞

血液栓塞形成机理一直是学术界研究的热点.本文将以圆形刚性颗粒在分岔管中的运动模拟血液在微血管中的运动,对血液在分岔管中的栓塞现象作了初步研究.重点研究了当血管发生分岔时,血管中血液流速的变化以及血栓形成的概率.得出结论,压积越大越容易发生栓塞,压差越大越不易发生栓塞.分岔管的入口和分岔处最容易发生栓塞.血液经分岔管后,大管中的压积比小管的高.     

三角波脉动流通栓的晶格玻尔兹曼方法模型

血液栓塞作为心血管疾病的一大诱因, 其形成机理及外部因素一直是医学、生物物理等领域专家关心的问题. 血栓的形成及其结构复杂多样, 大大增加了治愈血栓的难度. 脉动对于疏通血液栓塞有良好的作用, 而由于血液的黏滞作用以及红细胞的惯性, 脉动流的波形、振幅和频率都会影响通栓的效果. 本文主要基于晶格玻尔兹曼方法, 在栓塞的锥形管中, 用三角波脉动流进行通栓计算, 探索三角波脉动流的波形、压差、频率对血管通栓效果的影响. 计算发现, 低频低压条件下三角波脉动流通栓效果不明显, 而高频条件下通栓效果良好; 适当增加压差, 可以提高能通栓的三角波脉动流的频率.     

Investigation on surface properties of TiO2 films modified by DC glow discharge plasma

In the present work, TiO₂ films deposited on polyethylene terephthalate substrates by dip coating technique were subsequently treated by DC glow discharge plasma as a function of discharge potential. Hydrophilicity of these TiO₂ film surfaces was analyzed by contact angle measurements. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed changes in surface morphology of the plasma treated TiO₂ films. Modifications in structural and chemical composition of the TiO₂ films were detected by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The blood compatibility of TiO₂ films was studied by in vitro investigation which includes thrombus formation and whole blood clotting time analysis (WBCT). It was found that the plasma treatment results in blood compatibility enhancement attributed to the structural, chemical and morphological properties of the modified film surfaces.     

人体血管壁超声传输衰减特性的研究

本文利用超声脉冲反射法，对人体血管壁声衰减特性进行了离体测量，给出了人体血管壁声能量衰减参数的测量值。这对超声在医学领域的应用以及超声连体非介入血栓消溶有着十分重要的意义。     

脂肪颗粒在颈动脉中的运动及其对血液动力学的影响

很多研究表明, 动脉粥样硬化通常发生在具有复杂血液动力学的区域, 比如分叉动脉和弯曲动脉. 这些地方常伴随有低壁面剪切力或震荡壁面剪切力, 这是动脉粥样硬化形成的一大诱因. 使用计算流体力学软件对2D颈动脉分叉血管进行了模拟, 研究了脂肪颗粒在颈动脉中的运动及其对血液动力学的影响. 研究表明: 1)血管狭窄对于脂肪颗粒的运动有重要影响, 同时也影响栓塞的形成; 2)脂肪颗粒可能会黏附在血管壁面, 但由于血流的冲击作用, 脂肪颗粒会随后在壁面略微铺展; 3)颈动脉狭窄区域后方是下一个血栓的可能生长位点; 4)当栓塞形成时, 速度和壁面剪切力分布将变得复杂多变, 这对于血管是有害的.     

Thrombophlebitis of the inferior vena cava involving the retroperitoneum with Crohn's disease: MR demonstration

We present a case of thrombophlebitis of the inferior vena cava (IVC) with Crohn's disease after intestinal perforation and prolonged indwelling of a catheter in the IVC. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated abnormal thickening and enhancement of the IVC wall. In addition, IVC thrombus formation was shown. The abnormal enhancement extended from the wall in the pericaval tissue and into the retroperitoneum, and regressed as the Crohn's disease subsided.     

丁基苯酞衍生物的红外与拉曼光谱研究

丁基苯酞是我国脑血管领域第一个拥有自主知识产权的一类新药,常温下为一种淡黄色或者无色粘稠油状液体,具有众多优点,但在临床使用中会出现转氨酶升高、肝功能异常和消化道反应等不良反应。将卤素原子引入到丁基苯酞的6位,获得了3个固态的丁基苯酞类似物,并对其进行了IR和Raman光谱测定。两种光谱提供了互为补充的信息,引入卤原子后,双取代苯环的特征峰消失,出现了三取代苯环的特征峰。在红外中比较弱甚至检测不到的3位C—H伸缩振动在Raman中非常明显,在Raman的低波数区间检测到了可被指认为—C—C—C—C—的变形振动。根据这两种光谱的研究结果确认了所合成化合物的结构。     

毛细血管内原位血栓形成的MPS模拟

血小板在原位血栓形成过程中起着重要作用.本文将血液离散为具有血浆和血小板特性的粒子,根据原位血栓的生理形成过程提出了壁面吸附的血小板与被吸附的血小板间的吸附作用力模型,使用移动粒子半隐式方法(MPS)模拟了毛细血管受损壁面处血小板聚集形成原位血栓的过程.模拟结果再现了管壁面受损处原位血栓的形成过程,结果显示原位血栓形成...     

脉动流在分叉管中通栓效果的晶格玻尔兹曼方法研究

血栓引发的各种心血管疾病一直威胁着人们的健康. 在已经产生血栓的血管中, 脉动对于疏通血管有良好的作用. 由于血液的黏滞作用以及红细胞的惯性, 脉动流的频率会影响血管通栓的效果. 在分叉管模型中, 低压差的条件下, 由于另一畅通管子的导通作用减少了回流, 导致通栓效果不理想. 通过增大压差和提高脉动流的振幅, 降低畅通管子导通作用的影响, 研究脉动流在分叉管中的通栓效果. 研究发现, 脉动低频通栓效果好, 但是通栓需要的时间较长; 高频通栓时间短, 但是当频率高于一定值, 则通栓效果不明显. 细胞和管壁的摩察系数对通栓效果也有影响.     

Numerical simulation of biomagnetic fluid in a channel with thrombus

Biomagnetic fluid dynamics is the study of the interaction of biological fluids with an applied steady magnetic field. Recently, several medical applications begin to utilize magnetic labeling of specific cells and targeted drug delivery using magnets. The magnetically labeled cells and the drug encapsulates are usually loaded in the blood stream and are directed toward a specific site by use of a magnet. In this paper, numerical simulation of biomagnetic fluid in the presence of a thrombus when exposed to magnetic field is presented. The finite analytic method is used to obtain the numerical simulation. It is found that the magnetic force causes a drastic change in the fluid behavior and the friction coefficient increases as the magnetic field strength increases.     

Islet cell tumor of the pancreas associated with tumor thrombus in the portal vein.

We report the MR findings of a 70-year-old man with an islet cell tumor that diffusely involved the body of the pancreas associated with enhancing portal vein tumor thrombus and cavernous transformation. The diffusely infiltrative tumor mass was best shown on early post gadolinium spoiled gradient echo. The tumor thrombus enhanced intensely on early post gadolinium images and was also well shown on true FISP (Fast Imaging with Steady State Precession) images. The extent of liver metastases was best shown on fat suppressed T2-weighted images. The most unusual finding was tumor thrombus involving the SMV and portal vein.     

Left ventricular aneurysmectomy after myocardial infarction following detection of left ventricular thrombosis by magnetic resonance imaging

A 54-year-old man with a history of myocardial infarction presented with recurrent transient ischemic attacks 7 yr after the acute event. The emboli originated from a left ventricular thrombus despite adequate oral anticoagulant therapy. The thrombus was best detected with magnetic resonance imaging and had to be removed by surgery.     

MR signal change in venous thrombus relates organizing process and thrombolytic response in rabbit

Venous thrombus is subsequently organized and replaced by fibrous connective tissue. However, the sequential changes in venous thrombi are not reliably detected by current noninvasive diagnostic techniques. The purpose of this study is to reveal whether magnetic resonance (MR) can detect venous thrombus, define thrombus age and predict thrombolytic responses. Thrombus in the rabbit jugular vein was imaged with a 1.5-T MR system at 4 h and at 1, 2 and 4 weeks using three-dimensional (3D) fast asymmetric spin echo T2-weighted (T2W) and 3D-gradient echo T1-weighted (T1W) sequences. The jugular veins were histologically assessed at each time point. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was also performed in vivo before and 30 min after tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) administration. The thrombi in MRI were comparable in size to histological sections. The signal intensity (SI) of thrombi at 4 h was heterogeneously high or low on T2W or T1W images, respectively. The SI of thrombi on T2W images decreased time-dependently, but increased on T1W images at 1 and 2 weeks. Morphological analysis showed time-dependent decreases in erythrocyte, platelet and fibrin areas and time-dependent increases in smooth muscle cell, macrophage, collagen and iron areas. The t-PA administration significantly decreased thrombus volume at 4 h but not at 1, 2 and 4 weeks. Venous thrombosis can be reliably and noninvasively detected by MRI. Measurement of SI might support assessments of thrombus age and thrombolytic response.     

Dynamic half-Fourier single-shot turbo spin echo for assessment of deep venous thrombosis: initial observations

Objective

The objective of this study was to retrospectively analyze the value of dynamic half-Fourier single-shot turbo spin echo (HASTE) imaging in patients with suspected deep venous thrombosis (DVT).

Materials and Methods

Fifty-five veins in 24 patients were interrogated using a HASTE sequence with the patients relaxed and in various degrees of Valsalva. Veins were analyzed for changes in caliber (+CAL) and signal intensity (+SI) or in their absence (−CAL and −SI, respectively) and compared with the presence of thrombus on gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging.

Results

There was no thrombus in veins with the +CAL, +SI pattern (n=40) (P<.01). Five of seven veins (71.4%) with the −CAL, −SI pattern had thrombus (P<.01). A qualitative change in CAL had a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 91% for the presence of thrombus. An increase of 1.5 mm in CAL had a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 93% for this diagnosis.

Conclusion

Dynamic HASTE imaging offers a physiological method to evaluate veins for deep venous thrombosis.     

The effect of blood flow on the laser heating of skin

The dynamics of the action of laser radiation on skin is modeled taking into account the changes in blood flow. It is shown that a change in the blood flow rate significantly affects the character of laser heating, leading to the formation of a temperature peak at the initial stage of the heating.     

超声微泡低频动力学特性及其生物效应

理论上利用有耗散函数的Lagrange方程,建立了有壳微泡的R(t)运动方程,开展了自由空间中有壳微泡动力学特性的研究,表明微泡内外半径增量随声压的增大、超声频率的降低、初始内径的增大及壳厚的减薄而迅速增大。实验上,利用Mie散射技术在80°散射角和前向Mie散射检测新技术实验测量了微泡R(t)曲线;利用体视显微镜,实时观察了超声微泡对动物活体微血管损伤,开展了超声微泡生物效应的动物和细胞试验研究。结果表明:(1)超声作用下,微泡引起肿瘤中微血管壁周期性膨胀收缩而发生管壁破裂,形成血栓和微血管栓塞,抑制了肿瘤生长;(2)超声联合微泡可以破坏微血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)和肝癌细胞,可以减少肿瘤血管和癌细胞再生,因此,低频超声联合微泡技术是一种值得探索抑制肿瘤生长的新技术。