离子色谱法测定纯净水中F~-,BrO_3~-等6种阴离子

建立阴离子分离柱离子色谱法测定纯净水中F~-,BrO_3~-,Cl~-,NO_2~-,Br~-,NO_3~- 6种微量阴离子的方法。以SH-AC-1型阴离子柱为分离柱,柱箱温度为35℃,以1.0 mmol/L Na_2CO_3为淋洗液,流量为1.5 mL/min。F~-,BrO_3~-,Cl~-,NO_2~-,Br~-,NO_3~-的线性范围分别为20~320,40~800,40~640,10~200,50~1 000,50~1 000μg/L,线性相关系数均大于0.999,检出限为0.7~7.5μg/L,加标回收率在95.0%~106.3%之间,测定结果的相对标准偏差为1.41%~4.27%(n=5)。该方法测定结果准确、可靠,操作简便、快速,适用于纯净水中BrO_3~-,F~-,Cl~-,NO_2~-,Br~-,NO_3~- 6种阴离子的测定。     

动态涂渍反相柱分离若干无机阴离子的研究

阴离子的连续分析在环境监测等领域中日见重要。利用一般的高效液相色谱仪在烷基或腈基键合的硅胶柱上或PRP-1(苯乙烯-二乙烯苯共聚物)等柱上涂渍了如溴化十六烷基三甲基铵、四丁基铵盐或辛胺等表面活性剂,用电导或紫外分光检测器对一些无机阴离子的分析近年来有不少的报道。本文在十八烷基键合硅胶柱上涂以四丁基氯化铵(TBACl),以TBACl和磷酸盐缓冲溶液为流动相,在检测波长为210nm时分离IO_3~-,BrO_3~-,NO_2~-,Br~-,NO_3~-,I~-。测定了水中微量的NO_3~-和NO_2~-。     

离子色谱电导与紫产合测定镀镍液中硝酸根及其它阴离子

探讨了用ＤＸ－３００型离子色谱仪测定在其它高浓度阴离子存在下微量ＮＯ＾－３的方法，采用电导检测器与紫外检测器联用技术，既可克服基体高背影对微量ＮＯ＾－３测定的干扰，又可同时测定共存在的其它阴离子，如Ｃｌ＾－，ＳＯ＾２－４等。方法用于测定镀镍及其原料硫酸镍中ＮＯ＾－３的分析，得到了满意结果。     

高效阴离子色谱法测定电催化氮气氧化中NO3-/NO2-的含量

开发了一种测定高浓度SO_4~(2-)电解液(0.5 mol/L)中NO_3~-/NO_2~-含量的高效阴离子色谱法。该方法不受催化剂溶出以及其它干扰离子的影响,可以应用于电催化氮气氧化制备NO_3~-/NO_2~-。通过改变流动相的流速、淋洗液浓度以及柱温实现了SO_4~(2-)与NO_3~-/NO_2~-色谱峰的完全分离。优化得到最佳检测条件:流动相流速1.0 mL/min,柱温30℃,淋洗液浓度25 mmol/L,淋洗液设置为等浓度梯度,冲洗因子:10,此条件下在较宽的检测范围内(0～300 mg/L)实现NO_3~-/NO_2~-的高灵敏度检测。其中,NO_3~-线性关系式为:Y_2=0.0107X_2-0.0255,相关系数R~2为0.9998; NO_2~-线性关系式为:Y_1=0.0127X_1+0.0107,相关系数R~2为0.9997。     

用DSPCF光度法测定NO_2~-和NO_3~-

文献报道,DSPCF溶于稀盐酸中为红色,当有NO_2~-存在时,可使DSPCF的四氮基转化为无色氧化型,并可破坏除铌以外的其它元素与DSPCF形成的配合物。当加入DSPCF的量一定时,NO_2~-含量逐渐增加,在酸性条件下,佛水浴中加热4—5分钟,红色逐渐减褪。我们利用此褪色反应,探讨了测定NO_2~-的最佳条件,提出了测定NO_2~-的新方法,其摩尔吸光系数ε_(470)=5.8×10~4。若用还原剂将NO_3~-还原为NO_2~-,亦可测定NO_3~-。本法可用来测定饮用水和污水中NO_2~-和NO_3~-。 (一)试剂和仪器     

二元线性解析—紫外分光光度法同时测定硝酸根及亚硝酸根

利用多元线性解析理论可达到分辨重叠光谱的目的.研究了用二元线性解析-紫外吸光光度法同时测定NO_3~-和NO_2~-,以导数光度法能消除低频背景和高频噪音干扰及线性解析法分辨能力强的优点.在pH 5～8条件测量192～238nm的光吸收值,用线性解析-导数技术处理,同时测定合成试样中0～3.6mg·L~(-1)的NO_3~-和NO_2~-,7次测定的相对标准偏差≤5%,加标回收率在90.9%～111.1%之间.讨论了干扰离子的影响及消除.方法用于自来水及工业食盐中NO_3~-和NO_2~-的同时测定.     

痕量亚硝酸根的气相色谱测定

Ross等和我们曾研究过NO_3~-和NO_2~-的气相色谱测定,方法是基于将NO_3~-和NO_2~-(先氧化为NO_3~-)衍生为硝基苯。该法不适合在50倍量以上的NO_3~-存在下测定NO_2~-,NO_2~-的氧化条件要严格控制,空白值高。Funazo等最近提出一种新的测定NO_2~-的气相色谱法,是基于NO_2~-与对溴苯胺反应生成对溴氯苯,我们对测定条件作了进一步研究,提高了测定的重现性,缩短了分析时间。     

离子色谱法测定土壤中的3种阴离子

采用离子色谱法测定土壤中Cl~-、SO_4~(2-)和NO_3~-的含量。10.000 0g样品加入超纯水100mL,振荡2h,超声60min,离心分离,取上清液,依次经0.45,0.22μm滤膜过滤。滤液中的3种阴离子在Dionex IonPac TM AS18阴离子分离柱上分离,流动相为22 mmol·L~(-1) KOH溶液,采用电导检测器。Cl~-、SO_4~(2-)和NO_3~-的线性范围均为1.00~9.00mg·L~(-1),检出限(3s)分别为0.006,0.006,0.003mg·L~(-1)。3种阴离子的加标回收率在94.0%~96.0%之间,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=10)小于2.0%。     

光化学反应在流动注射分析中的应用研究 Ⅲ.甲基橙光化学反应体系测定亚硝酸根、硝酸根和铁(Ⅲ)

基于NO_2~-、NO_3~-和Fe(Ⅲ)对甲基橙光化学褪色反应的催化作用,利用自制流通式光化学反应器,建立了流动注射光化学反应同时测定NO_2~-和NO_3~-以及测定Fe(Ⅲ)的新方法。测定NO_2~-和NO_3~-的线性范围都是0.1～3.2mg/L,每小时可测30～40个样品,测定Fe(Ⅲ)的线性范围为0.06～1.2mg/L,进样频率为60～80次/h。应用于蔬菜中NO_2~-、NO_3~-的测定和茶叶中铁的测定,结果满意。     

离子色谱

离子色谱(以下简称IC)是最近几年在美国Dow化学公司发展起来的一种新技术。1977年仪器开始作为商品出售。它使用离子交换原理,用抑制柱扣除淋洗液的本底电导,用电导法检定。IC可以快速,同时测定多组分,特别是目前难以用其它仪器,如原子吸收、光谱、极谱、X-荧光等测定的pK小于7的阴、阳离子,主要是阴离子。例如在十几分钟内可同时分离和测定F~-、Cl~-、NO_2~-、PO_4~(3-)、Br~-、NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)等阴离子和Na~+、NH_4~+、K~+等阳离子。几种阴离子和阳离子的标准IC图见图1(A、B)。样品一般     

SYNTHESIS AND REACTIONS OF SOME 2-THIENYL- AND 2-THENOYL-DERIVATIVES OF THIAZOLE AND THIADIAZOLINE AND THEIR SELENIUM ANALOGS

Abstract

2-(Thiocyanatoacetyl)thiophene 2 and its selenium analog 3 couple with diazotized anilines and yield 3-aryl-2-imino-5-(2-thenoyl)-2,3-dihydro-1,3,4-thiadiazoles 6 and 3-aryl-2-imino-5-(2-thenoyl)-2,3-dihydro-1,3,4-selenadiazoles 7 respectively. The reactions of both 6 and 7 with nitrous acid, acetic anhydride and benzoyl chloride are described. Azo coupling of 2-amino-4-(2-thienyl)thiazole 17 and its selenazole analog 18 with diazotized anilines yielded the arylazo derivatives 19 and 20 respectively. Reaction of the hydrazidoyl bromide 16 with potassium thiocyanate, potassium selenocyanate, thiourea and selenourea yields 6, 7, 19, and 20 respectively.     

聚壬酰胺的制备纺丝及结构与性能测定

9-氨基壬酸系从癸二酸经单酯化、氨化和Hofmann重排制得。该单体以10克规模在玻璃管中和以4公斤量在15升聚合釜中,于260℃聚合成聚壬酰胺。聚合物在288℃纺丝,120℃牵伸,得到尼龙-9纤维。测定了聚合物和纤维的结构和多种性能。     

PHOTOLYSIS AND RADIOLYSIS OF NITROMETHANE AND NITROETHANE

Abstract— Prolonged photolysis of nitromethane and nitroethane in liquid and vapour phases, with simultaneous photolysis of the nitrogen dioxide formed, was studied in the absence and presence of cupric oxide. A high-pressure quartz immersion lamp providing the full range of visible and u.v. spectrum, with a high output of radiation at 366 and 313 mμ, was employed as source of light. The products of photolysis were detected by microanalytical methods, infrared-absorption spectrum analysis and gas chromatography. Photolysis of liquid nitro-alkanes resulted in formation of many compounds; saturated hydrocarbons, and in the case of nitroethane, ethylene, were submitted to detailed examination. Photolysis in the vapour phase was carried out in a specially designed glass apparatus. The main products were nitrogen dioxide, aldehydes and polyaldehydes; hydrocarbons were not estimated.
Liquid nitromethane and nitroethane were also irradiated with γ-rays from a ⁶⁰Co source. The radiolysis products were similiar to those obtained on photolysis. The mechanism of photolytic decomposition of nitroalkanes is proposed and discussed.     

温度及pH敏感N-异丙基丙烯酰胺/β-环糊精水凝胶的合成与性能研究

用顺丁烯二酸酐 (MAH)对具有分子包结能力的 β 环糊精 (β CD)进行化学改性 ,合成出了丁烯二酸单酯化 β CD单体 (MAH β CD) .通过氧化还原自由基引发MAH β CD与N 异丙基丙烯酰胺 (NIPA)聚合 ,合成出含 β CD结构单元的新型水凝胶 .用核磁共振、红外光谱及元素分析对MAH β CD单体及共聚物的结构和组成进行了表征 .溶胀研究结果表明 ,该水凝胶具有较好的pH、温度及离子强度敏感性 ;并且水凝胶在较高羧基(—COOH)含量和弱碱环境中 ,仍能表现出明显的温敏性     

N-苯基马来酰亚胺与环己烯共聚物的制备和表征

Ｎ苯基马来酰亚胺（ＰＨＭＩ）是一种很有应用价值的共聚单体,它能赋予共聚物很好的耐热性．有关ＰＨＭＩ与甲基丙烯酸甲酯、苯乙烯及乙烯基醚的二元共聚合反应已有文献报道［１～３］．而有关ＰＨＭＩ与环烯烃特别是环己烯的共聚合研究除我们所做的工作外［４］,报道甚少．作者研究了ＰＨＭＩ与环己烯在溶液中的二元共聚合反应,并对所得的共聚物进行了表征．１　原料ＰＨＭＩ,自制,ｍ．ｐ．８８－７℃;元素分析Ｃ,６９－３３;Ｈ,４－０７;Ｎ,８－１０;理论值Ｃ,６９－３６;Ｈ,４－０７;Ｎ,８－０９,１ＨＮＭＲ（δ）…     

生物质热解、加氢热解及其与煤共热解的热重研究

在加压热天平上用非等温热重法进行生物质（锯末、稻壳）在Ｎ２气氛下的热解和加氢热解研究。考察了升温速率（５～２５℃／ｍｉｎ）和压力（０．１～７ＭＰａ）的影响，求取了热解动力学参数，并研究了生物质与煤在常压Ｎ２气下的共热解过程。研究结果表明：生物质在４００℃左右即完成热解反应，总失重率大于７０％（Ｗ％，ｄａｆ．），热解时仅一个峰位于３００℃左右；与煤热解行为相同，随升温速率及压力的升高，转化率下降，ＤＴＧ峰移向高温，但由于热解反应在较低温度下进行，氧气的存在对生物质热解ＴＧ和ＤＴＧ的影响远小于煤热解。证明生物质热解以其内部氢对自由基的饱和及分子重排反应为主。生物质热解可用一级反应动力学处理，主要热解阶段及表现活化能分别为：锯末，２６７～３１４℃，６９．６６ｋＪ／ｍｏｌ；稻壳，２８３～３１０℃，５３．４５ｋＪ／ｍｏｌ；生物质由于与煤的热分解温度相差很大，因而在其共热解过程中无协同作用。     

CHLOROPHYLL a AND CAROTENOID AGGREGATES AND ENERGY MIGRATION IN MONOLAYERS AND THIN FILMS

Abstract— The spectra of absorption, fluorescence and excitation of monolayers and thin films containing chlorophyll a together with a carotenoid (cis-β-carotene, trans-β-carotene, fucoxanthin, or zeaxanthin), were measured at — 196°C. The concentration ratios used, (Chl)/(Car), were 6:1, 4:1, 3:1, 2:1, 1:1 and 1:3, and the area densities, 3·70, 2·55, 1·76, 0·71, 0·37 and 0·17 nm²/pigment molecule. In dilute monolayers, (3·70 nm²/molecule), with a constant concentration ratio (Chl)/(Car) = 3:1, evidence of three β-carotene forms, with absorption bands at 460, 500 and 520 nm (C₄₆₀, C₅₀₀ and C₅₂₀), and of a chlorophyll a form with an absorption band at 669–672 (Chl_669–672) was found. On increasing the density to 0·2–0·3 nm²/molecule, a conversion of C₄₆₀ and C₅₂₀ into C₅₀₀, was observed, and several more additional (probably more strongly aggregated) chlorophyll a forms appeared, with absorption bands at 672–733 nm. With excess carotene [(Chi)/(Car) = 1:3] the forms C₄₆₀, C₅₀₀, C₅₂₀ and Chl_669–672 were present even in the most dense films (0·2–0·3 nm²/molecule). The same was found with other carotenoids: if one of the pigments was in excess, aggregated forms of the other tended to disappear. In the transfer of energy from carotenoids to chlorophyll a, C₅₀₀ was found to be the main donor. In layers with a concentration ratio (Chl)/(Car) = 3:1, the efficiency of transfer was less than 10 per cent at the lowest density used (3·70 nm²/molecule); it increased to 50 per cent, as the density was increased to 0·20 nm²/molecule. When the relative concentration of the carotenoid was increased to (Chl)/(Car) = 1:1, the efficiency of energy transfer dropped to 25 per cent even at 0·20 nm²/molecule. It seems that the efficiency of energy transfer between carotene molecules (prior to its transfer to chlorophyll a) is low, and effective transfer occurs only between β-carotene and immediately adjacent chlorophyll a molecules.     

SURFACE ENTHALPY AND ENTROPY AND THE PHYSICO-CHEMICAL NATURE OF HYDROPHOBIC AND HYDROPHILIC INTERACTIONS

The attractive Interactions between typically hydrophobic molecules such as hexane or CCl₄, and the repulsive Interactions between extremely hydrophilic molecules such as poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), when immersed in water, as well as the interactions between these molecules and water, have been examined from a surface thermodynamic viewpoint, taking the changes in surface free energy into account, as a function of temperature. It was found that attractive hydrophobic Interactions are not, as vas generally believed up to now, invariably entropic. Hydrophobic Interactions can be mainly enthalpic or mainly entropic, or more or less equal mixtures of both, depending on each individual case; however, all hydrophobic interactions are polar (in the sense of Lewis acid-base) in nature. Repulsive hydrophilic interactions are enthalpic, and also polar in nature. The interaction between hydrophobic solutes and water is mainly enthalpic, and is apolar in nature.     

MECHANICS AND THE EVOLUTION AND FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY OF CONCHOSTRACAN CARAPACE MECHANICS AND THE EVOLUTION AND FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY OF CONCHOSTRACAN CARAPACE

Conchostracans, with a laterally compressed body enclosed between two symmetric valves, live swimming in fresh or brackish water. The carapace valve has a number of growth bands with various sculptures. The general trend of sculptural evolution is from smooth to punctate-minute polygon-medium reticulation-large reticulation, while these punctate, polygonal and various reticulate patterns may separately develop into various radial ridges. The development of sculpture can be well explained by mechanical principle. Functional morphology of carapace is discussed in the light of mechanics in this paper.