由沸石纳米粒子自组装制备具有高催化活性中心和水热稳定的新型介孔分子筛材料

 人们合成了一系列介孔分子筛材料，并发现它们在催化、吸附与分离以及化学组装制备先进材料和分子器件等方面具有很大的潜在应用价值．但是，介孔分子筛材料相对于微孔沸石分子筛存在着两个致命弱点：较低的水热稳定性和较不活泼的催化活性中心．这两个弱点大大地影响了介孔分子筛在催化反应中的广泛应用．本文系统地综述了最近几年利用沸石纳米粒子自组装制备具有高催化活性中心和水热稳定的介孔分子筛材料的研究进展．这包括利用硅铝沸石纳米粒子自组装制备具有强酸性和水热稳定的新型介孔硅铝分子筛材料，利用钛硅沸石纳米粒子自组装制备具有高催化氧化活性中心和水热稳定的新型钛硅介孔分子筛材料，以及利用含有不同杂原子的沸石纳米粒子自组装制备一系列水热稳定的新型介孔分子筛催化材料．     

杂原子介孔分子筛Me-HMS催化酯交换合成碳酸二苯酯

以水热合成法制备了杂原子介孔分子筛Me-HMS(Me指金属杂原子),用于催化碳酸二甲酯与苯酚酯交换合成碳酸二苯酯的反应.小角度的X射线衍射显示,所有样品均具有典型的HMS介孔结构.Me-HMS中,Ti-HMS显示最好的催化性能,其活性与骨架钛含量密切相关,当溶胶中Ti/Si比达1/30时,骨架钛趋于饱和,苯酚转化率达到最大值31.4%,酯交换选择性为99.9%.     

微乳液法合成沸石/介孔二氧化硅复合微球

利用简单微乳液自组装体系, 制备了介孔二氧化硅与Y型或Ti-MWW沸石晶体复合形成的沸石/介孔二氧化硅微球(ZMMS). 硅源正硅酸四丁酯与阳离子型季铵盐表面活性剂形成稳定的O/W微乳液形成大颗粒, 沸石颗粒由于疏水作用而进入油相, 同时, 季铵盐表面活性剂和正硅酸四丁酯组装形成介孔材料. 优化合成条件可以有效控制复合微球的沸石/介孔二氧化硅质量比(0～2.3)和直径(186～965 μm). 两种沸石/介孔二氧化硅复合微球材料的介孔孔径分别为3.98 nm(Y型沸石)和3.75 nm (Ti-MWW型沸石). Ti-MWW沸石/介孔二氧化硅复合微球在液相催化环氧化反应中表现出良好的机械强度, 并且能够达到与Ti-MWW沸石原粉相当的催化活性.     

介孔沸石材料

介孔沸石材料是含有丰富介孔的结晶沸石,不仅保留了沸石材料优良的酸性和水热稳定性,而且由于介孔的引入改善了其对大分子的吸附和扩散性能,在催化领域特别是涉及大分子的催化反应中是极有应用前景的材料。本文综述了介孔沸石材料的制备方法并进行了比较分析,概述了近年来介孔沸石材料在不同催化反应中的应用,探讨了介孔沸石材料今后的研究方向。     

新型复合介孔材料HPMo/SBA-15的合成与表征

合成了一种新型复合介孔材料HPMo/SBA-15, 通过XRD, TEM, UV-Vis和IR等方法表征证明HPMo均匀且稳定地包藏到介孔材料SBA-15的由SiO2网络组成的孔壁中. 催化实验结果表明, 该材料在大分子催化裂化反应中具有很高的活性, 在大分子催化氧化反应中连续循环使用未发现活性组分流失, 显示了其在大分子催化和均相催化反应多相化中具有很好的应用前景.     

新型介孔分子筛Sn-SBA-1的合成与表征

在强酸性条件下沿“S X-I ”路线合成了具有立方结构(空间点群为Pm3n)的含Sn介孔分子筛SBA-1,并通过多种手段对其进行表征:XRD显示合成的介孔材料具有良好有序的立方结构,N2吸脱附测得样品有大的孔径(≈2nm)和比表面积(>1100m2g-1),UV-vis和FT-IR证明杂原子Sn替代S i进入分子筛骨架,并且以高分散四面体配位形式存在于分子筛骨架中,SEM则确定合成出来的材料为球形颗粒,粒径在2-4μm之间.     

含超微氧化亚钴颗粒Beta分子筛的合成及其催化乙苯氧化性能

杂原子分子筛是指在硅铝分子筛或磷铝酸盐分子筛中含有骨架内或骨架外某种原子或其化合物的分子筛.这些杂原子可以是某些主族元素(如硼、锗、镓)或有变价特性的过渡金属元素(如钛、铁、钴、镍)等.将杂原子或其化合物通过浸渍、离子交换、水热晶化等方式引入沸石分子筛骨架中形成杂原子分子筛,往往可以改变沸石分子筛的骨架结构和理化性能,并赋予沸石分子筛新的催化反应性能.自1983年钛硅分子筛TS-1被发现能够高效催化烯烃环氧化以来,许多杂原子分子筛因其在催化烷烃类及芳烃类氧化、醛酮选择氧化及烯烃类环氧化等领域表现出的优良性能得到了广泛关注.目前,合成含不同杂原子的分子筛已成为分子筛材料开发的一个重要内容.分子筛的微孔孔道结构赋予了被引入其中作为催化中心的杂原子对反应物/产物分子独特的择形选择性;同时,分子筛骨架与杂原子之间往往存在化学键或空间限域作用,使得杂原子在高温高压等反应条件下依然保持高度的分散性,避免由于团聚导致活性降低.钴离子及含钴化合物在烷烃及芳烃类催化氧化反应中表现出很好的活性,能够利用分子氧实现对高碳烷烃及烷基苯的催化氧化.将钴离子及其化合物引入具有合适孔道结构的分子筛,可以提高催化反应的选择性.目前将对含钴分子筛的合成研究主要有后处理法及直接水热法.后处理法包括负载法及离子交换法,用于制备含有钴物种的硅铝分子筛;而直接水热法主要用于制备含有骨架钴的磷酸铝分子筛.目前为止,使用水热法合成含钴的分子筛材料的合成及其催化应用至今鲜有研究报导.这主要是由于传统的分子筛合成体系的高碱性环境会导致钴盐的沉淀,导致其无法被引入分子筛.我们通过优化合成条件,利用含氟体系直接水热法将钴引入Beta分子筛,得到含超微氧化亚钴团簇的Beta沸石分子筛.通过扫描电子显微镜、X射线粉末衍射、紫外-可见漫反射光谱、X射线光电子能谱、透射电子显微镜及H2程序升温还原等表征手段对合成样品的物理化学性质进行了研究,并与使用浸渍、离子交换得到的含钴Beta沸石及水热合成得到的含钴AlPO-5分子筛的相关性质进行了对比.合成得到的含钴分子筛材料中,钴物种以亚纳米尺度的氧化亚钴颗粒形式存在.我们使用分子氧作为氧源,考察了该含超微氧化亚钴的Beta沸石作为催化剂催化乙苯氧化反应的活性.与浸渍、离子交换制得钴硅分子筛及含有骨架钴的磷酸铝分子筛材料相比,含超微氧化亚钴的Beta分子筛表现出更高的催化活性及对苯乙酮/醛的选择性.     

含超微氧化亚钴颗粒Beta分子筛的合成及其催化乙苯氧化性能（英文）

杂原子分子筛是指在硅铝分子筛或磷铝酸盐分子筛中含有骨架内或骨架外某种原子或其化合物的分子筛.这些杂原子可以是某些主族元素(如硼、锗、镓)或有变价特性的过渡金属元素(如钛、铁、钴、镍)等.将杂原子或其化合物通过浸渍、离子交换、水热晶化等方式引入沸石分子筛骨架中形成杂原子分子筛,往往可以改变沸石分子筛的骨架结构和理化性能,并赋予沸石分子筛新的催化反应性能.自1983年钛硅分子筛TS-1被发现能够高效催化烯烃环氧化以来,许多杂原子分子筛因其在催化烷烃类及芳烃类氧化、醛酮选择氧化及烯烃类环氧化等领域表现出的优良性能得到了广泛关注.目前,合成含不同杂原子的分子筛已成为分子筛材料开发的一个重要内容.分子筛的微孔孔道结构赋予了被引入其中作为催化中心的杂原子对反应物/产物分子独特的择形选择性;同时,分子筛骨架与杂原子之间往往存在化学键或空间限域作用,使得杂原子在高温高压等反应条件下依然保持高度的分散性,避免由于团聚导致活性降低.钴离子及含钴化合物在烷烃及芳烃类催化氧化反应中表现出很好的活性,能够利用分子氧实现对高碳烷烃及烷基苯的催化氧化.将钴离子及其化合物引入具有合适孔道结构的分子筛,可以提高催化反应的选择性.目前将对含钴分子筛的合成研究主要有后处理法及直接水热法.后处理法包括负载法及离子交换法,用于制备含有钴物种的硅铝分子筛;而直接水热法主要用于制备含有骨架钴的磷酸铝分子筛.目前为止,使用水热法合成含钴的分子筛材料的合成及其催化应用至今鲜有研究报导.这主要是由于传统的分子筛合成体系的高碱性环境会导致钴盐的沉淀,导致其无法被引入分子筛.我们通过优化合成条件,利用含氟体系直接水热法将钴引入Beta分子筛,得到含超微氧化亚钴团簇的Beta沸石分子筛.通过扫描电子显微镜、X射线粉末衍射、紫外-可见漫反射光谱、X射线光电子能谱、透射电子显微镜及H_2程序升温还原等表征手段对合成样品的物理化学性质进行了研究,并与使用浸渍、离子交换得到的含钴Beta沸石及水热合成得到的含钴AlPO-5分子筛的相关性质进行了对比.合成得到的含钴分子筛材料中,钴物种以亚纳米尺度的氧化亚钴颗粒形式存在.我们使用分子氧作为氧源,考察了该含超微氧化亚钴的Beta沸石作为催化剂催化乙苯氧化反应的活性.与浸渍、离子交换制得钴硅分子筛及含有骨架钴的磷酸铝分子筛材料相比,含超微氧化亚钴的Beta分子筛表现出更高的催化活性及对苯乙酮/醛的选择性.     

苯直接羟基化制苯酚研究进展*

综述了苯直接羟基化制苯酚的几种催化反应,包括阳极氧化法、N₂O氧化法、H₂O₂氧化法、O₂直接氧化法,这些反应均具有良好的原子经济性和环境效益.同时重点介绍了相关的催化剂及其活性中心,探讨了这些新型方法的工业应用前景.     

六方介孔硅酸盐的制备,表征及对苯酚羟化反应的催化作用

在室温下制备了Ｃｕ－ＨＭＳ（六方介孔硅酸盐）介孔含Ｃｕ杂原子分子筛，利用ＸＲＤ、ＩＲ和ＥＳＲ对其进行了表征，表明Ｃｕ原子已进入硅酸盐骨架．探讨了这种新型杂原子分子筛对苯酚羟化反应的催化作用，发现Ｃｕ－ＨＭＳ与Ｖ－ＨＭＳ，Ｔｉ－ＨＭＳ，ＴＳ－１，Ｃｕ－ＺＳＭ－５和Ｃｕ－Ｙ相比，具有较高的催化活性．研究了反应介质及ｐＨ值对苯酚羟化反应的影响，并给出了相应的反应机理     

Aerobic Oxidation of 2,3,6-Trimethylphenol with Reusable Homogenized Copper Catalysts

The oxidation of 2,3,6-trimethylphenol(TMP) can produce both 2,3,5-trimethyl-1,4-benzoquinone(TMQ) and 2,3,5-trimethyl-1,4-hydroquinone(TMHQ) as important intermediates of vitamin E. With a soluble and porous polymer of intrinsic microporo-sity(PIM-1), we developed a highly active and reusable CuO@PIM-1 catalyst for the aerobic oxidation of TMP to TMQ and TMHQ. The CuO@PIM-1 catalyst is high active and selective for the aerobic oxidation of TMP, and TMQ and TMHQ can be obtained in yields of 81% and 19%, respectively. The CuO@PIM-1 catalyst has both advantages of homogeneous and heterogeneous and the CuO@PIM-1 catalyst showed a higher activity than homogeneous(CuCl₂) and heterogeneous(supported CuO) catalysts. Moreover, CuO@PIM-1 catalyst can be recovered easily and reused at least 5 times without deactivation.     

高钛含量钛硅中孔材料的合成及理化性质研究

通过单独水解混合成胶在静态条件下采用水热晶化及水热后处理,在模版剂用量较低和n(Ti)/n(Si)高达1/4的条件下合成了钛硅中孔材料.XRD、FT-IR、UV-Vis DRS和催化选择氧化反应表征结果表明,新合成方法有效防止了成胶过程在高钛含量下产生不溶性钛硅物种,合成产物呈高度有序的MCM-41六方结构,并具有较高的热稳定性和催化选择氧化反应活性.四丁基氢氧化铵在成胶过程不仅有利于钛形成稳定的可溶性物种从而提高其利用率,同时还促进孔墙内基本结构单元的交联和有序化.     

Oxidation of 2,3,6-trimethylphenol on titanium dioxide xerogel by hydrogen peroxide in the absence of an organic solvent

Fundamental aspects of the synthesis of 2,3,5-trimethylbenzoquinone by oxidation of 2,3,6-trimethylphenol adsorbed on the surface of a titanium dioxide xerogel and on TiO₂ modified with powdered cellulose with hydrogen peroxide without any organic solvent involved in the process were studied.     

The constructing of Si-Fe-Sn co-solution surface of composite iron oxide catalyst via vapor methanol pretreatment and application in gaseous phenolic alkylation

Iron oxide catalysts which were used in gaseous 2,5-dimethylphenol (2,5-DMP) alkylation with methanol was modified by Sn, Si and K to produce 2,3,6-trimethylphenol (2,3,6-TMP). Characterized by FE-SEM, ICP-OES, XRD, Raman, in-situ FT-IR, N₂-adsorption/desorption, XPS, FE-TEM and NH₃-TPD. The primary surface segregated SnO₂ nanocrystals and the amorphous Si-containing coordination structures which were formed on non-activated catalyst limited the growth of hematite grains; catalysts activation triggered by vapor methanol successfully formed a surface Si-Fe-Sn ternary co-solution structure through lattice oxygen consumption and migration, which passivated the uniformity of grains and blocked the direct contact between them; K was used to weaken the acidity of undesirable strong acid sites. The main product was proved to be 2,3,6-TMP by ¹H NMR, which is a synthetic intermediate of vitamin E with high value. The best 2,5-DMP conversion and 2,3,6-TMP selectivity can reach 99.25% and 100% under the condition of 370 °C and 1.5 h⁻¹ LHSV, respectively. Compared with traditional iron oxide catalysts, the undesirable sintering has been reduced by 23.2% and 2,3,6-TMP productivity is 1.5 times that of the reference data because of this structure. This work provides a good reference for the improvement of other iron-based materials used in complex reductive atmosphere.     

Synthesis of highly loaded Cu/Ce mesoporous silica. Active catalyst for the simultaneous reduction of SO2 and NO with CO

We report the synthesis of a thermally stable, highly loaded (15 wt.%) Cu/Ce bimetallic mesoporous silica with high surface area and metal dispersion, which was the first template assisted mesoporous network successfully tested for the simultaneous reduction of SO2 and NO with CO, achieving complete conversion of the reactants to elemental sulfur and N2 at high space velocity 32,000 h(-1).     

Synthesis of Submicrometer-sized Sn-MCM-41 Particles and Their Catalytic Performance in Baeyer-Villiger Oxidation

Submicrometer-sized tin-containing MCM-41 particles with a size of several hundred nanometers(Sn-MCM-41/SMPs) were rapidly prepared with tin chloride as tin source and tetraethyl orthosilicate as silicon source via a dilute solution route in sodium hydroxide medium at room temperature. The characterization results show the highly ordered hexagonal mesopores and tetrahedral Sn species in Sn-MCM-41/SMPs. The material proved to be active and selective for Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of adamantanone with aqueous H₂O₂. Notably, Sn-MCM-41/ SMPs displayed a higher initial reaction rate and turnover number(TON) than common micrometer-sized Sn-MCM-41 large particles(Sn-MCM-41/LPs), mainly attributed to the accelerated diffusion of the reactants and enhanced accessibility to the catalytic Sn species via shorter mesopore channels in Sn-MCM-41/SMPs. Furthermore, Sn-MCM-41/SMPs could be reused without the loss of activity after five runs, indicating that Sn active sites in the submicrometer-sized particles are remarkably stable. The study shows that decreasing particle size of Sn-MCM-41 in submicrometer scale is an effective way to achieve catalysts for Baeyer-Villiger oxidations with improved catalytic performance.     

Aerobic oxidation of 2,3,6-trimethylphenol to trimethyl-1,4-benzoquinone with copper(II) chloride as catalyst in ionic liquid and structure of the active species

TMQ is an important precursor in industrial vitamin E synthesis. We report a "green chemistry approach" with respect to the highly selective and environmentally friendly oxidation of 2,3,6-trimethylphenol (TMP) to trimethyl-1,4-benzoquinone (TMQ) with molecular oxygen as oxidant and a copper catalyst immobilized in a molten salt. n-Butanol as co-solvent has a positive effect on the activity and selectivity. The structurally characterized catalyst, a 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium oxotetracuprat, is formed in situ via hydrolysis of CuCl2 in the presence of imidazolium chloride. We propose a mechanism of oxidative phenolate activation at a [Cu4(mu4-O)]6+ core as electronically coupled electron acceptor, formation of a copper-bound phenolate radical anion, spin delocalization into the aromatic ring, and attack by triplet oxygen at the para position. Attack of Cu(I) as reduction equivalent at the peroxy radical, proton-mediated elimination of a copper(II)-hydroxo species, will either substitute a copper(I) site in the reduced oxo cluster or take up an electron from the reduced mixed valent cluster [Cu4(mu4-O)]6+ to regenerate the oxidized cluster as the active electron acceptor.     

Synthesis and characterization of Cr-MSU-1 and its catalytic application for oxidation of styrene

Chromium-containing mesoporous silica material Cr-MSU-1 was synthesized using lauryl alcohol-polyoxyethylene (23) ether as templating agent under the neutral pH condition by two-step method. The sample was characterized by XRD, TEM, FT-IR, UV-Vis, ESR, ICP-AES and N₂ adsorption. Its catalytic performance for oxidation of styrene was studied. Effects of the solvent used, the styrene/H₂O₂ mole ratio and the reaction temperature and time on the oxidation of styrene over the Cr-MSU-1 catalyst were examined. The results indicate that Cr ions have been successfully incorporated into the framework of MSU-1 and the Cr-MSU-1 material has a uniform worm-like holes mesoporous structure. After Cr-MSU-1 is calcined, most of Cr³⁺ is oxidized to Cr⁵⁺ and Cr⁶⁺ in tetrahedral coordination and no extra-framework Cr₂O₃ is formed. The Cr-MSU-1 catalyst is highly active for the selective oxidation of styrene and the main reaction products over Cr-MSU-1 are benzaldehyde and phenylacetaldehyde. Its catalytic performance remains stable within five repeated runs and no leaching is noticed for this chromium-based catalyst.     

Aerobic oxidation of substituted phenols catalysed by metal acetylacetonates in the presence of 3-methylbutanal

The aerobic oxidation of substituted phenols with the catalytic system M(acac)_n/3-methylbutanal/O₂ has been investigated. Co(acac)₂ and Mn(acac)₃ promoted the transformation of 2,6-dimethylphenol and 2,6-di-t-butylphenol into their corresponding diphenoquinones and benzoquinones. In the oxidation of 2,3,6-trimethylphenol, the same catalysts yielded 32–34% of the relevant biphenol. Cu(acac)₂ converted 2-naphthol into 1,1′-bi-2-naphthol with 84% yield. Supported Co(II) and Cu(II) complexes have also been used as heterogeneous catalysts for the oxidation of 2,6-di-t-butylphenol and 2-naphthol, respectively.