化学生物学中光敏分子微阵列的表面构建与应用

分子微阵列是有机合成（特别是组合化学合成）方法应用于生物和医学研究而发展起来的高科技集成技术,通过把微电子、微加工技术和有机化学合成反应相结合,在固体基质（如硅片、玻片、瓷片等）表面构建微型的生物有机化学分子系统,以实现对细胞、蛋白质、核酸及其他生物组分进行快速、敏感、高效地处理．近年来,随着表面化学构建策略研究的不断深入和迅猛发展,分子微阵列技术的应用领域不断拓展,已从最初用于核酸分子的杂交测序延伸到基因组功能研究的各个方面．本文着重综述了光敏分子微阵列的表面化学构建策略研究及其在化学生物学分析中应用的最新进展,并展望了其发展的未来趋势．内容主要包括：小分子与多肽分子微阵列、蛋白质分子微阵列、核酸分子微阵列和糖分子微阵列等．     

蛋白质微阵列芯片在临床分析中的应用

蛋白质微阵列芯片能够高通量监测生物毒素、分析宿主-微生物相互作用和抗原-抗体相互作用、筛选疾病生物标志物,因此有望成为体外诊断的主要技术之一并在病原体感染、自身免疫性疾病、神经退行性疾病和癌症等疾病的精准医疗中发挥重要作用。 本文通过对最近发表的相关研究成果分析,总结了蛋白质微阵列芯片在临床分析中新进展,分析了其在实际应用中所面临的技术挑战并探讨了相应的解决方案。     

表面等离子体共振技术在蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用研究中的应用

表面等离子共振(SPR)近年来迅速发展为用于分析生物分子相互作用的一项技术.该技术无需标记、特异性强、灵敏度高、样品用量小,可实现在线连续实时检测.目前SPR已被广泛应用于免疫学、蛋白质组学、药物筛选、细胞信号转导、受体/配体垂钓等领域.该文阐述了基于表面等离子体共振技术生物传感器的基本原理和技术流程,综述了SPR在蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用动力学研究、蛋白质结构及功能研究、蛋白质突变和碎片分析、信号转导中的应用以及SPR在蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用研究中的多项关键技术.指出SPR通过与光谱、电化学等多技术联用后,可以获得更加详实的信息.     

糖-蛋白质相互作用

糖生物学被认为是生物化学领域“最后的前沿”。糖-蛋白质相互作用是信号传导、细胞粘附、病菌感染、受精、增殖、分化和免疫应答等很多细胞识别过程的基础,在生命科学中意义重大。本文综述了糖-蛋白质(尤其是凝集素)相互作用研究的电化学、压电传感、光谱学、纳米技术、微阵列技术和生物传感器等方法和器件及生物医学应用进展。     

基于微流控芯片的微阵列分析

微阵列芯片具有高通量、微量化和自动化等特点,已经在很多领域得到广泛应用。但是微阵列芯片仍然具有不足之处,如所需设备昂贵、分析时间较长、灵敏度不高、多样品平行分析能力不足等。微流控芯片微米级的通道具有相对较大的比表面积和较短的扩散距离,能够显著加快分析速度、提高检测效率、增强分析性能,并且能够加工大量的平行通道用于多样品分析。目前已经有大量文献报道将微流控芯片和微阵列芯片相结合,发展了独特的杂交方式并在实验和理论上分别证明了两者相结合的优势,本文综述了将微流控芯片技术应用于微阵列分析的研究进展,着重介绍了在微流控芯片上进行微阵列分析时的杂交方式、促进杂交的措施以及杂交过程的数学建模,同时也介绍了其他分析步骤方面的进展。最后分析了目前微流控芯片技术在进行微阵列杂交应用方面的不足及其原因,并指出这两项技术相结合的优势和未来。     

化学发光在生化分析中的应用研究进展

化学发光分析是利用化学发光反应的发光现象,对化学发光物质由激发态跃迁回基态时发出的光信号进行测量的一种分析方法。化学发光分析具有无需外来光源、灵敏度高、操作方便、分析快速以及易于实现自动化等优点,可与其它分析技术联用,在临床检验、药物分析和环境监测等领域具有广泛应用。近年来,纳米材料、生物芯片及微流控技术的引入促进了化学发光分析技术的发展。本文综述了化学发光分析与高效液相色谱、毛细管电泳、量子点、微流控芯片和微阵列、以及滚环扩增、等温指数扩增和两级等温扩增联用技术的发展,介绍了化学发光分析技术在DNA、生物小分子、生物酶、蛋白质和金属离子检测中的应用研究进展,并展望了其发展趋势。     

通过一步萃取将组蛋白分为多个亚组分的蛋白质组预分离方法的建立

将基于正丙醇、氯化钠和水的双水相体系用于蛋白质组的预分离研究, 并考察了体系酸度及在不同浓度的盐、正丙醇及蛋白质存在时该双水相体系对蛋白质的分离效果. 将经该双水相体系预分离过的蛋白质组样品在未与成相试剂分离的条件下直接用于凝胶电泳分析. 结果表明, 该双水相体系可通过一步萃取将蛋白质组样品分为3个亚组群. 该蛋白质组预分离方法简单、快速、成本低, 并具有生物相容性、可连续操作性、无需昂贵复杂仪器以及在进行电泳分析前无须(或易于)将目标蛋白与成相试剂分离等优点. 该蛋白质组预分离方法的建立在蛋白质组学和方法学方面均有着极为重要的意义.     

表面等离子体共振免疫传感器在蛋白质检测中的应用及其研究进展

表面等离子体共振(SPR)技术是20世纪90年代发展起来的一种新型技术,应用SPR原理可检测生物传感芯片上配位体与分析物之间的相互作用情况,在生命科学、医疗检测、药物筛选、食品检测及环境监测等领域具有广泛的应用需求.SPR技术可与免疫传感器结合,利用抗原抗体的特异性反应可用于各种蛋白质抗原的检测.本文重点总结了SPR免疫传感器在食品及医疗领域蛋白质检测的应用,综述了近年来SPR免疫传感技术在这该领域的研究热点及进展.     

压电胰岛素-C肽微阵列免疫传感器研究

以AT切型、基频10MHz的镀金膜石英晶体作为换能器,将抗人胰岛素和C肽单克隆抗体固定在石英晶体电极表面,用2×5检测池固定夹具构建一种新型压电胰岛素-C肽微阵列免疫传感器.研究了抗体固定方法、抗体工作浓度、固定量、一致性以及传感器的响应参数如检测温度、时间和特异性等的影响.该微阵列传感器在胰岛素浓度为2.5～160.0mIU/L、C肽浓度为0.375～12.0ng/mL范围内响应特性良好,压电晶体频率偏移值与胰岛素和C肽浓度呈良好的线性关系.将此微阵列传感器用于人血清标本的测定,结果与放射免疫法符合(r为0.92和0.94).此微阵列传感器具有灵敏度高、特异性好,低密度阵列结构,检测通量较高,不需标记,操作简单、能实时在线检测和重复使用等优点,能用于临床实验诊断,具有临床推广应用价值.     

新型整体材料的制备及其在蛋白质组学中的应用

蛋白质组学是后基因时代生命科学研究的核心内容之一,其中发展高分辨、高灵敏度、高准确性和高通量的分析技术至关重要。整体材料具有制备简单、传质速度快、色谱柱反压低、表面易修饰等优点,因此已被广泛用于蛋白质组学研究中。本文对各种整体材料(包括有机聚合物整体材料、硅胶整体材料、有机-无机杂化整体材料)的制备方法及其在蛋白质组学研究(如蛋白质的酶解、蛋白质和肽段的分离以及在线酶解-分离-鉴定的高通量分析)中的应用进行了系统综述。     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

KMnO4-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines: Synthesis of amides and sulfonamides

KMnO₄-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines producing secondary amine was introduced, which was trapped by electrophiles (acyl chloride and sulfonyl chloride) to form amides and sulfonamides. The reaction could take place at mild condition, tolerating a wide range of function groups and affording products in moderate to excellent yields.     

Chemistry of heterocyclic compounds at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, over 50 years (Review)

The review contains a concise historical account and information on the most significant researches undertaken by the staff at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds. Dedicated to Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences B. A. Trofimov on his 70th jubilee. Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 10, pp. 1443–1502, October, 2008.     

Sulfur-directed metal-free and regiospecific methyl C(sp3)–H imidation of thioanisoles

Regiospecific and direct imidation of the methyl C(sp³)–H bond of thioanisoles is realized under mild and metal-free conditions with N-fluorobis(benzenesulfonyl)imide as an oxidant and nitrogen source. Proposed mechanism suggests that thionium ion intermediates and a Pummerer-type reaction are involved. The imidation has advantages such as high step-economy, excellent functionality tolerance, and regiospecificity, giving structurally diverse imidation products.     

A general and convenient synthesis of 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones and their use in amidoalkylation of hydrogen,heteroatom, and carbon nucleophiles

A general synthesis of previously unknown semicarbazone-based α-amidoalkylating reagents, 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones, has been developed. The synthesis involved three-component condensation of semicarbazones of aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes with the same or other aldehydes and p-toluenesulfinic acid. The scope and limitations of this reaction were investigated. The compounds obtained were demonstrated to be an efficient α-(4-semicarbazono)alkylating agents. They were reacted with H- (sodium borohydride), O- (sodium methylate), S- (sodium phenylthiolate), N- (pyrrolidine, sodium succinimide), P- (trialkyl phosphites), and C-nucleophiles (sodium diethyl malonate) to give the corresponding products of the tosyl group substitution, 4-substituted semicarbazones, including analogues of nitrofurazone. Among the prepared compounds tested in vitro for antibacterial and antifungal activity, three nitrofuryl-containing semicarbazones exhibited high biological activities with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 8–32 μg/mL.     

Synthesis of novel chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-N-heterocyclic carbene ligands and their application in palladium-catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck couplings and asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde

A small library of new chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-imidazolium salts 1 is conveniently synthesized on multi-gram scale from inexpensive and commercially available chiral pool amino acids. The corresponding carbenes, generated by deprotonation of imidazolium salts 1, in combination with palladium(II) chloride were tested in the Mizoroki–Heck coupling reaction. The most significant results in terms of yields and reactivities were achieved with low catalyst loading. The catalytic activities of these imidazolium salts were also investigated in the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. The use of MgO nanoparticles as an additive in conjunction with these ligands played a crucial role in increasing the efficiency of these reactions.